Psychology Final

morpheme

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.

hassles

A flat tire in the morning, realizing that you forgot to get your homework done, and getting into an argument with a buddy are all examples of ________.

anxiety

A panic disorder is a type of ________disorder characterized by panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks.

Schizophrenia

A person who is suffering from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations, and who is unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality, is likely suffering from ________________.

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

A psychological disorder is a ________.

True

A psychological disorder is a condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. True or False

hindsight

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias.

phoneme

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

inferiority

A(n) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society.

self-actualization

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________.

balance between extroversion and introversion

According to Carl Jung, which of the following best served the goal of self-realization?

real; ideal

According to Carl Rogers, a healthy personality would result from congruence between one's ______ self and their ________ self.

oral

According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development.

being assaulted and robbed of your cash and credit cards

According to the textbook, which of these events would have the highest likelihood of causing posttraumatic stress disorder?

Women report experiencing more stress than men.

According to three separate surveys, administered in 1983, 2006, and 2009, which statement about the relationship between stress and sex is the most accurate?

social support

Advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and tangible assistance are all different forms of ________.

regression

After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

seasonal pattern

Alexis experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder, but only during the fall and winter months when she gets less direct exposure to sunlight What kind of depression does Alexis have?

distributed

Amarah has an exam in a week, so she schedules 30 to 60 minutes each night to review her course material. She does this rather than waiting until the night before the exam so that she can avoid a "cram session." Amarah's approach to studying is called ________ practice.

a phobia

An irrational, persistent fear is called ______________

dimension 1 - exhaustion

Anna is a school counselor. She hates going to work and wants to lock the door and cry whenever a student comes to her for help. She just doesn't feel like she has anything left to give. What dimension of job burnout does this exemplify?

practical

Anwar is hiking in the woods and he gets lost. He spends several days trying to find his way back to his basecamp, but he has the knowledge to gather wood, start a fire, and keep himself warm at night. He is also able to identify local berries and mushrooms growing that he can eat without being poisoned. Anwar is demonstrating ________ intelligence from the triarchic theory.

Mood disorders have been shown to have a strong genetic and biological basis.

Apollonia was diagnosed with major depressive disorder five years ago. She knows her mother took medicine to combat depression and she worries her daughter will experience depression too. Why?

musical

Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence from the multiple intelligences theory.

fredian slip

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify?

severe depressive symptoms

Autism spectrum disorder is marked by all but which of the following categories of symptoms?

elaborative

Barney used to live in Pittsburgh, and his telephone number started with the area code 412. Now he has moved to Baltimore, and his new telephone number has an area code of 410. Barney remembers his new area code by connecting it to the old one and just "subtracting two." This is an example of ________ rehearsal.

semantic

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

mood

Bipolar Disorder and Depression would be classified as ___________ disorders.

problem-focused

Brizan has just lost his job. He is proactive in trying to resolve this source of stress; he immediately uses the internet to look up other jobs in his field and plans to eliminate non-essentials from his budget to make his savings last longer. Which type of coping approach is Brizan using?

confirmation

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

posttraumatic stress

Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring Cordelia's left arm. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing ________ disorder.

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

David, a war veteran, has had nightmares, flashbacks, and anxiety attacks for the past three years. He is most likely suffering from:

physiological

Developing stomach ulcers during a prolonged period of stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.

somatic

Diondre harbors the belief that spider eggs have been implanted underneath his fingernails and that the spiders will hatch inside his skin and will eventually begin to eat his organs. What kind of delusion is this?

dimension 2 - depersonalization

Doug is an emergency room nurse in a large, underfunded, public hospital. Lately, he finds himself assuming that the patients he sees are just trying to get free drugs to feed an addiction. Just yesterday a little boy was brought in with a broken arm, and Doug found that he was completely indifferent to the boy's pain. What aspect of job burnout does this exemplify?

suggestibility

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________, or the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Egon can't pay attention in class. He is easily distracted, won't sit still, and displays poor impulse control. The school counselor suggested that his parents take him to a doctor to have him assessed for ________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

retrograde

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.

chunking

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

mild

Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests she would be capable of holding a job and living independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily?

fugue

Fidel suddenly wanders away from his home and experiences confusion about his identity. Fidel may be experiencing dissociative ________.

It allows for consolidation of studied material in long-term memory.

