Psychology Final Exam

1. What are men's and women's reaction to stress?

Women tend to seek social support from friends. Men are more likely to be aggressive or withdraw.

Coercion:

Coercion- Being forced to change your beliefs or behave against your will.

Cognitive Dissonance:

Cognitive Dissonance- An uncomfortable clash between self-image, thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, or perceptions and one's behaviors.

Commitment:

Commitment: Determination to stay in a long-term relationship with another person.

ComPANionate love:

Companionate love- intimacy + commitment.

Conflicts:

Conflicts- a stressful condition that occurs when a person must choose between contradictory needs, desires, motives, or demands. 2). Conflict is A stressful condition that occurs when a person must choose between incompatible or contradictory alternatives. 3). Choosing between college and work, marriage and single life, or study and failure are common conflicts. There are three basic forms of conflict.

Conformity:

Conformity- When we bring our behavior into agreement with the actions, norms, or values of others in the absence of any direct pressure.

ConSUMmate love:

Consummate love- Intimacy + passion + commitment.

Cults:

Cults- members usually victimized by leader. • Groups that profess great devotion to a person and follow that person almost without question. • Leader's personality is usually more important than the issues he/she preaches. Lesson- all true spiritual leaders have taught love and compassion.

Disorganized Schizophrenia

Disorganized Schizophrenia- Incoherence, grossly disorganized behavior, bizarre thinking, and flat or grossly inappropriate emotions. (extreme impairment).

40) Dissociative Disorder:

Dissociative Disorder - temporary amnesia, multiple personalities, or depersonalization.

Frustration:

Frustration is a negative emotional state that occurs when one is prevented from reaching a desired goal. 🔴 This could be an external or internal frustration.

Guided Imagery:

Guided Imagery involves visualizing images that are calming, relaxing, or beneficial in other ways.

27) Hypochondriasis:

Hypochondriasis - person is preoccupied with years of having a serious illness or disease, and they interpret normal sensations and bodily signs as proof that they have a terrible disease.

Intimacy:

Intimacy: Feelings of connectedness and affection.

Disorganized schizophrenia:

disorganized schizophrenia - incoherence, grossly disorganized behavior, bizarre thinking, and flat or grossly inappropriate of emotions, (extreme impairment).

Kitty Genovese and the Bystander Apathy:

Kitty Genovese and the Bystander Apathy- 38 people heard as Kitty was assaulted then stabbed to death, no one called the police. (Unwillingness of bystanders to offer help during emergencies or to become involved in others' problems) (Diffusion of responsibility) Or they say to themselves "someone has already called them I'm sure".

Robert Sternberg:

Robert Sternberg- created the triangular theory of love.

The Fundamental Attribution Error:

The Fundamental Attribution Error- Tendency to attribute behavior of others to internal causes (personality, likes, etc.)

Undifferentiated:

Undifferentiated- Any type of schizophrenia that does not have paranoid, catatonic, or disorganized features or symptoms.

Hallucinations:

Imaginary sensations, such as seeing, hearing, or smelling things that are not real.

Mood Disorder:

Depressive Disorders: Sadness or despondency are prolonged, exaggerated, or unreasonable Signs: Dejection, hopelessness, inability to feel pleasure or take interest in anything Symptoms: Fatigue, disturbed sleep and eating patterns, feelings of worthlessness, negative self-image, suicidal thoughts.

Empathy-Helping relationship:

Empathy-Helping relationship- Helping person in need because we have emotions such as empathy and compassion for that person.

33) Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder- duration of at least six months of chronic, unrealistic, or excessive anxiety.

Mood Disorders:

Involve depression or abnormal elation

Major Depression:

1). Major Depressive Disorder: A mood disorder where the person has suffered one or more intense episodes of depression Everything looks bleak and hopeless Suffering is intense

32) Anxiety:

Anxiety- feelings of apprehension, dread, or uneasiness

Asch Experiment:

Asch Experiment- conformity, within the group. One person will conform even if he knows he is wrong because they want to fit in.

Major Mood Disorder: Bipolar Disorder:

Bipolar Disorders: Involve both depression, and mania or hypo-mania Mania: Excited, Hyperactive, Energetic, Loud, Grandiose Behavior.

