Psychology final
Who described the collective unconscious? (first and last name)
Carl Jung
Which theorist had the most influence in shaping how clinicians interact with people seeking psychotherapy?
Carl Rogers
Because this problem has only one correct answer, it calls for
Convergent thinking
Alcohol is a
Depressant
Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method?
Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.
Why is REM sleep often called paradoxical sleep?
During REM sleep, the sleeper's skeletal muscles are relaxed while the nervous system is highly aroused.
Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.
Edward C. Tolman
What can you do to realign your biological clock with the external world when you work a rotating shift?
Expose yourself to bright light while working.
Correlation means the same thing as causation.
False
Psychological research has clear guidelines for ethical treatment of human participants, but not for animals used in research.
False
In the study of personality, the ________ model includes dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion.
Five Factor
Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States?
Francis Cecil Sumner
A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________.
Gestalt psychology
An inability to form semantic memories would most likely result from damage to which part of the brain?
Hippocampus
Who developed the theory of multiple intelligences? (first and last name)
Howard Gardner
The body's biological clock is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) area which is part of the
Hypothalamus
The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme.
I
Which of the following exemplifies a personality trait?
Ida is charming.
What sleep disorder is characterized by pauses in breathing that last at least 10 seconds during sleep?
Sleep apnea
________is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the individuals running the experiment know if participants are in the experimental or the control group until after the results are tallied.
The double-blind study
The magazine Desperate Wives publishes a survey of its female readers called "The Sex Life of the American Wife." It reports that 87% of all American wives like to make love in rubber boots. The critical flaw in this research would be
The fact that the sample is not representative of American wives
Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?
The process was highly subjective.
In a study of mate preference differences between men and women that spanned 37 cultures, Buss (1989) found that men value youthful appearance more than women. Why?
Youthful looks provide fertility clues.
To remember that a wagon, a baseball, and a doll were items on her Christmas shopping list, Julia formed a vivid mental image of an oversize doll pulling a bright red wagon loaded with baseballs. Julia's strategy best illustrates the use of
a mnemonic device.
Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences.
a person's unconscious
What are the benefits to meditation?
all of the above
To find Tabasco sauce in a large grocery store, you could systematically search every shelf in every store aisle. This best illustrates problem solving by means of
an algorithm.
Recently, you've seen several reports of shark attacks in Florida on the news. You go to a beach in Florida and can't make yourself get in the water because all you can think about are sharks. This is an example of
an availability heuristic
What three types of intelligence constitute Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?
analytical, creative, and practical
After suffering a brain injury in a motorcycle accident, Christopher cannot form new memories. He can, however, remember events before the accident. Christopher's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates
anterograde amnesia.
Critical thinking is ________.
applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information
________ research uses past records or data sets to investigate research questions or to look for patterns or relationships.
archival
Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning
associative
University students who focus on innovation and generating novel ideas in their studies rather than on simply meeting deadlines and securing good grades are especially likely to demonstrate
creative intelligence.
The ability to come up with valuable ideas, solutions, or possibilities in new ways is called ________.
creativity
Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.
darkness; light
Ethics need to be considered when ________ scientific research.
designing, conducting, and reviewing
A "startle response" is a natural response we all have to something that might hurt us, so people naturally wince when they hear a loud noise behind them. Imagine that you have classically conditioned a person to wince (i.e., show the startle response) when a red light comes on. Now you show a green light, and the person does not show the startle response. The person's different response to the green light (no startle) and the red light (startle) is an example of _______________.
discrimination
Mentally rehearsing the glossary definitions of unfamiliar terms in order to remember them for a later test illustrates
effortful processing
If you want to use the best method to get storage in long-term memory, you would use
elaborative rehearsal
Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.
encoding failure
Diabetes is a(n) ________ disorder because insulin is a ________.
endocrine; hormone
The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a(n)
experiment
I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________.
explicit memory
Seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend are all examples of ________ stimuli.
external
Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology?
favoring women over men
William James was the ________.
first American psychologist
Rewarding an animal for a behavior every third time the behavior occurs is a __________ reinforcement schedule.
