Psychology Final

Sigmund Freud believed that dream analysis was a useful device for

Gaining insight into unconscious motives

Who emphasized that the whole may exceed the sum of its parts?

Gestalt psychologists

Andrene is having difficulties with her roommate. A problem-focused coping strategy for Andrene would be

Going directly to her roommate to see if they can work things out

Taking a painkiller to relieve a toothache is behavior learned through which of the following processes?

Negative reinforcement

Chronic sleep debt is most likely to promote

Obesity

An illusory correlation is best defined as a...

Perceived relationship where one does not exist

2019-72 Which of the following approaches to psychology focuses on adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human experiences?

Positive

Climbing an irregular set of stairs is more difficult for an individual who wears a patch over one eye primarily because

Some depth perception is lost

In Ivan Pavlov's experiments in classical conditioning, the dog's salivation was

Both an unconditioned and conditioned response

The tendency of most people to identify a three-sided figure as a triangle, even when one of its sides is incomplete, is the result of a perceptual process known as

Closure

The coiled tube in the inner ear that contains the auditory receptors is called the

Cochlea

Research on human mating preferences suggests that men place greater value on physical attractiveness and youthfulness, whereas women place greater value on social status and financial resources. Which of the following psychological points of view best explains this behavior?

Evolutionary

The reversible figure above illustrates the Gestalt organizing principle of

Figure ground

Which of the following is most helpful in perceiving the distance of objects very far away from you?

Monocular cues

Visual acuity is best in the

Fovea

An important difference between humanistic and psychoanalytic approaches is that humanistic psychologist believe in the importance of

Free will

Martha is an undergraduate student who is interested in pursuing a career in psychology. She wants to use her knowledge of psychology to help employees become more productive in the workplace. Which field of psychology should Martha select in graduate school?

Industrial-Organizational

Emiko's cat often meows for food. Emiko decides to eliminate the behavior by feeding the cat only when it does not meow. Over the next few weeks, she sometimes ignores when it meows. Other times, she feeds the cat when it meows. Which of the following is the most reasonable prediction to make about the cat's meowing for food?

It will increase due to a variable schedule of reinforcement

Which scenario below best depicts insight learning?

Laramie suddenly realized that he could put some of his groceries in a cabinet after repeatedly failing to fit them into a pantry

Individuals who believe that an unpleasant experience is unavoidable and therefore do nothing to change the course of events are exhibiting

Learned helplessness

Survey research has shown that people with high levels of empathy tend to indicate lower ratings of enjoyment of violent humor than people with lower levels of empathy. Based on these results, one can conclude that

Liking violent humor leads to lower levels of empathy

REM sleep, generally an "active" state of sleep, is accompanied by which of the following paradoxical characteristics?

Lowered muscle tone

In their discussions of the process of development, the advocates of nature in the nature-nurture controversy emphasize which of the following?

Maturation

When light strikes the retina, it signals the suprachiasmatic nucleus to alter what production by the pineal gland?

Melatonin

Rafael has a sleep disorder for which he takes medically prescribed amphetamines. For which of the following sleep disorders in Rafael most likely being treated?

Narcolepsy

In psychology, Gestalt principles are used to explain

Perceptual organization

After his friend said a new movie was the funniest he had seen in years, Willard found himself laughing throughout the viewing, even though the movie was not very funny. What concept is Willard demonstrating?

Perceptual set

Which of the following are involved in regulating circadian rhythms?

Photoreceptors, hypothalamus, pineal gland

The belief that human behavior is the result of unconscious drives and conflicts represents which of the following theoretical perspectives?

Psychoanalytic

Which of the following responses was most likely acquired through classical conditioning?

A child's fear of dogs after the child has been bitten by a dog

Which of the following characterizes a behavioral approach to psychology?

A study of how reinforcement affects learning

Which of the following refers to the photo receptors responsible for color vision?

Cones

According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of scientific psychology should be the study of

Conscious experience

When Rocco views the image above, he sees it as a 13 when it is part of a larger number but as a B when it is part of a word. Rocco's response shows the importance of what perceptual concept?

Context effects

Responses extinguish fastest when they are learned through which type of reinforcement schedule?

Continuous

Which dog is demonstrating stimulus discrimination in the following scenarios?

Cookie cowers when she hears the pop of fireworks, but not when she hears the pop of lightning

The operant conditioning concept of negative reinforcement is illustrated in which of the following scenarios?

Ervin always buckles his seat belt to stop the beeping sound his car makes when the seat belt is unbuckled

Which of the following is an example of shape constancy?