Major Mood Disorders:

Characterized by emotional extremes Lasting extremes of mood or emotion, sometimes with psychotic features (hallucinations, delusions) Major Depressive Disorder: A mood disorder where the person has suffered one or more intense episodes of depression Everything looks bleak and hopeless Suffering is intense

General Adaptation Syndrome: Stage of Exhaustion:

Continued stress leads to the stage of exhaustion, in which the body's resources are drained and stress hormones are depleted. Some of the typical signs or symptoms of impending exhaustion include the following

30) Conversion Disorder

Conversion Disorder - severe emotional conflicts are "converted" into physical symptoms or physical disability - with no physical cause.

29) Pain Disorder:

Pain Disorder - Pain that has no identifiable organic, physical cause. (Many doctors are consultant but no organic or physical causes are found)

34) Panic Disorder:

Panic Disorder- (without agoraphobia) chronic state of anxiety with brief moments of sudden, intense, unexpected panic. (Panic attack)

Pessimists:

Pessimists are someone who always expects the worst to happen. They are more likely to ignore or deny problems

39) Post Dramatic Stress Disorder:

Post Dramatic Stress Disorder - last more than one month after the dramatic event has occurred, may last for years, typically associated with combat and violent crimes (rate, assault, etc.)

Delusions:

Strange false beliefs

Realistic conflict:

• Realistic conflict- competing persons come to view others negatively.

20) hallucinations

- imaginary sensations, such as seeing, hearing, or smelling things that are not real

13. Insanity

1). A legal term; refers to an inability to manage one's affairs or to be unaware of the consequences of one's actions 2). Those judged insane (by a court of law) are not held legally accountable for their actions 3). Involuntarily committed- danger to one's self or others 4). Insanity A legal term that refers to a mental inability to manage one's affairs or to be aware of the consequences of one's actions.

Mood disorders and two major types:

1). A major disturbance in mood or emotion, such as depression or mania. 2). Mood disorders are defined primarily by the presence of extreme, intense, and long lasting emotions. Afflicted persons may be manic, meaning agitated, elated, and hyperactive, or they may be depressed. Some people with mood disorders alternate between mania and depression and may have psychotic symptoms as well. 3). Major Mood Disorders: Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder.

Basic Forms of Conflicts: There are three basic forms of conflict:

1). Approach Conflicts 2). Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts 3). Approach-Avoidance Conflicts

Repression

1). When painful memories, anxieties, and so on are held out of our awareness. 2). Freud noticed that his patients had tremendous difficulty recalling shocking or traumatic events from childhood. It seemed that powerful forces were holding these painful memories from awareness. Freud called this repression, and said we use it to protect ourselves by blocking out threatening thoughts and impulses. Feelings of hostility toward a family member, the names of people we dislike, and past failures are common targets of repression. Research suggests that you are most likely to repress information that threatens your self-image.

2. Defense mechanisms- Know the definitions and for use with scenario questions:

1. Denial, Repression, Reaction 2. Regression, Projection, and Rationalization 3. Compensation, Displacement, Sublimation.

Denial:

1. Refusing to accept or believe an unpleasant reality. 2. One of the most basic defenses is denial (protecting oneself from an unpleasant reality by refusing to accept it, believe it, or perceive it). We are prone to deny death, illness, and similar painful and threatening events. For instance, if you were told that you had only 3 months to live, how would you react? Your first thoughts might be, "Aw, come on, someone must have mixed up the X-rays," or, "The doctor must be mistaken," or simply, "It can't be true!" Similar denial and disbelief are common reactions to the unexpected death of a friend or relative: "It's just not real. I don't believe it!"

38) Acute Stress Disorder:

Acute Stress Disorder - physiological disturbance lasting up to one month following stress from a traumatic event.

Reactions to Frustration:

Aggression, displaced aggression, or escape.

Defense Mechanism:

Defined by Freud as the unrealistic strategies used by the ego to discharge tension.

Diffusion of Responsibility:

Diffusion of Responsibility- spreading the responsibility to act among several people, reduces the likelihood that help will be given to a person in need.

41) Disassociative Amnesia:

Disassociative Amnesia - inability to recall ones name, address or past.

42) Dissociative Fugue:

Dissociative Fugue- sudden unplanned travel away from home and confusion about personal identity.

43) Dissociative Identity Disorder:

Dissociative Identity Disorder- person has two or more distinct, separate identities or personality traits. (example Sybil or the three faces of eve) often begins with horrific childhood experience (abuse, molestation, etc.)

