Psychology final

If you had to write a research paper on Maslow's hierarchy of motives, which of the following titles would you choose to capture the essence of Maslow's theory?

"Be all that you can be."

Carla is a first-semester freshman at State University. She succeeded in high school by cramming for exams and relying on parental pressure to get homework done. Now, however, she is finding that these strategies are no longer viable ways to succeed. According to the text, Carla should _____.

"think outside the box" in order to succeed in college

George Miller's classic research showed that the average capacity of short-term or working memory is between _____ units of information.

5 and 9

Which of the following accurately describes the sequence of the general adaptation syndrome?

Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

What type of drug is crystal meth?

Amphetamine

Which of the following therapies represents the application of operant principles to psychological disorders?

Applied behavior analysis

According to Bandura's model of observational learning, what are the four primary processes involved in observational learning?

Attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement

Maria is a social worker in an urban community mental health center. She has just seen a crisis client who expressed suicidal ideation. After doing a thorough assessment to determine that he needed inpatient care, she sent him to the hospital and must now write her notes about the session. She codes her client's depression on _____.

Axis I

What is the biggest challenge faced by psychologists who study infant perception?

Because infants can't speak, psychologists who study infants rely on what infants can do to understand what they know.

Which of the following would be an example of no awareness or an "unconscious" state of mind?

Being knocked out by a blow or anesthetized

Which of the following is true of concepts?

Concepts provide clues about how to react to a particular object or experience.

Pauline is responsible and reliable. She likes structure and always sees a task through until it is completed. She exercises, eats healthy foods, and always wears her seatbelt. Pauline would score high on which of the following personality traits?

Conscientiousness

The lecture you were listening to is over. The bell that rang in the hall signaled the end of class. You get up out of your seat, pick up your things, and walk out the classroom door. Which kind of nerves sent the signals from your brain to your muscles to initiate your physical movements?

Efferent

Which of the following structures of memory is autobiographical?

Episodic memory

Which of the following research methods allow(s) researchers to determine causality?

Experimental studies

_____ is reflected in a person's conscious and openly shared attitude, which might be measured using a questionnaire whereas _____ refers to attitudes that exist on a deeper, hidden level, thus they must be measured with a method that does not require awareness.

Explicit racism/implicit racism

Pavlov's dog salivates each time he hears a bell. Now, however, after several trials of salivating to the bell and not receiving any food, the dog stops salivating. What happened?

Extinction has occurred

Which of the following is one of the functions of the sympathetic nervous system?

Fight-or-fight reaction

Which of the following is true of psychoanalytic techniques?

Freud believed that a person's current problems could be traced to childhood experiences.

Marsha does a good job because she knows her performance will result in a bonus if she meets her goals. Georgia does a good job because she feels a sense of accomplishment when she meets her goals. Both women do the same kind of work. Who is most likely to perform better?

Georgia is most likely to perform better.

Who is considered the "father of American personality psychology"?

Gordon Allport

Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?

Grief unfolds in four patterns—George Bonanno

Which of the following essential body functions are under the control of the autonomic nervous system?

Heart rate, breathing, and digestion

Which of the following statements is false?

In order to eliminate ambiguity, every variable should have only one operational definition.

Jerry is in the process of getting a divorce and is having trouble at his job. Previously he had not had any sleep disorders but is bothered by one now. Lately he has experienced serious difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep. Which disorder has Jerry most likely developed?

Insomnia

Which of the following is the final stage of Erikson's socioemotional development?

Integrity versus despair

Which of the following statements about research on smoking cessation is true?

Lighter smokers have more success with "going cold turkey" than heavier smokers.

Which depth cue accounts for why parallel lines appear to grow closer together the farther away they are?

Linear perspective

Vickie is doing a research paper on projective personality tests. What conclusions should she draw regarding the Rorschach inkblot test?

Many psychologists have questioned the reliability and validity of the test.

