Psychology Final 8

... shared Rogers' confidence in human nature, stressed that humans have a natural drive to find self-fulfillment and realize their potential

Abraham Maslow

believed that infants and young children are helpless and dependent upon others, this situation produces deep feelings of weakness, inadequacy, and incompetence

Adler

.... and .... are called neo-Freudians because they continued to work within the psychoanalytic perspective while proposing new theories of their own

Alred Adler, Carl Jung

known for his pioneering work on the concept of self-efficacy

Bandura

rejected Freud's pessimistic view of human nature, instead, offered the optimistic view that people are innately good, and thus positive, forward moving, constructive, realistic, and trustworthy

Carl Rogers

researcher ... criticized Kohlberg for failing to include women in his research design

Carol Gilligan

Like Piaget, ... created an influential theory of development

Erik Erikson

according to ..., as we progress from infancy to old age, we enter eight psychosocial stages of development, each stage corresponds to a physical change, each stage occurs in a distinctive social setting

Erik Erikson

Like Freud, ... stressed the importance of unconscious processes, however, he distinguished between the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious

Jung

an American psychologist who specialized in research on moral reasoning, his influential theory of stages of moral development is a milestone in developmental psychology

Lawrence Kohlberg

argued that a person;s sense of personal power or locus of control is key in shaping both personality and the manner of approaching a problem

Rotter

the best known figure in the history of psychology, and one of the seminal figures in twentieth century thought

Sigmund Freud

inconsistent, inadequate, and rejecting care can result in

a basic mistrust

With Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, as maturing individuals work out solutions to these crises, they gradually develop

a stable identity

during the teenage years, adolescents mature physically as they enter puberty, at the same time, adolescents become capable of ..., the teenage peer group now provides an important social setting

abstract thought

a person's definition or description of himself or herself

an identity

the feelings of weakness, inadequacy, and incompetence that arises among infants and young children, who are helpless and dependent upon others

an inferiority complex

consistent, warm, and accepting care will result in what Erikson calls

an inner certainty

Maslow viewed self-actualization as ...

an ongoing process of growth

mediating the conflicting demands of the id and superego is difficult, ... often results when the ego cannot find a realistic compromise

anxiety

in the autonomy versus doubt stage, the crisis that now arises stems from a child's growing desire for ...

autonomy

parents who accept their child's need to control his or her body, impulses, and immediate environment foster a sense of ..., preparing the child for independence later in life

autonomy

second stave of psychosocial development

autonomy versus doubt, ages 1 to 3

according to Jung, the collective unconscious refers to the part of a person's unconscious that is ...

common to all human beings

at this moment, your ... is focusing on studying Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality as part of your review for the upcoming AP exam

conscious mind

... respondents typically explained that Heinz should not have taken the medicine because stealing would mean breaking the law

conventional

typical of adolescents and young adults, people at this level make moral judgements based on compliance with society's rules and values, these conventional standards of what is right and wrong are learned from parents, teachers, peers, and media

conventional morality

Freud's key concepts are impossible to empirically measure

criticism of Freud and the psychoanalytic perspective

Freud's sweeping generalizations are based upon evidence drawn from a small sample of patients

criticism of Freud and the psychoanalytic perspective

Freud's theories often reflect a sexist view of women

criticism of Freud and the psychoanalytic perspective

according to Freud, the ego uses unconscious distortions of reality called ... to reduce anxiety

defense mechanisms

protecting oneself from anxiety-producing information by refusing to acknowledge it

denial

you refuse to admit that you have a drinking problem although you drink alcoholic beverages every day

denial

prior to birth, an infant's physiological needs are automatically taken care of within its mother's womb, after birth, infants are

dependent upon adult care for their survival

people who sees their lives as a series of missed opportunities and might have beens will probably give in to ...

despair

redirecting anger and other unacceptable impulses towards a less threatening person or object

displacement

you yell at a teammate after being criticized by your coach

displacement

during the second and third years of life, children develop new physical and mental skills, they can walk, climb, grasp objects, push and pull, and talk, children are proud of these accomplishments and insist on ...

doing everything themselves

parents who insist on being overly controlling or harshly critical foster a growing sense of ... and lack of confidence

doubt

Freud believed that the unconscious is not directly accessible, however, ... can be a useful tool for gaining insight into unconscious motives

dream analysis

Ethan's grandmother gave him a large amount of money as a high school graduation present, Ethan's ... would mediate a compromise between the aggressive demands of the id that he buy a new sports car and the moral demands of his superego that he use his gift for college tuition, resolves the dilemma by deciding to sue most of the money for college while setting aside some money for a less expensive, used sports car

ego

Gilligan's criticism is based upon her argument that Kohlerg's theory fails to sufficiently account for differences in ... between males and females

experience and outlook

an AP student who refuses to review, and instead counts on catching a lucky break with easy free response questions is displaying an ...