General Adaptation Syndrome: Stage of Resistance:

During the stage of resistance, body adjustments to stress stabilize. As the body's defenses come into balance, symptoms of the alarm reaction disappear. Outwardly, everything seems normal. However, this appearance of normality comes at a high cost. The body is better able to cope with the original stressor, but its resistance to other stresses is lowered. For example, animals placed in extreme cold become more resistant to the cold, but more susceptible to infection. It is during the stage of resistance that the first signs of psychosomatic disorders (physical disorders triggered by psychological factors) begin to appear.

Exercise:

Exercise can reduce anxiety and the impact of stress on the body.

What is health psychology and how do cognition and behavior affect health?

Health psychology aims to use cognitive and behavioral principles to prevent illness and death and to promote health. 🔴 Psychologists working in the allied field of behavioral medicine apply psychology to manage medical problems, such as diabetes or asthma. Their interests include pain control, helping people cope with chronic illness, stress-related diseases, self-screening for diseases (such as breast cancer), and similar topics. 🔴 Most of us agree that our health is priceless. Yet, many diseases, and well over half of all deaths each year in North America, can be traced to our unhealthy behaviors.

Health psychology:

Health psychology is the Study of the ways in which cognitive and behavioral principles can be used to prevent illness and promote health.

Involuntary Commitment:

Involuntarily committed- danger to one's self or others.

45) Maladaptive Behavior:

Maladaptive Behavior - behavior that make it difficult to function, to adapted environment, and to meet every day but demands.

Milgram's Study:

Milgram's Study- The study of people conforming to the instructions given by the person in charge. (Conformity to the demands of an authority)

25) Paranoid schizophrenia:

Paranoid Schizophrenia - (most common) a subtype of schizophrenia in which the individual experiences hallucinations that are related to a single theme and holds delusions of persecution and grandeur that seriously distort reality.

Paranoid Schizophrenia:

Paranoid Schizophrenia- (most common)a subtype of schizophrenia in which the individual experiences hallucinations that are related to a single theme and holds delusions of persecution and grandeur that seriously distort reality.

Persuasion:

Persuasion- any deliberate attempt to change attitudes or beliefs through information and arguments. (Impact of persuasion depends on: 1. Communicator 2. Message 3. Audience)

47) Possible Causes for Personality Disorder:

Possible Causes for Personality Disorder - childhood history of emotional deprivation, neglect, physical abuse or under arousal of the brain, suggest that they may be thrill seekers

Prejudice:

Prejudice- a harmful attitude based on inaccurate generalizations about a group of people. • Realistic conflict- competing persons come to view others negatively • Us versus them- psychologists believe that this type of prejudice bolsters the self-esteem of persons with weak self-images. • Social learning- prejudices can be learned from others.

Progressive Relaxation:

Progressive Relaxation is a method for producing deep relaxation in the body.

44) Psychopathology:

Psychopathology - scientific study of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.

31) RosenHan's Study:

RosenHan's Study- being sane in insane place, students act like they have a mental disease and are admitted into a mental hospital for treatment as an experiment to see if they could act schizophrenic.

21) Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia- psychosis characterized by hallucinations, delusions, apathy, thinking abnormalities, and "split" between thoughts and emotions. (blunted or very inappropriate emotions, withdrawal, loss of interest in external activities)

Social Loafing:

Social Loafing- tendency to work less hard when they are part of a group.

26) Somatoform:

Somatoform - physical symptoms that mimic disease or injury (Blindness, anesthesia) for which there are no identifiable physical cause.

Stress Management:

Stress Management is The application of cognitive and behavioral strategies to reduce stress and improve coping skills. Exercise, Meditation, Progressive Relaxation, and Guided Imagery are key to stress management.

Zimbardo's Study:

Zimbardo's Study- To investigate how readily people would conform to the roles of guard and prisoner in a role-playing exercise that simulated prison life.

24) Catatonic schizophrenia:

catatonic schizophrenia - more by stupor, rigidity, unresponsiveness, posturing, mutism, and, sometimes agitated, purposeless behavior. (Waxy flexibility)

Social learning:

• Social learning- prejudices can be learned from others.

Us versus them:

• Us versus them- psychologists believe that this type of prejudice bolsters the self-esteem of persons with weak self-images.

Types of Conflict:

•Approach- desirable outcome •Avoidance- undesirable outcome

Importance of perception on stress:

"It Is All in How You Perceive It" •Primary Appraisal- Deciding if a situation is relevant to oneself and if it is a threat. -Perceived lack of control -Actual lack of control -Feeling incompetent increases threat •Secondary appraisal- Deciding how to cope with a threat or challenge.

