Psychology Final Review

6. The useful character of language and the ability of language to communicate even more meaning than is said are known as A. pragmatics. B. semantics. C. morphemes. D. syntaxes.

A

104. Courtney reads psychology books because these subjects fascinate her. She really enjoys learning about new approaches to psychology. Courtney is being driven by A. intrinsic motivation. B. self-actualization. C. extrinsic motivation. D. external attribution.

A

106. When individuals engage in a behavior because they enjoy it, they A. are intrinsically motivated. B. have an external locus of control. C. are extrinsically motivated. D. have an internal locus of control.

A

112. The ________ calms the body. A. parasympathetic nervous system B. non-cholinergic neurons C. non-adrenergic neurons D. sympathetic nervous system

A

113. Which of the following is true of the sympathetic nervous system? A. It prepares the individual for fighting or running away. B. It functions to calm the body. C. When it is activated, heart rate and blood pressure drop. D. It promotes relaxation and healing.

A

130. Projective tests are most closely aligned with which theoretical approach to personality? A. psychodynamic B. social cognitive C. behaviorist D. humanistic

A

133. A test taker of the ________ is asked to tell a story about each of the pictures, including events leading up to the situation described, the characters' thoughts and feelings, and the way the situation turns out. A. Thematic Apperception Test B. Rorschach test C. empirically keyed test D. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

A

138. The Freudian term for the tactics that the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality is A. defense mechanisms. B. hysteria. C. fixation. D. ego wellness.

A

142. Patrick has been confused about his sexual orientation for a few years. Even though he has had many girlfriends, he often feels attracted to men. However, in college, he strongly opposes the idea of same-sex relationships among his friends. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Patrick's supposed homophobia best illustrates the defense mechanism of A. reaction formation. B. regression. C. denial. D. sublimation.

A

144. According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, castration anxiety occurs during the A. phallic stage. B. oral stage. C. genital stage. D. anal stage.

A

146. According to Freud, penis envy and the Oedipus complex is experienced during which of the following psychosexual stages of development? A. phallic B. anal C. latency D. oral

A

152. Which of the following is true of Horney's sociocultural approach? A. She viewed psychological health as allowing individuals to express their talents freely. B. She supported Freud's notion that anatomy is destiny. C. She believed that no woman experiences penis envy. D. She rejected the notion that men covet women's reproductive capacities.

A

158. Cookie Monster, one of the characters on the children's TV show Sesame Street, has an intense urge to consume cookies, even when doing so is irrational and maladaptive. Eating cookies gives Cookie Monster a great source of pleasure and satisfaction. Freud would say that his behavior reflects the fact that Cookie Monster is ruled by his A. id. B. superego. C. Oedipus complex. D. ego.

A

164. Which of the following is a criticism of the humanistic perspectives of personality? A. They are too optimistic about human nature. B. They are too critical of the behaviors of humans. C. They tend to devalue the importance of unconditional love. D. They focus only on observable behaviors.

A

169. Your best friend Kelly is liberal and tolerant. Which trait is she likely high on? A. openness B. emotional stability C. conscientiousness D. agreeableness

A

174. ________ is a person's assessment of his or her own level of positive affect relative to negative affect, and an evaluation of his or her life in general. A. Subjective well-being B. Unconditional positive regard C. An archetype D. Self-efficacy

A

176. ________ are enduring characteristics of our personality. ________ are briefer experiences. A. Traits/States B. States/Traits C. Conditions of worth/Archetypes D. Archetypes/Conditions of worth

A

177. Which of the following psychologists developed a psychological profile of Adolf Hitler? A. Henry Murray B. Karen Horney C. Carl Jung D. Carl Rogers

A

18. Jacob received his score on his math paper and realized that he performed poorly. According to the steps in problem solving, the next step that must be taken by him is to A. rethink and redefine his problem. B. ignore all the subgoals created by him during the problem-solving process. C. merely frame the problem in a vague way. D. employ heuristics rather than algorithms as the problem-solving strategy.

A

181. ________ is a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered, psychotic thought processes. A. Schizophrenia B. Anorexia nervosa C. Generalized anxiety disorder D. Social anxiety disorder

A

183. ________ are sensory experiences in the absence of real stimuli. ________ are false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual's culture. A. Hallucinations/Delusions B. Referential thoughts/Catatonic thoughts C. Catatonic thoughts/Referential thoughts D. Delusions/Hallucinations

A

186. A schizophrenic patient who falsely believes that he is Jesus Christ is experiencing A. a delusion. B. flat affect. C. a mirage. D. a hallucination.