_____ nearly derailed the scientific study of personality by challenging the assumption that personality traits are _____.

Mischel/consistent

Which of the following is true about the concrete operational stage of reasoning?

One important skill at this stage of reasoning is the ability to classify or divide things into different sets or subsets and to consider their interrelations.

Which of the following statements about optimism is false?

Optimism is something that you are born with. It cannot be learned or cultivated.

Which of the following is true of place theory?

Place theory states that low-frequency vibrations maximally displace areas of the membrane closer to the tip of the cochlea.

Raising one's consciousness is the key component of which of the following stages of change?

Precontemplation

_____ is the activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster.

Priming

Why do psychoactive drugs make people feel good?

Psychoactive drugs increase dopamine levels in the brain's reward pathways.

_____ refers to researchers' allocation of participants to groups by chance, to reduce the likelihood that an experiment's results will be due to preexisting differences between groups.

Random assignment

According to the text, if an Institutional Review Board were to consider reality TV from the perspective of the APA ethical guidelines, which of the following issues would be of greatest concern?

Reality shows usually do not debrief their participants once the show is over.

Depressed people tend to have fewer receptors of which neurotransmitters?

Serotonin and norepinephrine

Which of the following was proposed by Kubler-Ross?

She proposed a stage model of confronting death, in which the dying individual progresses from denial to acceptance.

_____ are unique primitive cells that have the capacity to develop into most types of human cells.

Stem cells

Which division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for producing physiological symptoms (such as increased heart rate and butterflies in the stomach) under conditions of stress?

Sympathetic

Which of the following statements about research on persuasion is true?

Television is a more powerful medium for persuasion than a printed newspaper.

_____ is linked with a higher incidence of heart disease, whereas _____ is linked with a lower incidence of heart disease.

The Type A behavior pattern/the Type B behavior pattern

Abigail suffers from a dissociative disorder. Abigail would likely show lower volume in which of the following brain regions?

The amygdala and hippocampus

Which of the following statements about psychosurgery is false?

The effects of psychosurgery can be reversed with intensive therapy.

A client is asked to look at a picture and to tell a story that describes what she thinks is happening in the picture. Her therapist will use the content of the story to make inferences about the client's personality. The client is likely taking the _____.

Thematic Apperception Test

What is the main problem with using polygraph results as an indication of whether or not a person is lying?

There is no unique physiological response to telling lies.

According to research, which of the following is an effective elaboration technique?

Thinking of self-references

Which of the following is a goal of couples therapy?

To improve the communication between the partners

In classical conditioning situations, the _____ connection is unlearned, but the _____ connection is learned.

US-UR/CS-CR

You go to a hypnotist to help you quit smoking. The hypnotist asks you to remember and describe things that you did differently before you started smoking. Which memory system will you use most to comply with this request?

Your episodic memory system

Uncle Leo quit smoking two months ago. He is hoping that he can continue to stay tobacco-free so he has been trying to find ways to support his new, healthy behavior pattern. He eats mint whenever he gets a craving to smoke. Uncle Leo seems to be in the _____ stage of the stages of change model.

action/willpower

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a technique that _____.

allows scientists to see what is happening in the brain while it is working

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an example of _____ test of personality.

an empirically keyed

Research shows that during infancy, motor skills and perceptual skills _____.

are coupled and depend on each other

In everyday situations, finding and framing problems can be difficult because many real-life problems _____.

are vague and/or ill defined

Marshall damaged his cerebellum in a car accident. Marshal is likely to have problems with _____.

balance and muscle coordination

Although the concerns of behavioral medicine and health psychology overlap, behavioral medicine primarily focuses on _____ factors, whereas health psychology primarily focuses on _____ factors.

behavioral and biomedical/behavioral and cognitive

According to Baddeley's view of the three components of working memory, the _____ acts like a supervisor who monitors which information deserves our attention and which we should ignore.

central executive

The most common compulsion exhibited by individuals who have obsessive-compulsive disorder is excessive _____.