General Adaptation Syndrome:

(Gas) A series of bodily reactions to prolonged stress; occurs in three stages: 1). Alarm, 2). Resistance, and 3). Exhaustion. 🔴 The impact of long-term stresses can be understood by examining the body's defenses against stress, a pattern known as the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). The GAS is a series of bodily reactions to prolonged stress. Selye (1978) noticed that the first symptoms of almost any disease or trauma (poisoning, infection, injury, or stress) are almost identical. The body responds in the same way to any stress, be it infection, failure, embarrassment, a new job, trouble at school, or a stormy romance.

Types of Schizophrenia and aspects: Schizophrenia Sub-types:

1). Disorganized Schizophrenia 2). Catatonic Schizophrenia 3). Paranoid Schizophrenia- (most common) 4). Undifferentiated

Projection:

1). When one's own feelings, shortcomings, or unacceptable traits and impulses are seen in others. 2). Projection is an unconscious process that protects us from the anxiety we would feel if we were to discern our faults. A person who is projecting tends to see his or her own feelings, shortcomings, or unacceptable impulses in others. Projection lowers anxiety by exaggerating negative traits in others. This justifies one's own actions and directs attention away from personal failings. One of your authors once worked for a greedy shop owner who cheated many of his customers. This same man considered himself a pillar of the community and very moral and religious. How did he justify to himself his greed and dishonesty? He believed that everyone who entered his store was bent on cheating him any way they could. In reality, few, if any, of his customers shared his motives, but he projected his own greed and dishonesty onto them.

Aspects That Influence Interpersonal Attraction:

17. Aspects that influence interpersonal attraction- 1. Proximity 2. Similarity 3. Physical Attractiveness 4. Mutual Liking (Reciprocity) As you get to know someone, avoid over disclosure (too much information)!

Bullying:

25. Bullying- The deliberate and repeated use of verbal or physical, direct or indirect, aggression as a tactic for dealing with everyday situations (Cyber bullying).

46) Personality Disorder:

46) Personality Disorder - deeply ingrained, unhealthy, maladaptive personality patterns.

Aggression:

Aggression- Any action carried out with the intention of harming another person.

36) Agoraphobia:

Agoraphobia- (WITHOUT panic disorder) fear that something extremely embarrassing will happen in away from home or in an unfamiliar situation.

Brainwashing:

Brainwashing- Engineered or forced attitude change requiring a captive audience. Begins by making target person feel helpless

Multiple Conflicts: Multiple approach-avoidance conflicts:

Aren't real-life conflicts more complex than the ones described here? Yes. Conflicts are rarely as clear-cut as those described. People in conflict are usually faced with several dilemmas at once, so several types of conflict may be intermingled. In real life, it is common to face multiple approach-avoidance conflicts, in which you are simultaneously attracted to and repelled by each of several alternatives. 🔴 For example, you are offered two jobs: One is in a good city and pays well but offers poor hours and dull work; the other is in a city you don't like so much and pays poorly but offers very interesting work and excellent hours. Which do you select? These situations are more typical of the choices we must usually make. There are neither completely positive nor completely negative options. As with single approach-avoidance conflicts, people faced with multiple approachavoidance conflicts tend to feel ambivalent about each choice. This causes them to vacillate, or waver between, the alternatives. Just as you are about to choose one such alternative, its undesirable aspects tend to loom large. So, what do you do? You swing back toward the other choice. When multiple approach-avoidance conflicts involve major life decisions, such as choosing a career, a school, a mate, or a job, they can add greatly to the amount of stress we experience.

Legal Insanity and the Insanity Defense: What are commitment proceedings? What is the insanity defense?

Legal Insanity and the Insanity Defense: Commitment proceedings are legal proceedings that may result in the finding of insanity, which is a legal, not psychological, term. It refers to an inability to manage one's affairs or foresee the consequences of one's actions. People who are declared insane are not legally responsible for their actions. If necessary, they can be involuntarily committed to a mental hospital. Legally, insanity is established by testimony from expert witnesses (psychologists and psychiatrists) recognized by a court of law as qualified to give opinions on a specific topic. Involuntary commitments happen most often when people are brought to emergency rooms or are arrested for committing a crime. People who are involuntarily committed are usually judged to be a danger to themselves or to others, or they are severely intellectually disabled. What is the insanity defense? Someone accused of a crime may argue that he or she is not guilty by reason of insanity. In practice, this means that the accused, due to a diagnose-able psychological disorder, was unable to appreciate that what he or she did was wrong. This may be distinguished from not guilty by reason of diminished responsibility, which is more likely to apply in other situations, such as cases of intellectual disability, like Down syndrome or brain damage. You may be surprised to learn that being diagnosed with a psychological disorder does not automatically imply a successful insanity defense. For example: someone diagnosed with, say, an anxiety disorder who commits murder might nevertheless be well aware that murder is against the law. In fact, very few criminal trials end with this verdict

Meditation:

Meditation is One of the most effective ways to relax.