fixed-ratio
Your memory of the moment you heard about the planes crashing into New York's Twin Towers on September 11, 2001 would be most appropriately termed a(n) _________ memory.
flashbulb
Joella was rollerblading when a cat jumped right in front of her, causing her to trip and fall. When she fell, she partially landed on the front side of her head near her forehead. Shortly afterward, Joella exhibited symptoms similar to that of Phineas Gage. Which lobe would have been most affected by this fall?
frontal
Which portion of the cerebral cortex is most directly involved in making plans and formulating moral judgments?
frontal lobes
Max needs to put a nail in the wall to hang a picture and does not have a hammer. He thinks he cannot hang the picture because he doesn't recognize that he has other items available that would serve the same purpose. Max's problem is
functional fixedness.
A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Kim-Li still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates
generalization.
The endocrine system consists of
glands
Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish?
groan and move her eyes
The limbic system's hippocampus
helps process explicit memories for storage
Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?
knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.
latent
The right hemisphere of Julie's brain is better than her left hemisphere at recognizing facial expressions of emotion. This best illustrates
lateralization.
A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.
longitudinal
research studies the same groups of participants over time.
longitudinal
involves following the same group of research participants for an extended period of time.
longitudinal research
In a ________ dream, people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content.
lucid
Researchers must_______________________ important concepts in their studies so others would have a clear understanding of exactly how those concepts were defined.
operationalize
If your _________________ is activated, you will feel relatively relaxed.
parasympathetic nervous system
Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.
mental set
When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.
misinformation effect paradigm
The Law of Effect states that an organism is __________ to repeat a behavior if that behavior is associated with __________.
more likely; pleasant outcome
Neurons that enable people to throw a baseball by relaying messages from their central nervous system to their skeletal muscles are called
motor neurons.
"I've got a joke for all of you," Rollo announces to a group of friends. "How many psychologists does it take to change a light bulb?" Before he can reveal the answer, Rollo suddenly falls asleep. Rollo might be suffering from
narcolepsy
Cataplexy is a symptom that sometimes occurs with ________.
narcolepsy
Systematically collecting data in real-world environments is the essence of which descriptive research method?
naturalistic observation
________________ ________________-is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior
negative punishment
All of the students in Dr. Thomas's Psychology class did a great job on the assignment and turned in their papers on time. Therefore, Dr. Thomas dropped the next assignment. This is an example of
negative reinforcement
Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.
negative reinforcement
Karen's years of experience navigating the streets of a very large city as a taxi driver have resulted in changes in her brain's spatial memory centers that support her detailed street location memory. This best illustrates the value of
neuroplasticity.
If you show an adult a toy, and then hide it behind a curtain, the adult knows that the toy still exists. However, infants act as if a hidden object no longer exists. What does this exemplify?
object permanence
After a head injury, a person reports that she is unable to see, although her eyes are uninjured. A doctor would suspect an injury in the ________ lobe.
occipital
I provide Ralph with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something I like. I punish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something I don't like. I am applying the principles of ________ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior.
operant conditioning
Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in
philosophy
The ________ connects the brain and the spinal cord.
pons
If you wanted to teach your dog a new trick, such as walking on a leash, the most effective way would be to use ___________.
positive reinforcement
Providing a child with a sticker each time he picks up his toys is an example of a ___________.
positive reinforcer
During her evening Spanish language exam, Janica so easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning that she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty best illustrates
proactive interference.
We more quickly recognize that a blue jay is a bird than that a penguin is a bird because a blue jay more closely resembles our ________ of a bird
prototype
Dr. Bogdarian noticed that one of her students addresses her with the word mother instead of the word professor or doctor. Dr. Bogdarian applies the principles of ________, and hypothesizes the student misspeaks because he is unconsciously associating her with his mother.
psychoanalytic theory
_______________ refers to the scientific study of the mind and behavior.
psychology
________ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall.
range of reaction
Paulo was robbed at gunpoint by a group of strangers. Police officers later asked him to describe in writing what he had seen and heard during the robbery. Which measure of memory retention was being used?
recall
When you attempt to identify the correct answer to this question from the alternatives below, you are performing a(n) ___________________ task.
recognition
Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.
reflexes
Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________.
representational bias
In a ________________ sample, the percentages of characteristics such as sex, age, and ethnicity are close to those percentages in the larger population.
representative
The happier Judie is, the more readily she recalls positive life experiences. This best illustrates that emotional states can become
retrieval cues
Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?
rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily
Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way
role
What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?
self-reference effect
Dr. Proverse has individuals cycle on stationary bikes for 0, 10, 20, or 30 minutes, after which he measures their self-reported mood. In this hypothetical study, the dependent variable is the
self-reported mood.