cleaning

Basketball, football, baseball, and soccer all fit into the _____ of sports.

concept

A(n) _____ is a person who is given a role to play in a study so that the social context can be manipulated.

confederate

According to the principle of _____ researchers are responsible for keeping all of the data they gather on individuals completely, when possible, anonymous.

confidentiality

The extent to which the CS and US occur close together in time reflects _____.

contiguity

Ralph just started taking guitar lessons last week. Jimmie has been playing guitar for almost 20 years. According to the concept of social facilitation, performing in front of an audience of strangers and friends tonight is likely to _____ Ralph's performance and _____ Jimmie's performance.

decrease/enhance

Sharon is seeing a new doctor after many different medications have failed to help with her condition. This doctor tells her that many well-designed studies suggest that electroconvulsive therapy is effective in the treatment of _____.

depression

Your roommate argues that computers can perform several complex tasks better and more accurately than humans. You counter her argument with the mention of _____, a task that only humans can perform.

developing new learning goals

Margaret is the new director of research at a well-known pharmaceutical company. She has been asked to design a set of research studies that will test the effectiveness of the new drugs that are being developed. Because Margaret is concerned about ensuring that experimenter bias and research participant bias do not influence the results, she should design a set of _____.

double-blind experiments

The concept of _____ pertains to a psychological state, whereas _____ involves a physiological state.

drive/need

Jet lag may be explained by the _____.

effect of time shifts on the circadian rhythm

Four-year-old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive an Elmo doll for Christmas. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of _____.

egocentrism

Electrical activity in the brain can be captured by placing multiple electrodes on the scalp and then measuring the underlying electrical activity. This method of studying the brain's activity is called a(n) _____.

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Andrea was just fired from a job she really loved. You are her best friend so you try to offer her all the support that she needs. Giving Andrea a hug when she is down and telling her that you will "be there for her" is an example of _____ support, whereas loaning her money and telling her that she can stay with you until she finds another job is an example of _____ support.

emotional/tangible

Community mental health programs seek to help people who are disenfranchised from society to lead happier, more productive lives through the concept of _____.

empowerment

Dr. Aoki used double-blind procedures in his experiments to reduce the potential for _____.

experimenter bias and participant bias

Dr. Amani is interested in investigating why women are more able to correctly interpret emotional expressions than men. He is most interested in the scientific goal of _____.

explaining

According to Seligman, optimists explain the causes of bad events as _____, whereas pessimists explain them as _____.

external, unstable, and specific/internal, stable, and global

Annie's mother pays her $5 for every book she reads. Annie is reading like crazy, not because she loves books, but rather because she enjoys spending her money on candy and toys. Annie is demonstrating _____ motivation.

extrinsic

In the _____ fibers connect directly with the thalamus and then to the motor and sensory areas of the cerebral cortex.

fast pathways

A worker is paid $25 for every 20 wind chimes that she builds. On which schedule of reinforcement is she being paid?

fixed-ratio

An adolescent who hypothesizes and speaks in terms of possibilities may well be functioning in Piaget's cognitive stage of _____.

formal operational thought

In the film A Beautiful Mind, John Nash hears and sees people who are not actually there. These sensations are examples of _____.

hallucinations

The major purpose of the sclera is to _____.

help maintain the shape of the eye and protect it from injury

Every week during football season, Fred and his friends have fun following the local high school teams. Before the games, Fred never really talks too much about how the games will turn out. On Monday, however, it is a different scenario altogether. Fred is more than happy to share with his friends that the games came out exactly as he thought they would and why. Fred seems to be demonstrating _____.

hindsight bias

Meditation has been compared to _____, the relaxed sense that all is well.

hypnagogic reverie

Cookie Monster, one of the characters on the children's TV show Sesame Street, has an intense urge to consume cookies, even when doing so is irrational and maladaptive. Eating cookies gives Cookie Monster a great source of pleasure and satisfaction. Freud would say that his behavior reflects the fact that Cookie Monster is ruled by his _____.