A

19. Which of the following statements is true of subgoals? A. They are used to evaluate the solutions. B. They are devised while developing problem-solving strategies. C. Working backward in establishing subgoals should be typically avoided. D. They are initial goals that put the individual in a better position for reaching a final solution.

A

190. A man who believes that he is the reincarnation of a famous preacher is exhibiting the schizophrenic symptom of A. delusion. B. flat affect. C. hallucination. D. misattribution.

A

193. The thinking style called splitting is associated with which of the following disorders? A. borderline personality disorder B. dissociative identity disorder C. schizophrenia D. antisocial personality disorder

A

199. ________ is a psychological disorder, commonly diagnosed in childhood, in which an individual exhibits one or more of the following symptoms: a lack of concentration, excitability, and impulsivity. A. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder B. Major depressive disorder C. Borderline personality disorder D. Autism spectrum disorder

A

2. According to ________ there are three forms of intelligence, whereas according to ________ there are nine types of intelligences. A. Sternberg's triarchic theory/Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences B. artificial intelligence (AI) theory/Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences C. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences/Sternberg's triarchic theory D. Sternberg's triarchic theory/artificial intelligence (AI) theory

A

205. Alex has been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. Which of the following, if true, is most likely to have played a role in the development of his disorder? A. Alex has respiratory system abnormalities. B. Alex has very sensitive and liberal parents. C. Alex is unambitious and has low self-standards. D. Alex suffered a head injury as a child.

A

206. In a(n) ________, a person experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause. A. panic disorder B. phobic disorder C. generalized anxiety disorder D. obsessive-compulsive disorder

A

207. Which of the following statements is true of panic disorder? A. In terms of biological factors, genetic predisposition is a likely cause of panic disorder. B. Individuals who suffer from panic attacks are less likely to display overgeneralization of fear learning. C. In terms of sociocultural factors in the United States, men are twice as likely as women to have panic attacks. D. The brain chemical, lactate, is deficient in individuals with panic disorder.

A

209. Which of the following statements about panic disorder is FALSE? A. American men are twice as likely as American women to be diagnosed with panic disorder. B. Panic disorder is associated with neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and GABA. C. Theories of the origins of panic attack take into account biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. D. Lactate, which plays a role in brain metabolism, has been found to be elevated in individuals with panic disorder.

A

21. Claudia is trying to cook her mother's famous lasagna. She carefully follows her mother's recipe to ensure that the dish turns out correctly. In this case, Claudia is using a(n) A. algorithm. B. category. C. heuristic. D. subgoal.

A

211. Alfred suffers from an extreme and irrational fear of spiders. His fear is exaggerated and disproportionate to the actual danger he might be in if he did encounter a spider. Alfred's fear of spiders is so intense that he would go to almost any length to avoid coming into contact with them. Alfred is most likely to be diagnosed with which of the following disorders? A. specific phobia B. social anxiety disorder C. generalized anxiety disorder D. post-traumatic stress disorder

A

218. Emily is in the habit of picking at her skin every time she feels nervous or anxious. Emily engages in this kind of compulsive behavior to such an extent that she ends up bruising herself in the process. In the context of OCD-related disorders, Emily is most likely suffering from A. excoriation. B. body dysmorphic disorder. C. trichotillomania. D. hoarding disorder.

A

219. ________ is an OCD-related disorder that involves a distressing preoccupation with imagined or slight flaws in one's physical appearance. A. Body dysmorphic disorder B. Excoriation C. Hoarding disorder D. Trichotillomania

A

229. Which theoretical approach emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders? A. the psychological approach B. the humanistic approach C. the sociocultural approach D. the biological approach

A

230. Aria has been awake for two nights in a row and still feels highly energetic, and euphoric. The previous day, she quit her job on an impulse and decided to become an actress. In the context of bipolar disorder, Aria is experiencing an episode of A. mania. B. depression. C. catatonia. D. psychosis.

A

231. Your roommate is acting very strangely. Although she has not slept much in the past few days, she says she is on top of the world. She also took all her savings and invested it in a questionable financial venture. This period of non-stop activity has lasted for well over a week and is in sharp contrast to the depression and fatigue she exhibited earlier this semester. Your roommate is exhibiting symptoms of A. bipolar disorder. B. panic disorder. C. generalized anxiety disorder. D. dissociative identity disorder.

A

245. In the context of family therapy, getting the family to acknowledge that the problem is a family problem and not just the problem of one individual is known as A. reframing. B. detriangulation. C. validation. D. structural change.