external locus of control

individuals who believe that most situations are governed by chance and lucky breaks have an ...

external locus of control

the enduring consequences of early childhood experiences

factor of Freud's psychoanalytic perspective on personality

the importance of sexual and aggressive instincts

factor of Freud's psychoanalytic perspective on personality

the influence of unconscious mental processes

factor of Freud's psychoanalytic perspective on personality

in the generativity vs self-absorption stage, the individual enters middle age, ... become the dominant social settings

family and work

between the ages of six and twelve, the social setting expands from the family to school, where children are, for the first time, exposed to

formal and impersonal rules

if ... fails, an individual can stagnate and become absorbed with material possessions and personal problems

generativity

the concern in establishing and guiding the next generation

generativity

seventh stage of psychosocial development

generativity versus self-absorption, middle adulthood

in the initiative versus guilt stage, young children often engage in play-acting, imagining themselves in variety of adult roles, and begin to ask many questions, if children are made to feel that their activities are bad, their play-acting absurd, and their questions a nuisance, they will develop a sense of ... about self-initiated activities that will be detrimental in later life

guilt

Kohlberg first created a series of 10 ...

hypothetical moral dilemmas

Ethan's grandmother gave him a large amount of money as a high school graduation present, rather than using the money to pay for his college tuition, Ethan's ... wants to buy a new car

id

fifth stage of psychosocial development

identity versus role confusion, adolescence

Adler believed that individuals deal with feelings of inferiority in either of two ways: they can compensate for real or imagined weaknesses by striving to .... and by developing their talents and abilities

improve themselves

a child's sense of ... will be reinforced if parents and teachers praise his or her creative projects

industry

during the industry vs inferiority stage, young children demonstrate ... as they build model planes, construct tree houses, furnish doll houses,and complete school projects

industry

fourth stage of psychosocial development

industry versus inferiority, ages 6 to 12

if parents scold a child for making a mess and teachers assign a child low grades, they can instill a lasting sense of ...

inferiority

between the ages of 3 to 6, a child's physical capacities develop to the point where he or she can ...., rather than merely following other children

initiate play activities

in the initiative versus guilt stage, young children often engage in play-acting, imagining themselves in variety of adult roles, and begin to ask many questions, if parents respect and encourage these efforts, they will enhance their child's sense of ...

initiative

third stage of psychosocial development

initiative versus guilt, ages 3 to 6

a sense of trust that the world is predictable and reliable

inner certainty

people who can look back and feel that their lives were successful will feel as sense of self acceptance that Erikson calls

integrity

eighth stage of psychosocial development

integrity versus despair, late adulthood

in the initiative versus guilt stage, young children often engage in play-acting, imagining themselves in variety of adult roles, and begin to ask many questions, a sign of

intellectual initiative

Rotter made an important distinction between

internal and external locus of control

individuals who accept personal responsibility for their life experiences have an ...

internal locus of control

you are displaying an ... by studying this book as part of your preparation for the AP exam

internal locus of control

no longer young children, but not yet adults, adolescents struggle to ... and combine them into a meaningful sense of identity

interpret their past, present, and future

in his original study, Kohlberg presented his moral dilemmas to 72 boys from Chicago-area suburbs, the boys were 10, 13, and 16 years old, Kohlberg and his associates then ...

interviewed each boy

according to Erikson, young adults search for a partner to care about and share their lives with, a happy, newly-married couple illustrates the goal of ...

intimacy

sixth stage of psychosocial development

intimacy versus isolation, early adulthood

young adults who feel threatened by an intimate relationship will avoid ... rather than risk being swallowed up, a person who is unable to maintain a meaningful relationship with others can become lonely and isolated

intimacy with another person

Gilligan contends that the moral concerns of men emphasize ..., while the moral concerns of women focus on ...

justice, caring and compassion

moral reasoning, ideas of right and wrong, must be

learned

an orphaned child who is transferred from foster home to foster home would develop feelings of ..., and might avoid becoming emotionally involved with others

mistrust

if we develop a sense of trust during infancy, we may later become ... if, for example, our parents undergo a bitter divorce

mistrustful

during there 45 minute recorded interviews, Kohlberg asked participants a series of open ended questions about the dilemmas, he focused on the form of ... used by each participant

moral reasoning

infants are born with an array of behavioral reflexes, however an infant is not born with a concept of ...