id

Freud's view that gender differences in personality development are due to anatomical differences between males and females was criticized by Karen Horney primarily for _____.

ignoring cultural and environmental influences on personality development

You are a humanistic therapist. A potential client is unfamiliar with your school of therapy and asks you to sum it up. You tell him the primary premise of humanistic therapy is that _____.

individuals possess the capacity to heal themselves

Bertha met two students from another school at a convention. She enjoyed their company a great deal and was very impressed with how nice they were. Bertha now believes that all of the students from that school must also be nice and is considering transferring there. Bertha is using _____.

inductive reasoning

Psychological research involves studying a sample of participants in order to draw conclusions about the population from which the sample is drawn. This is an example of _____.

inductive reasoning

The _____ is a transparent and somewhat flexible, disklike structure filled with a gelatin-like material.

lens

When you are asked to recall your first day of kindergarten, you rely on _____, whereas when you are asked to recall the name of a person you just met a few seconds ago, you rely on _____.

long-term memory/short-term or working memory

Don places a great deal of value on money, prestige, and his physical appearance. According to your textbook, compared to someone who values the organismic needs, Don will be more likely to experience _____.

lowered self-actualization and physical illness

A therapist who uses cognitive restructuring believes that _____ are the causes of abnormal behavior.

maladaptive beliefs

Marilyn is depressed a great deal of the time and seeks help from a doctor. She is diagnosed as having a mental illness caused by a chemical imbalance. Marilyn is most likely being treated by someone who adheres to the _____ model of psychological disorders.

medical

Depression is classified as a(n) _____ disorder.

mood

According to Hermann Ebbinghaus, _____.

most forgetting occurs soon after we originally learned something

Nolan and his wife were standing in the middle of the kitchen discussing vacation plans when he suddenly crashed to the floor in a deep REM sleep. Nolan may suffer from _____.

narcolepsy

A(n) _____ is a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation.

need

Cooper's father is a corporate executive who works long hours. He travels several days throughout the month and spends very little time with Cooper. He has never been to any of Cooper's soccer games or met any of his friends. Cooper's father believes that his career is more important than raising his son. As such, he does not get involved in Cooper's life. Psychologists would describe Cooper's father's style of parenting as _____.

neglectful

Implicit memory, procedural memory, and priming are all part of _____.

nondeclarative memory

According to the all-or-nothing principle, _____.

once the electrical impulse reaches a certain level of intensity (its threshold), it fires and moves all the way down the axon without losing any intensity

Applied behavior analysis is based on the concept of _____.

operant conditioning

The crossover point where the right visual field information goes to the left hemisphere is called the _____.

optic chaism

Monique routinely uses a shredder to shred her junk mail into confetti-sized pieces of paper, which she then just throws away. When packing her glassware to move into a new apartment, she runs out of protective styrofoam packing material. Suddenly Monique gets the idea to empty her shredder and use the shredded junk mail confetti for packing material. Monique has _____.

overcome functional fixedness

John has sudden attacks of intense fear in which his heart races, he feels faint, and he has trouble catching his breath. During these attacks, he worries that he is going to die. From this description, it sounds like John has _____.

panic disorder

The sensory receptors for taste called taste buds are located in the _____.

papillae

Richie's parents let him do whatever he wants. They place no demands on him, and they place no rules or restrictions on his behavior. Richie's parents have a(n) _____ parenting style.

permissive

The primary function of the _____ is to collect sounds and channel them into the inner ear.

pinna

Sonja believes the pill her doctor gave her has cured her of her anxiety disorder, even though the pill contained no active ingredients. Sonja's belief that she is better now is an example of the _____ effect.

placebo

Dissociative disorders often occur in individuals who also show signs of _____.

post-traumatic stress disorder

Dr. Crane is looking for a test that he can use to understand more about his clients' unconscious motivations. He would be very likely to use a(n) _____.