Consummate love is almost the same as companionate love but consummate love involves

Passion

Passion:

Passion: Deep emotional and/or sexual feelings

Triangular Theory of Love:

Triangular Theory of Love- Different forms of love arise from different combinations of three components • Intimacy: Feelings of connectedness and affection • Passion: Deep emotional and/or sexual feelings • Commitment: Determination to stay in a long-term relationship with another person.

Displacement:

1). A defense mechanism in which the individual directs aggressive or sexual feelings away from the primary object to someone or something safe. 2). A person has a bad day at work and arrives home and exhibits aggression or anger toward their spouse rather than their boss at work because they would lose their job if they directed the behavior toward their boss/supervisor. A husband/wife redirects his or her attraction for a coworker toward their own spouse because it is the right thing to do and is also the safest way to keep the marriage intact. 3). How is aggression displaced? Directing aggression toward a source of frustration may be impossible, or it may be too dangerous. If you are frustrated by your boss at work or by a teacher at school, the cost of direct aggression may be too high (losing your job or failing a class). Instead, the aggression may be displaced, or redirected, toward whomever or whatever is available. Targets of displaced aggression tend to be safer, or less likely to retaliate, than the original source of frustration. At one time or another, you have probably lashed out at a friend or relative who was not the real cause of your annoyance. As this suggests, excessive anger over a minor irritation is a common form of displaced aggression. Psychologists attribute much hostility to displaced aggression. A disturbing example is the finding that unemployment and divorce are associated with increased child abuse.

Compensation:

1). Defenses against feelings of inferiority(real or imagined). 2). Compensatory reactions are defenses against feelings of inferiority. A person who has a defect or weakness (real or imagined) may go to unusual lengths to overcome the weakness or to compensate for it by excelling in other areas. One of the pioneers of "pumping iron" is Jack LaLanne, who opened the first modern health club in America. LaLanne made a successful career out of bodybuilding in spite of the fact that he was thin and sickly as a young man. Or perhaps it would be more accurate to say because he was thin and sickly. You can find dozens of examples of compensation at work. A childhood stutterer may excel in debate at college. As a child, Helen Keller was unable to see or hear, but she became an outstanding thinker and writer. Perhaps Ray Charles, Stevie Wonder, Andrea Bocelli, and other blind entertainers were drawn to music because of their handicap.

Psychotic Disorders: The Nature of Psychosis Psychosis:

1). Delusions - Strange false beliefs 2). Hallucinations - Imaginary sensations, such as seeing, hearing, or smelling things that are not real 3). Flat Affect - Lack of emotion 4). Disturbed Verbal Communication - disorganized speech 5). Personality Disintegration - Uncoordinated thoughts, actions, and emotions.

3. What usually follows stress?

1). Illness often follows stress! 2). Stress and negative emotions lower immune system activity and increase inflammation. This, in turn, raises our vulnerability to infection, worsens illness, and delays recovery. 3). stress triggers body effects, upsetting thoughts, and ineffective behavior. Also shown is the fact that each element worsens the others in a vicious cycle. Indeed, the basic idea of the "Stress Game" is that once it begins, you lose—unless you take action to break the cycle. 4). Bodily Effects: Autonomic emergency response, Shallow breathing, Pounding heart, Tense muscles, Digestive problems, Sleep disturbances, Fatigue, Psychosomatic illness. 5). Upsetting Thoughts: Anger, Fears, Preoccupations, Self-doubts, Negative self-talk, Repeated "danger" thoughts, Worry about body reactions and health. 6). Ineffective Behavior: Escape, Avoidance, Indecision, Aggression, Stereotyped responses, Poor judgment Inefficiency, Drug use. 7). The body releases the hormone CORTISOL as a direct result of stress. Excess Cortisol can cause health problems such as weight gain, fatigue, and even adrenal diseases. 8). Much of the immediate discomfort of stress is caused by fight-or-flight emotional responses. The body is ready to act, with tight muscles and a pounding heart. If action is prevented, we merely remain "uptight." A sensible remedy is to learn a reliable, drug-free way of relaxing.