LSD affects which neurotransmitter?
serotonin
Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel?
severe
Richard is teaching his son, Cody, to throw darts. At first, he gives Cody a piece of candy each time the dart hits the dartboard. As time progresses, Richard starts only rewarding Cody when the dart hits one of the inner rings of the dartboard. Finally, Richard only rewards Cody when he hits the bullseye. This example best illustrates the concept of ___________.
shaping
In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as
shaping.
After Maya told her friend the five-digit password to a protected website, her friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box. In this instance, the password was clearly stored in her friend's ________ memory.
short-term
What is a limitation that affects the generalizability of research results? -control groups -operational definitions -random assignment -small sample size
small sample size
Which of the following senses is not routed through the thalamus?
smell
Every deliberate action you make, such as pedaling a bike, walking, scratching, or smelling a flower, involves neurons in the ______ nervous system.
somatic
is another word for sleepwalking
somnambulism
Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates
spontaneous recovery.
Cyril has been asleep for quite awhile, but Bob can't sleep. He tries to wake up Cyril but has difficulty rousing him. Cyril is most likely in _____________ sleep.
stage 4
A correlation coefficient represents two things: ________and ________.
strength; direction of the relationship
Jeremy has Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor skills. In addition to motor symptoms, Jeremy has noticed changes in his mood, and he feels the need to smoke more cigarettes than he used to. It is likely that Jeremy's ________ is producing less ________ than it needs to.
substantia nigra; dopamine
Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.
suggestibility
Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin will thereby increase the concentration of serotonin molecules in the
synaptic gaps.
2-year-old Katie is just learning to talk. She points at the refrigerator and says, "Milk me want." Katie has not yet learned
syntax.
The easier it is for people to remember an instance in which they were betrayed by a friend, the more they expect such an event to recur. This best illustrates the impact of
the availability heuristic.
When a person stops using a drug, he or she may experience symptoms that are opposite of the effects of the drug. This is referred to as
withdrawal
Which of the following questions would be more likely to produce divergent thinking?
"How many uses can you think of for a stapler?"
Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables?
-.90
On average, how much sleep does a young adult need each night?
7-9 hours
Which of the following statements is correct concerning correlation coefficients?
A correlation of +.89 and -.89 are both strong and equally so.
Who proposed observational learning? (first and last name)
Albert Bandura
What are some of the symptoms of severe sleep deprivation?
All of the above
Height and weight are positively related. This means that
As height increases, typically weight increases.
A type of box into which Skinner placed animals to condition them is called a(n)
Skinner box
The _____ variable is controlled by the experimenter, while the ______ variable represents the information collected and statistically analyzed by the experimenter.
Independent; dependent
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury?
Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.
Who was the person mainly responsible for research in classical conditioning? (first and last name)
Ivan Pavlov
Which of the following is not involved in critical thinking? -recognizing internal biases -knowing your opinion is correct -making use of logical thinking -maintaining an attitude of skepticism
Knowing your opinion is correct
One of Pavlov's dogs has been trained to salivate when he hears a beeping sound. Which of the following situations would be most likely to lead to extinction?
Pavlov stops presenting the meat after the beeping sound.
Jessica hears her alarm go off at 6:00 A.M., and, once again, it has interrupted a good dream. Jessica was most likely in _________________ sleep.
REM
Albert was presented with a long list of words; He was then asked to try to remember as many as he could. If he remembered the last word, he experienced a ___________effect; if he remembered the first word, he experienced a _______________ effect.