From a cognitive psychology perspective, why is getting plenty of sleep the night before an exam important?

mental set

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.

challenge; threat

Heather considers taking a new job. She focuses on the increased opportunities for promotion and the higher salary rather than her increased responsibilities; therefore, she views the new position as a ________ rather than a ________.

explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

10

How many different scales are used to compile a profile from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?

forces the heart to pump harder, which puts more physical strain on the heart

Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease because it ________.

explicit

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. Because I am actively and consciously remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________ memory.

concern over germs

Identify the obsession in the following sentence. "Daniel is overly concerned about germs, so he spends hours wiping the surfaces of his home and washing his hands."

amygdala

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?

often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania

If Laura has bipolar disorder, then she ________.

the availability heuristic

Illnesses such as diabetes and cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________.

anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded

In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________.

interpersonal; intrapersonal

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

Extraversion

In the HEXACO model of personality traits, to what does the "X" refer?

denial

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

fight-or-flight

Jade hears a rattle. When she turns around she sees a rattlesnake inches from her leg. Her pupils dilate, her heart pounds, and she begins to sweat. This response is called the ________ response.

interpersonal

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of the multiple intelligences model does this exemplify?

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Jeff is an unforgiving perfectionist who would rather deliver work a week late than turn in a project with even minor mistakes. In fact, he spends so much time working that he never has time for anything else. Jeff is known to be rigid, inflexible, and stubborn, and he never compromises. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jeff's personality?

an internal locus of control

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.

creative

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

relearning

Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.

indirect

Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience.

natural

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a(n) ________ concept

chronic

Lamont cares for his aging father, who suffers from dementia. This is an example of a(n) ________ stressor.

B

Lydia is often described as having an easy, laid-back outlook on life. She tends to be very relaxed, is not particularly competitive, and rarely feels or demonstrates anger or hostility. Lydia exemplifies a Type ________ behavior pattern.

Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview

Max's behavior and self-presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he goes on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max?

safety behaviors

Mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations, such as avoiding eye contact or rehearsing sentences before speaking are called ________.

narcissistic

Nathan has an overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance. He is preoccupied with fantasies of success and believes that he is entitled to special treatment from others. Nathan appears to suffer from ________ personality disorder.

hindsight bias

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.

avoidance personality disorder

Nicole is socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation. She was thinking about a career in nursing, but she changed her mind because she believes the doctors would criticize her and patients would reject her. She has never been on a date because she feels socially inept and unappealing; she avoids meeting new people because anything less than immediate, unconditional acceptance causes her anxiety. Just yesterday she was invited to go on a kayak trip, but she didn't go because she was worried she would embarrass herself. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nicole's personality?

Logical-Mathematical

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence from the multiple intelligences theory.

cognitive

Noticing that you have difficulty concentrating during and after periods of prolonged stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.

obsessive-compulsive

People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts.

that applies to women who experience major depressive symptoms during or in the four weeks after a pregnancy.

Peripartum onset depression is a kind of depression _______

borderline personality disorder

Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for her personality?

agoraphobia

Piper is terribly afraid of a number of different situations. She doesn't like riding on public busses or subways, finds open spaces very intimidating, does not like feeling "lost in a crowd," and prefers the safe and secure feeling of her own home. If these symptoms cause disruptions in her life, Piper might be diagnosed with ________.

migration

Sally really loves being outdoors. She likes to hike, do yoga in the warm sun, and go for long camping trips. She and her wife move to Arizona from New York so that they can enjoy these activities in warmer weather for most of the year. This process of moving to an area that is most suited for one's personality tendencies is called selective ________.

role

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.

arousal

Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory.

id

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.

high self-efficacy

Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________.

True

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) includes many categories of disorders (e.g., anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, anddissociative disorders). Each disorder is described in detail, including an overview of the disorder (diagnostic features), specific symptoms required for diagnosis (diagnostic criteria), prevalence information (what percent of the population is thought to be afflicted with the disorder), and risk factorsassociated with the disorder. True or False?

supernatural

The ________ perspective of psychological disorders attributed symptoms of such ailments to forces that were beyond scientific understanding, such as black magic or evil spirits.

TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

The ________ uses images and storytelling that relate to minority cultures.

Retrieval

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare and contrast

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.

biological

The approach to psychology suggesting that psychological disorders may be best explained by looking at genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities is the ________ perspective.

anterograde

The famous case of H.M. demonstrated ________ amnesia, a condition in which a person can remember previously encoded memories but cannot encode new ones.

construction; reconstruction

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

standardization

The practice of administering, scoring, and interpreting an assessment tool in the same manner is called ________.

immunosuppression

The process by which one's physiological defense system becomes less efficient at fighting illness is called ________ and this process is enhanced by elevated stress levels.

transcendental meditation

The relaxation response technique is a stress reduction technique that combines elements of relaxation and ________.

fluid

The type of intelligence that involves seeing complex relationships and solving problems is ________ intelligence.

negative

Those symptoms that involve noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives in those afflicted with schizophrenia are called ________ symptoms.

repetitive thoughts and urges, as well as an uncontrollable need to engage in repetitive behavior and mental acts

What do obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder have in common?