Even though the angle from which she viewed the table had changed, Elise still perceived the table as rectangular

When people consume large amounts of alcohol, they are often unable to recall what they did and said while they were drinking. This occurs because alcohol interferes with the brain's ability to form new memories in the

Hippocampus

Which of the following perspectives argues that every person has the potential to become self-actualized?

Humanisitc

Receptors that are especially important for helping a person maintain balance are located in the

Inner ear

In the early years of psychology, a research participant might have been asked to observe carefully and systematically his conscious experiences. What method would the participant be using?

Introspection

The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the

Iris

Hyrum is at a concert when a flute player hits a very high note at the end of a song. Which of the following best explains why the pitch of the note sounds so high?

It has a short wavelength and a high frequency

Which of the following is the best example of the learning principle of reinforcement?

James drank coffee before he took and passed a difficult test with a high grade, so now he drinks coffee before every test he takes because he believes doing so will help him score well on the tests

Jasmine is worried about an upcoming exam. Which scenario best illustrates emotion-focused coping?

Jasmine reaches out to her friends for comfort to reduce her stress

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates a context effect?

Jeannette does better on her exam when she takes it in the same room where she studies

Which of the following psychologists would have been likely to say, "I do not care about the unconscious or hidden motives - I want to study behavior directly"?

John Watson

Of the following topics, which would a cognitive psychologist be most likely to study?

Problem solving strategies in chess

In which of the following scenarios is someone showing evidence of extinction in classical conditioning?

Randy was always worried about his exams in high school and felt anxiety when in the building. However, now as a teacher in the same school, his anxiety is gone.

An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that is follows is a(n)

Reinforcer

Learned helplessness is most likely to result when

Responses have no effect on the environment

A person with sight in only one eye lacks which of the following visual cues for seeing in depth?

Retinal disparity

Carlos wants to lose weight but is having a hard time motivating himself to go to the gym after work because he enjoys watching movies after work instead. To increase his likelihood of going to the gym, Carlos should

Reward himself immediately after going to the gym

Janice cleaned out the office refrigerator without being asked. The operant conditioning concept of positive reinforcement is illustrated in which scenario?

The next day her boss gave her a gift certificate to a local coffee shop. As a result, Janice now regularly cleans out the office refrigerator.

When a pair of lights flashing in quick succession seems to an observer to be one light moving from place to place, the effect is referred to as

The phi phenomenon

After several trials during which a dog is given a certain kind of food at the same time that a specific tone is sounded, there is evidence of conditioning if the dog salivates when

The tone only is presented

The painful experience associated with termination of the use of an addictive substance is known as

Withdrawal

Balance is influenced by the

semicircular canals

Malia is 10 years of age, and her grandmother, Anna Rosa, is 60 years old. Which statement is likely to be true concerning their sleep patterns?

Anna Rosa sleeps fewer hours per day than Malia does

Although Paul seems bright and capable to his parents and friends, he has been failing in school. Paul agrees to speak with a psychologist, who suggests that his problems stem from internal processes such as unrealistic expectations and negative thinking. The psychologist's view is typical of which of the following models of behavior?

Cognitive

Sleep paralysis typically occurs in people who are

In REM sleep

Which of the following statements concerning sleep is valid?

Individuals do not typically act out their dreams

Which of the following statements is true of behaviorism?

It holds that development is largely a product of learning

Madeline wants her son to be well-behaved when they go to church. For every five minutes he sits still, she gives him a piece of candy. What type of learning is Madeline employing?

Operant conditioning

The human ability to speedily recognize familiar objects best illustrates the value of

Parallel processing

A child who learns that spoons are tableware and then correctly calls forks and knives tableware is demonstrating

Stimulus generalization

In a recent report, a developmental psychologist who studied peer pressure in middle schools obtained data from a large, representative sample of adolescents across the U.S. This research most likely involved a...

Survey

An evolutionary psychologist would explain that humans desire social interaction, social acceptance, and social affiliation due to a need for

Survival

Which of the following is a partial reinforcement schedule that is most resistant to extinction?

Variable ratio

Cognitive psychologists are most likely to study

The acquisition of knowledge, planning, and problem solving

The biological clock that operates in human beings to adjust their functioning to night-and-day intervals is referred to as...

A circadian rhythm

Which of the following is a circadian rhythm?

A cycle of biological functioning that lasts about 25 hours

Which of the following is the best example of shaping?

A teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for 10 mins on Monday, 15 mins on Tuesday, 20 mins on Wednesday, and 30 mins on Thursday

The intensity at which a sound becomes audible for a given individual is known as the individual's

Absolute Threshold

If an adult develops cataracts, his or her

Absolute threshold for light is likely to increase

The change in the curvature of the lens that enables the eye to focus on objects at various distances is called

Accommodation

The explanation that holds that dreams are merely the brain's attempt to make sense of meaningless patterns of brain activity during sleep is called the

Activation synthesis theory

An individual who drinks alcohol daily finds it necessary to drink increasing amounts to achieve the state of well-being attained in the past. This individual is showing

Alcohol tolerance

Participants were asked to rate the importance of achieving honor roll status. Researchers found that students from smaller families rated the importance more highly than students from larger families. The research team concluded that a studentś attitude toward school achievement is the result of family size. Which of the following is the most important error made by the research team?

Assuming that correlation proves causation

According to one theory of psychology, many people have mental illnesses because their maladaptive behaviors have proven rewarding for them in the past and thus have been continued. This belief is consistent with which of the following models?

Behavioral

John B Watson is best known as the founder of

Behaviorism

Which of the following approaches to psychology emphasizes observable response over inner experiences when accounting for behavior?

Behaviorist

Which of the following scenarios most clearly describes the effects of a strong kinesthetic sense?

Being able to tell exact bodily position without looking at the body

A technique that enables a person to control physiological response that are normally involuntary, such as level of blood pressure, is known as

Biofeedback

Xander can no longer stomach the taste of sushi after he vomited from eating a spoiled serving of it. Whoever, the appearance of sushi does not make him sick. Which of the following best accounts for why Xander becomes sick upon tasting sushi but not seeing sushi?

Biological predisposition, because this example illustrates taste aversion

Photoreceptors relay visual info to the brain through which of the following cells?

Bipolar and ganglion

When struck by light energy, cones and rods in the retina generate neural signals that then activate the

Bipolar cells

The place in the retina where the optic nerve exits to the brain is called the

Blind spot

Clinical researchers are interested in gaining insight into the causes of abnormal behavior. One way that they do this is to delve deeply into the histories of patients with a common diagnosis, interviewing family, friends, teachers, therapists, physicians, babysitters, and others who can provide rich details about the patients lives. Then, researchers try to see if there are any common themes in the info gathered. What research method does this strategy represent?

Case study

Which part of the brain receives messages from the hair-like receptors that are involved in the vestibular sense?

Cerebellum

Even though it was nearly dark outside, Kaci could still tell that the basketball she was playing with was orange. Which of the following concepts is the best illustrated in this example?

Color constancy

Robert Rescorla's contingency model of classical conditioning states that

Conditioning occurs when one event reliably predicts another

Which of the following would an industrial-organizational psychologist be LEAST likely to study?

Corporate profitability

In terms of the effect on the central nervous system, alcohol is most accurately classified as which of the following types of drugs?

Depressant

Eleanor Gibson and her colleagues have used the visual cliff to measure an infant's ability to perceive

Depth

A person is asked to listen to a series of tones presented in pairs, and asked to say whether the tones in each pair are the same or different in pitch. In this situation the experimenter is most likely measuring the individual's

Difference Threshold

Which of the following psychological approaches suggests that jealousy might serve an adaptive function in protecting a sexual relationship from threats?

Evolutionary

A subliminal stimulus is a stimulus that

Falls below the threshold for conscious detection

Punishment is most effective in eliminating undesired behavior when the

Punishment is delivered soon after the behavior

Introspection, a research tool used by early psychologists, is a technique which involves

Self-examination of mental processes

The process of receiving and representing stimulus energies through the nervous system is called

Sensation

After listening to your high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, you fail to realize how loudly the music is blasting. This best illustrates

Sensory Adaptation

The technique of strengthening behavior by reinforcing successive approximations is called

Shaping

Studies of learning have shown that animals develop an aversion for tastes associated with

Sickness

Psychodynamic therapy has its roots in the theories of

Sigmund Freud

Which theory emphasizes that personal expectations and motivations influence the level of absolute thresholds?

Signal Detection Theory

During the night, Alicia stops breathing repeatedly, frequently gasps for air, and snores loudly at regular intervals. Alicia is most likely suffering from which of the following conditions?

Sleep apnea

The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep are called

Sleep spindles

The terms modeling and imitation are most closely associated with which of the following?

Social learning theory

For extinction to occur, which of the following must be true of the conditioned response, the conditioned stimulus, and the unconditioned stimulus?

The CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS and the CR loses strength

Which of the following characteristics is generally associated with the use of hallucinogens?

The experience of vivid, distorted images that are not based on sensory input

Which of the following refers to the transformation of stimulus energy into neural impulses?

Transduction

The general function of the bones in the middle ear is to

Transfer sound info from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

Sensation is to _ as perception is to _

detection; interpretation

Lucid dreaming occurs when people

have dreams in which they are aware that they are dreaming