Recency; primacy
If a test consistently produces the same result, it is
Reliable
Remembering what the word summer means requires ________________ memory while remembering what you did on July 4, 1996, requires _________________memory.
Semantic; episodic
Remembering what the word summer means requires ________________ memory while remembering what you did on July 4th, 1996, requires _________________memory.
Semantic; episodic
Which theorist published research related to the psychology of personality?
Sigmund Freud
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Humanism focuses on the potential of all people for evil.
The word "evil" should be changed to the word "good."
What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?
They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience
What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?
They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.
Char heard from her friends that marijuana use can cure glaucoma so it should be legal in all 50 states. Char knows that she is biased in favor of marijuana legalization, so she decides to exercise some skepticism about this claim. She researches where her friends got their information, how reliable it is, and what other sources say about legalizing marijuana. Char is ________
Thinking critically
"If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated." This is a statement of ________.
Thorndike's Law of Effect
Damage to the ______________ disrupts one's ability to comprehend language, but it leaves one's ability to produce words intact.
Wernicke's Area
The encoding of information directly into long-term storage without the aid of working memory best illustrates
automatic processing.
Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________.
availability heuristic
The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________.
between -1 and +1
A neuron is best described as a
cell.
After suffering an accidental brain injury, Kira has difficulty walking in a smooth and coordinated manner. She has probably suffered damage to her
cerebellum
If your ________ was damaged, you might walk oddly and have trouble standing normally.
cerebellum
After suffering an accidental brain injury, Kira has difficulty walking in a smooth and coordinated manner. She has probably suffered damage to her
cerebellum.
Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.
circadian
_______________ includes perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory.
cognition
Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.
cognitive map
What are mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some common characteristics?
concepts
Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n)
conditioned stimulus.
Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.
confirmation bias
Agatha Harkness-Smythe is determined to ban guns in the United States. This is a controversial topic and social scientists have debated whether the ownership of guns by citizens increases or decreases crime. Agatha could go the library and look up studies on the linkage between guns and crime rates. Instead, Agatha just reads the local newspaper and only cuts out articles about robberies in which the "bad guy" used a firearm. Agatha is demonstrating
confirmation bias.
A(n) ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.
confounding variable
The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment.
control
Because this problem has only one correct answer, it calls for
convergent thinking.
A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias.
hindsight
Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.
hindsight bias
When Brady is hot he sweats. When Brady is cold, he gets goose bumps on his skin so he will warm up more quickly. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve ________.
homeostasis
________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.
humanism
Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting?
hypothalamus
The body's biological clock is located in the
hypothalamus
The limbic system structure that regulates appetite is called the
hypothalamus
When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory
implicit
A variable that the experimenter manipulates is called a(n) ________.
independent variable
Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience.
indirect
Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology.
industrial-organizational
Feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions are all examples of ________ stimuli.
internal
Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________.
introspection
Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?
intrusion
In a laboratory, smokers are asked to "drive" using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal. The object is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into the driver's seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups have. In this study, the dependent variable is
the number of collisions
Dr. Keller has individuals run on a treadmill for 0, 15, or 30 minutes and then measures their self-reported mood. In this hypothetical study, the independent variable is
the number of minutes individuals run on the treadmill.
In a laboratory, smokers are asked to "drive" using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal. The object is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into the driver's seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups have. In this study, the independent variable is
the use of nicotine
Char heard from her friends that marijuana use can cure glaucoma so it should be legal in all 50 states. Char knows that she is biased in favor of marijuana legalization, so she decides to exercise some skepticism about this claim. She researches where her friends got their information, how reliable it is, and what other sources say about legalizing marijuana. Char is ________.
thinking critically
Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________.
thoughts
Katarina runs into an old friend at a party. She knows she should remember the friend's name, but regardless of how hard she tries, she cannot recall it. Katarina is experiencing
tip-of-the tongue phenomenon.
Darrin has gradually increased his intake of cocaine over a time to obtain the same effect. This is called
tolerance
If a test measures what it is supposed to measure, it is _________.
valid
Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?
variable ratio
Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding.
visual
A person's participation in a research project must be
voluntary