Moderate stress can enhance both immediate and delayed recall of educational material.

What do studies show about the relationship between stress and memory?

mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(n) ________.

a group of neurons that serves as physical representation of a memory

What is an engram?

co-occurrence of two disorders

What is comorbidity?

information about events we have personally experienced

What is episodic memory?

the cause of a disorder

What is meant by the term etiology?

They can be scientifically tested because the involve observable actions.

What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality?

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

What is the confirmation bias?

Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism

What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?

memory

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

sensory

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

A professional trained in psychology.

What kind of professional would be most qualified to administer an intelligence test?

explicit memories

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember, recall, and report?

An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan.

What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

He found no evidence that an engram actual exists.

What was the overall result of Lashley's research that sought out the engram of human memory?

psychoticism versus superego control

What was the third personality dimension eventually proposed by Hans and Sybil Eysenck?

moving against people

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. Which of Karen Horney's coping strategy is Marcos using?

recognition

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, because you are comparing the information in front of you to that which is already stored in your long-term memory.

a feeling that ones' life has meaning and value

Which aspect of the definition of happiness gives the impression that it is a long-term state rather than a brief mood that we experience from time to time?

orbitofrontal cortex

Which brain region is believed to play a critical role in the development of symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?

functional fixedness

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

anger/hostility

Which dimension of the Type A behavior pattern is most predictive of heart disease?

Alfred Binet

Which individual was asked by the French government to create an assessment tool - an intelligence test, of sorts - that would be used to identify schoolchildren who would be more likely to have difficulty in school?

Carl, who tends to see the good in situations and always looks on the bright side of things.

Which of the following individuals is demonstrating an optimistic outlook on life?

becoming split off, or separated, from one's core sense of self

Which of the following is a common characteristic of all dissociative disorders?

lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds.

Which of the following is a set of symptoms or behaviors that you might see in a person diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder?

Ozzie has a genetic predisposition towards depression, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died.

Which of the following is an example of a diathesis-stress model?

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the Great Lakes

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?

Humphrey judges the man with the gun to be a moderate threat.

Which of the following is an example of a primary appraisal of a stressor?

buying a new home

Which of the following is an example of eustress?

People with these disorders exhibit a personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of their culture.

Which of the following is an inaccurate statement about dissociative disorders?

being a fan of violent media

Which of the following is not a risk factor for suicide?

Jordy locks his door exactly nine times every time he leaves the house to make sure it is locked.

Which of the following is the best example of a compulsion?

suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality

Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory?

Wechsler Adolescent Intelligence Measure (WAIM)

Which option is NOT one of the Wechsler tests of intelligence?

job strain

Which option is the greatest risk factor for the development of burnout?

dopamine and serotonin

Which pair of neurotransmitters has received the most attention as a potential explanation for the symptoms of schizophrenia?

hippocampus

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?

cerebellum

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

schizophrenia

Which psychological disorder is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior?

Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?

Coping

Which term refers to mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including the cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces?

semantics

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

lexicon

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language, or the words contained within that language?

Robert Sternberg

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

rehearsal

You see a television commercial for a product you may want to buy, and there is a telephone number you must call to place an order. Because you don't have anything with which to write down the number, you repeat it to yourself over and over again until you feel like you won't forget it. This process is called ________.

implicit

Your memory of how to ride a bicycle is probably something that you don't actively think about while you're riding. You just sort of "do it" without thinking of how you do it. This is an example of a(n) ________ memory.

concepts

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

Artificial

________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics.

Heritability

________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.

Anxiety

________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and worry that is accompanied by disturbances in behaviors.

Cognition

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

Congruence

________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.

Flow

________ is having an experience that is so engaging and engrossing that it becomes worth doing for its own sake. During this state a person might say that they feel that they "lose themselves" in the activity.

Biofeedback

________ is stress-reduction technique whereby electronic equipment measuring a person's involuntary (neuromuscular and autonomic) activity helps him gain a level of voluntary control over these processes.

Distress

________ is the kind of stress that exceeds the optimal level, is no longer a positive force, and becomes excessive and debilitating.

Eustress

________ is/are the kind of stress associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance.

trait

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.