protective measure

Males experience a refractory period during the _____ phase of the human sexual response pattern.

resolution

Cindy is having difficulty paying her monthly bills. She often just sits and stares at her checkbook, which causes her to feel anxious about the possibility of going bankrupt. Cindy is demonstrating _____.

rumination

Your knowledge of the alphabet and multiplication tables is stored in your _____ memory.

semantic

Freud believed that the prime motive in human existence is _____, Karen Horney believed that the prime motive in human existence is _____.

sex/security

An individual's _____ refers to the direction of his or her erotic interests.

sexual orientation

Experimental studies on whether antidepressants increase risk of suicide in children and adolescents show that, compared to the control group, children who use antidepressants _____.

showed a greater number of spontaneous statements about suicidal thoughts

If we see a German shepherd standing thirty feet from us, we perceive that it is just as big as it was when it was much closer to us. This is primarily due to _____.

size consistency

Grandpa is napping in his recliner, snoring loudly, when suddenly he stops snoring. You look to see if he woke up, but he is still asleep and appears to not be breathing. For a moment you wonder if he's dead, but suddenly he snorts and resumes snoring. Grandpa is displaying signs of _____.

sleep apnea

Dr. McCall found that class projects were of poorer quality when students worked in groups compared to when each student did an individual project. This difference can be explained by the phenomenon of _____.

social loafing

When people pay close attention to the facts, the _____ is (are) the most persuasive, but when subjects are not paying full attention, such as during a television commercial, the _____ may work better.

source's credibility/emotional appeals

The left hemisphere of the brain plays an important role in managing or regulating _____.

speech and grammar

Little Albert was conditioned by John Watson to fear a white rat. Eventually, however, Albert became fearful of any stimulus that looked white and furry. He became scared not only of rats, but also of rabbits, and even Santa Claus's beard. This study illustrates _____.

stimulus generalization in classical conditioning

According to Freud, the _____ represents the moral system of our personality because it consists of our conscience and ego ideal.

superego

The _____ is a small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark.

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Alex regularly gives donations of blood to the Red Cross because he received a life-saving transfusion when he was in a car accident two years ago. His helping behavior is best explained by _____.

the concept of reciprocity

In operant conditioning, _____.

the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the occurrence of the behavior.

Although Jeff frequently exceeds the speed limit by at least 10 mph, he justifies his behavior by erroneously thinking that most other drivers do the same. This belief best illustrates _____.

the false consensus effect

John is selling magazine subscriptions and chocolates. He asks you whether you are interested in buying some chocolates for $1 and you say yes. When you go to get the money to pay for the chocolates and return to the door, John asks you if you would also like to buy a $25 subscription to a variety of magazines. You feel obligated and agree to buy a magazine subscription. This is an example of _____.

the foot-in-the-door technique

When many people first learn of the classic conformity and obedience studies, they often believe that the participants in these studies are weak-minded people and they tend to underestimate the power of the social situation. This is an example of _____.

the fundamental attribution error

Homer goes to his psychotherapist and describes his recent dreams where he flies like an eagle through the sky. His therapist listens and then offers the interpretation that this dream signifies Homer's unconscious desires to be free of his family obligations. Homer's therapist is displaying an interest in _____.

the latent content of Homer's dream

Research shows that _____ is the most important determinant of therapy outcome.

the quality of the client's participation

Mark's ability to distinguish a trumpet and a trombone or his mother's voice from his sister's voice is due to the _____ of these stimuli.

timbre

A hitchhiker most likely gets rides on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

variable-ratio

The _____ is involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating.

ventromedial hypothalamus

The bystander effect is most likely to occur _____.

when someone is witnessing an emergency and there are several other people present

Critics of the work of Benjamin Whorf maintain that _____.

words merely reflect rather than cause the way we think

According to Tolman's view on purposive learning, _____.

you work hard all week because you expect to get paid on Friday