Rationalization:

1). Justifying personal actions by giving "rational" but false reasons for them. 2). Every teacher is familiar with this strange phenomenon: On the day of an exam, an incredible wave of disasters sweeps through the city. Mothers, fathers, sisters, brothers, aunts, uncles, grandparents, friends, relatives, and pets of students become ill or die. Motors suddenly fall out of cars. Books are lost or stolen. Alarm clocks go belly-up and ring no more. All manner of computer equipment malfunctions. The making of excuses comes from a natural tendency to explain our behavior. Rationalization refers to justifying personal actions by giving "rational" but false reasons for them. When the explanation you give for your behavior is reasonable and convincing— but not the real reason—you are rationalizing. For example, Mee Jung failed to turn in an assignment made at the beginning of the semester in one of her classes. Here's the explanation she gave her professor: My car broke down 2 days ago, and I couldn't get to the library until yesterday. Then I couldn't get all the books I needed because some were checked out, but I wrote what I could. Then last night, as the last straw, the ink cartridge in my printer ran out, and since all the stores were closed, I couldn't finish the paper on time. When asked why she left the assignment until the last minute (the real reason it was late), Mee Jung offered another set of rationalizations. Like many people, Mee Jung had difficulty seeing herself without the protection of her rationalizations. All the defense mechanisms described seem pretty undesirable. Do they have a positive side? People who overuse defense mechanisms become less adaptable, because they consume great amounts of emotional energy to control anxiety and maintain an unrealistic self-image. Defense mechanisms do have value, though. Often, they help keep us from being overwhelmed by immediate threats. This can provide time for a person to learn to cope in a more effective, problem-focused manner. If you recognize some of your own behavior in the descriptions here, it is hardly a sign that you are hopelessly defensive. As noted earlier, most people occasionally use defense mechanisms. Two defense mechanisms that have a decidedly more positive quality are compensation and sublimation.

4. Simplest way to cope with stress

1). Problem-focused coping is directly managing or remedying a stressful or threatening situation. (Simplest way of coping with a CONTROLLABLE stressor). 🔴In general, problem-focused coping tends to be especially useful when you are facing a CONTROLLABLE stressor—that is, a situation you can actually do something about. 🔴 Emotion-focused efforts are best suited to managing your reaction to stressors you cannot control. To improve your chances of coping effectively, the stress-fighting strategies described in this chapter include a mixture of both techniques. 2). In EMOTION-focused coping, we try to control our emotional reactions to the situation. For example, a distressed person may distract herself by listening to music, taking a walk to relax, or seeking emotional support from others. 3). Couldn't both types of coping occur together? Yes. Sometimes the two types of coping aid one another. For instance, quieting your emotions may make it easier for you to find a way to solve a problem. Say, for example, that you feel anxious as you step in front of your class to give a presentation. If you take a few deep breaths to reduce your anxiety (emotion-focused coping), you will be better able to glance over your notes to improve your delivery (problem-focused coping). It is also possible for coping efforts to clash. For instance, if you have to make a difficult decision, you may suffer intense emotional distress. In such circumstances there is a temptation to make a quick, unreflective choice, just to end the suffering. Doing so may allow you to cope with your emotions, but it shortchanges problem-focused coping.

Reaction Formation:

1). Reaction Formation- Impulses are repressed and the opposite behavior is exaggerated. 2). In a reaction formation, impulses are not just repressed; they are also held in check by exaggerating opposite behavior. For example, a mother who unconsciously resents her children may, through reaction formation, become absurdly overprotective and overindulgent. Her real thoughts of "I hate them" and "I wish they were gone" are replaced by "I love them" and "I don't know what I would do without them." The mother's hostile impulses are traded for "smother" love, so that she won't have to admit she hates her children. Thus, the basic idea in a reaction formation is that the individual acts out an opposite behavior to block threatening impulses or feelings.

Regression:

1). Returning to an earlier pattern of behavior. 2). Regression In its broadest meaning, regression refers to any return to earlier, less demanding situations or habits. Most parents who have a second child have to put up with at least some regression by the older child. Threatened by a new rival for affection, an older child may regress to childish speech, bed-wetting, or infantile play after the new baby arrives. If you've ever seen a child get homesick at summer camp or on a vacation, you've observed regression. The child wants to go home, where it's "safe." An adult who throws a temper tantrum or a married adult who "goes home to mother" is also regressing.