morality

Erikson emphasized the crucial role played by the ... within the family social setting

mother

an individual's unique and relatively stable pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving

personality

the id, the ego, and the superego are not separate parts of the brain, they are

personality structures

... respondents argued that Heinz should have stolen the medicine because his wife's right to life superseded the druggist's right to private property

postconventional

typical of adults, people of this level develop personal standards of right and wrong, they define morality in terms of abstract principles of justice

postconventional morality

at this moment, your ... may include feelings of fatigue and hunger, plus random thoughts about what could be on the AP exam

preconscious mind

... children typically responded that Heinz should not have stolen the medicine because he would be put in prison and branded a bad person

preconventional

typical of young children, this age group makes moral judgements based upon avoiding punishment, their ecocentric moral reasoning is limited to how their choice will affect themselves

preconventional morality

transferring one's own unacceptable thoughts, motives, or personal qualities to others

projection

you feel dislike for a coach, and then insist that she dislikes you

projection

With Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, the combination of physiological change within a new social environment creates a

psychosocial crisis that can be resolved with either a positive or negative response

justifying one's actions by using socially acceptable explanations

rationalization

you deal with the disappointment of being rejected by a top college by saying that you really didn't want to attend such an elitist institution

rationalization

thinking or behaving in a way that is the opposite of your unacceptable thoughts and feelings

reaction formation

you take care of a sick relative whom you actually despise

reaction formation

during the integrity vs despair stage, the last stage of life, a person must come to terms with dying, as a result, Erikson sees this stage as a time of ...

reflection and evaluation

retreating from a threatening situation by reverting to a pattern of behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development

regression

you throw a temper tantrum when your parents refuse to extend your curfew

regression

preventing anxiety-producing thoughts and painful feelings from entering consciousness, Freud believed it is the first and most basic form of anxiety reduction

repression

you forget the details of what you said when you broke up with your boyfriend or girlfriend

repression

... can result from failure to resolve life's earlier crises or from major cultural conflicts, such as war, economic instability, and domestic turmoil

role confusion

Erikson emphasizes the role which culture plays in influencing an adolescent's ...

selection of identity

Rogers believed that people are motivated to achieve their full potential or ...

self actualize

... and ... are highly correlated with success in college

self efficacy, achievement motivation

parents can help their children ... by creating an atmosphere of unconditional positive regard in which a child is accepted and loved without any conditions

self-actualize

Rogers argued that ... is the cornerstone of a person's personality

self-concept

people whose ... matches their life experiences usually have high self-esteem and better mental health

self-concept

the set of perceptions and beliefs that individuals have about their own nature and behavior

self-concept

refers to the feelings of self-confidence or self-doubt that people bring to a specific situation

self-efficacy

varies from situation from situation, a student could have a high degree of ... in a computer lab, and a low degree of ... in a dance studio

self-efficacy

Ethan's grandmother gave him a large amount of money as a high school graduation present, Ethan's ... would oppose using his grandmother's gift to buy a sports car, it would pressure Ethan by making him feel guilt, shame, and self-doubt

superego

Adler believed that individuals deal with feelings of inferiority in either of two ways: they can overcompensate for heir feelings of inferiority by developing a .... in which they exaggerate their accomplishments and deny their limitations

superiority complex

a woman was near death, one drug could save her, the druggist was charging 10 times what it cost him to make, the husband could only raise about half of what the necessary funds, the druggist would not sell it cheaper or let him pay later, Heinz broke into the store and stole the drug for his wife, should he have done this?

the Heinz dilemma

includes shared human experiences embodied in myths and cultural archetypes such as the wise grandfather, the innocent child, and the rebellious son

the collective unconscious

consists of thoughts or motives that a person is currently aware of or is remembering

the conscious level

resides in the conscious and preconscious levels of awareness, is rational and practical, operates on a reality principle, seeking to mediate between the demands of the id and the superego, keenly aware of external realities, attempts to facilitate an appropriate and timely gratification of desires

the ego

is completely unconscious, consists of innate sexual and aggressive instincts and drives, is impulsive, irrational, and immature, operates on a pleasure principle, seeking to achieve immediate gratification and avoid discomfort

the id

Freud believed that personality is composed of three distinct psychological processes ...

the id, the ego, and the superego

consists of thoughts, motives, and memories that can be voluntarily brought to mind

the preconscious level

is partly conscious, consists of internalized parental and societal standards, popularly known as the conscience, operates on a morality principle, seeking to enforce ethical conduct

the superego

consists of feelings, thoughts, motives, and memories blocked from conscious awareness

the unconscious level

Kohlberg conclude that his participants' responses could be categorized into

three levels of moral development

if we learn to mistrust adults in our infancy, we may change when we enter school and meet teachers whose behavior encourages ...

trust

first stage of psychosocial development

trust versus mistrust, birth to age 1

at this moment, your ... contains an array of aggressive impulses, sexual desires, and occasional irrational thoughts about not taking the AP exam

unconscious

according to Jung, the personal unconscious consists of experiences that are ...

unique to each individual