21. Schizophrenia:

1). Schizophrenia is a Psychosis characterized by hallucinations, delusions, apathy, thinking abnormalities, and "split" between thoughts and emotions. 2). Blunted or very inappropriate emotions 3). Withdrawal 4). Loss of interest in external activities  5). Does NOT refer to having split or multiple personalities

Sublimation:

1). Working off frustrated desires through socially acceptable activities. 2). The defense called sublimation (sub-lih-MAY-shun) is defined as working off frustrated desires (especially sexual desires) through socially acceptable activities. Freud believed that art, music, dance, poetry, scientific investigation, and other creative activities could serve to rechannel sexual energies into productive behavior. Freud also felt that almost any strong desire could be sublimated. For example, a very aggressive person may find social acceptance as a professional soldier, boxer, or football player. Greed may be refined into a successful business career. Lying may be sublimated into storytelling, creative writing, or politics. Sexual motives appear to be the most easily and widely sublimated. Freud would have had a field day with such modern pastimes as surfing, motorcycle riding, drag racing, and dancing to or playing rock music, to name but a few. People enjoy each of these activities for a multitude of reasons, but it is hard to overlook the rich sexual symbolism apparent in each. For some players—and fans—football probably allows sublimation of aggressive urges. Call of Duty, Mass Effect, and similar computer games may serve the same purpose.

General Adaptation Syndrome: Alarm reaction:

In the alarm reaction, your body mobilizes its resources to cope with added stress. 🔴 The pituitary gland signals the adrenal glands to produce more adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol. As these stress hormones are dumped into the bloodstream, some body processes are speeded up and others are slowed. This allows body resources to be applied where they are needed. 🔴 We should all be thankful that our bodies automatically respond to emergencies. But brilliant as this emergency system is, it can also cause problems. 🔴 In the first phase of the alarm reaction, people have such symptoms as headache, fever, fatigue, sore muscles, shortness of breath, diarrhea, upset stomach, loss of appetite, and a lack of energy. Notice that these are also the symptoms of being sick, of stressful travel, of high-altitude sickness, of final exams week, and (possibly) of falling in love!

Optimists:

Optimists tend to expect that things will turn out well.

35) Agoraphobia:

Agoraphobia- (With panic disorder) intense, irrational fear that a panic attack will occur in a public place or in an unfamiliar situation. Intense fear of leaving the house or entering unfamiliar situations.

Approach Conflicts: Approach-approach conflict:

An approach-approach conflict comes from having to choose between two positive, or desirable, alternatives. 🔴 Choosing between tutti-frutti-coconut-mocha-champagne ice and orange-marmalade-peanut butter-coffee swirl at the ice cream parlor may throw you into a temporary conflict. However, if you really like both choices, your decision will be quickly made. Even when more important decisions are at stake, approach-approach conflicts tend to be the easiest to resolve. The old fable about the mule that died of thirst and starvation while standing between a bucket of water and a bucket of oats is obviously unrealistic. When both options are positive, the scales of decision are easily tipped one direction or the other.

Approach-Avoidance Conflicts:

Approach-avoidance conflicts are also difficult to resolve. In some ways they are more troublesome than avoidance conflicts because people seldom escape them. A person in an approach-avoidance conflict is "caught" by being attracted to, and repelled by, the same goal or activity. That is, Being attracted and repelled by the same goal or activity 🔴 Attraction keeps the person in the situation, but its negative aspects cause turmoil and distress. For example, a high school student arrives to pick up his date for the first time. He is met at the door by her father, who is a professional wrestler—7 feet tall, 300 pounds, and entirely covered with hair. The father gives the boy a crushing handshake and growls that he will break him in half if the girl is not home on time. The student considers the girl attractive and has a good time. But does he ask her out again? It depends on the relative strength of his attraction and his fear. Almost certainly he will feel ambivalent about asking her out again, knowing that another encounter with her father awaits him. 🔴 Ambivalence (mixed positive and negative feelings) is a central characteristic of approach-avoidance conflicts. Ambivalence is usually translated into partial approach. Because our student is still attracted to the girl, he may spend time with her at school and elsewhere. But he may not actually date her again. 🔴 Some more realistic examples of approach-avoidance conflicts are planning to marry someone your parents strongly disapprove of, wanting to be in a play but suffering stage fright, wanting to buy a car but not wanting to make monthly payments, and wanting to eat when you're already overweight. Many of life's important decisions have approach-avoidance dimensions.

Attitude:

Attitude- a learned tendency to respond to people, objects, or institutions in a positive or negative way. (Three components- • Belief Component • Emotional Component • Action Component)

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts:

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts Being forced to choose between two negative, or undesirable, alternatives creates an avoidance-avoidance conflict. 🔴 A person in an avoidance conflict is caught between "the devil and the deep blue sea," "the frying pan and the fire," or "a rock and a hard place." In real life, double-avoidance conflicts involve dilemmas such as choosing between unwanted pregnancy and abortion, the dentist and tooth decay, a monotonous job and poverty, or dorm food and starvation. 🔴 Suppose that I consider any pregnancy sacred and not to be tampered with. Or suppose I don't object to abortion. Like many other stressful situations, these examples can be defined as conflicts only on the basis of personal needs and values. If a woman would not consider abortion under any circumstances, she experiences no conflict. If she wants to end a pregnancy and does not object to abortion, there is also no conflict. 🔴 Avoidance conflicts often have a "damned if you do, damned if you don't" quality. In other words, both choices are negative, but not choosing may be impossible or equally undesirable. To illustrate, imagine the plight of a person trapped in a hotel fire 20 stories from the ground. Should she jump from the window and almost surely die on the pavement? Or should she try to dash through the flames and almost surely die of smoke inhalation and burns? When faced with a choice such as this, it is easy to see why people often freeze, finding it impossible to decide or take action. In actual disasters of this sort, people are often found dead in their rooms, victims of an inability to take action. Indecision, inaction, and freezing are not the only reactions to double-avoidance conflicts. 🔴 Because avoidance conflicts are stressful and difficult to solve, people sometimes pull out of them entirely. This reaction, called leaving the field, is another form of escape. It may explain the behavior of a student who could not attend school unless he worked. However, if he worked, he could not earn passing grades. His solution after much conflict and indecision? He joined the Navy. 😥

28) Somatization Disorder:

Somatization Disorder- person expresses anxieties through numerous physical complaints.

Catatonic Schizophrenia:

Catatonic Schizophrenia- Marked by stupor, rigidity, unresponsiveness, posturing, mutism, and, sometimes agitated, purposeless behavior (waxy flexibility)

Mood Disorders Symptoms:

Mood disorders have symptoms of Mania or depression You feel sad and hopeless; or you talk too loud and too fast and have a rush of ideas and feelings that others think are unreasonable.

Stress Reaction:

Regardless of whether it is triggered by a pleasant or an unpleasant event, a stress reaction begins with the same autonomic nervous system (ANS) arousal that occurs during emotion. 🔴 Imagine you are standing at the top of a wind-whipped ski jump for the first time. Internally, you would experience a rapid surge in your heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, muscle tension, and other ANS responses. Short-term stresses of this kind can be uncomfortable, but they rarely do any damage. (Your landing might, however.) Long-term stresses are another matter entirely.

37) Social Phobia:

Social Phobia- intense, irrational fear of being observed, evaluated, humiliated, or embarrassed by others in social situations (shyness, eating, or speaking in public) May impair her ability to work, attend school, or form social relationships.

Social Psychology:

Social Psychology- scientific study of how individuals behave, think, and feel In social situations ( how people act in the presence of others)

Types of schizophrenia

types of schizophrenia - disorganized schizophrenia, catatonic Schizophrenia, paranoid schizophrenia.

What is stress and what factors determine its severity?

•Stress is a normal part of life occurring when demands are placed on an organism to adjust or adapt. However, it is also a major risk factor for illness and disease. •The body reacts to stress in a series of stages called the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). •The stages of the GAS are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. Bodily reactions in the GAS follow the pattern observed in the development of psychosomatic disorders. •Studies of psychoneuroimmunology show that stress lowers the body's resistance to disease by weakening the immune system. •Stress is more damaging in situations involving pressure, a lack of control, unpredictability of the stressor, and intense or repeated emotional shocks. •In work settings, prolonged stress can lead to burnout. •Making a primary appraisal greatly affects our emotional responses to a situation. Stress is intensified when a situation is appraised as a threat •During a secondary appraisal, we select problem-focused coping or emotion-focused coping (or both) as a way of managing stress. Stress is also intensified when a person does not feel competent to cope with it.