A

253. According to Freud's psychodynamic perspective, what is the best way to gain insight into a person's core problems? A. bringing unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness B. reinforcing the client for ignoring neurotic thoughts C. having the client transfer fears and anxieties to the therapist D. helping the client to repress unpleasant memories more effectively

A

255. Which of the following statements is true regarding the psychoanalytic technique of dream analysis? A. In dream analysis, every dream, including nightmares, contains a hidden, disguised unconscious wish. B. Dreams represent unconscious conflicts which should be excluded while practicing psychodynamic therapy. C. In dream analysis, a psychoanalyst asks a person to say aloud whatever comes to mind. D. Dreams provide individuals with an outlet to express their conscious wishes and desires.

A

26. When comparing algorithms and heuristics, what is the advantage of using heuristics for solving reallife problems? A. speed and efficiency B. accuracy C. mental set D. precision

A

260. In the context of psychoanalysis, when a psychotherapist questions a client about the nightmares the client has had, the therapist is engaging in the method of A. dream analysis. B. free association C. transference. D. validation.

A

266. ________ are called insight therapies because they encourage self-awareness as the path to psychological health. A. Psychodynamic and humanistic therapies B. Psychodynamic and behavior therapies C. Behavior and humanistic therapies D. Cognitive and sociocultural therapies

A

268. Jane is afraid of crowds. If her therapist uses systematic desensitization technique, Jane will be asked to A. learn how to relax. B. stand alone in a room. C. identify self-defeating thoughts. D. expose her fear during group therapy.

A

269. Which of the following is a part of the process of systematic desensitization? A. deep relaxation B. dream analysis C. hypnosis D. cognitive restructuring

A

27. ________ is a characteristic of good problem solvers. A. Humility B. Pessimism C. Fixation D. Egocentrism

A

273. Clients of therapists who do not monitor the quality of the therapeutic alliance are A. more likely to drop out of therapy. B. likely to feel more respected and supported by the therapist. C. likely to feel more hopeful about overcoming their disorder. D. less likely to experience negative outcomes as a result of therapy.

A

274. If a therapist gives an alcoholic a drink laced with a nausea-inducing drug so that she or he will become ill after drinking the alcohol, the therapist is using A. aversive conditioning. B. systematic desensitization. C. an unethical procedure. D. social-skills training.

A

275. ________ therapies emphasize that thoughts are the main source of psychological problems, and they attempt to influence and change the feelings and behaviors by changing the thoughts. A. Cognitive B. Psychoanalytic C. Gestalt D. Humanistic

A

276. A therapist who uses cognitive restructuring believes that ________ are the causes of abnormal behavior. A. maladaptive thoughts B. childhood experiences C. chemical imbalances D. parental relationships

A

278. Decatastrophize technique in cognitive therapy involves A. helping the client evaluate whether he is overestimating the nature of a situation. B. helping the client distribute responsibility for events appropriately. C. systematically examining the evidence for the client's beliefs or assertions. D. providing the client with ways of stopping a cascade of negative thoughts.

A

279. A psychologist who practices cognitive therapy might try to help a patient who suffers from a major depressive disorder by A. trying to get the patient to identify irrational and self-defeating thoughts. B. using systematic desensitization to replace depression with relaxation. C. analyzing unconscious conflicts from the patient's past. D. involving the patient in satisfying social activities.

A

28. Monique routinely uses a shredder to shred her junk-mail into confetti-sized pieces of paper, which she then just throws away. When packing her glassware to move into a new apartment, she runs out of protective styrofoam packing material. Suddenly Monique gets the idea to empty her shredder and use the shredded junk mail confetti for packing material. In this case, Monique has A. overcome functional fixedness. B. followed the fixation technique to solve the problem. C. used an algorithm to solve her packing problem. D. used a heuristic to solve her packing problem.

A

283. Tranquilizers are ________ drugs. A. antianxiety B. MAO inhibitor C. antidepressant D. antipsychotic

A

284. ________ treat depression by increasing the level of norepinephrine and serotonin. A. Tricyclics B. Benzodiazepines C. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors D. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

A

290. By influencing norepinephrine and serotonin, lithium is thought to A. stabilize moods. B. cause drowsiness. C. improve memory. D. cure insomnia.

A

291. Chaz has been on antipsychotic medication for several weeks now. As a consequence, he is most likely to experience the side effect of A. involuntary muscle movement. B. loss of weight. C. excessive sleep. D. fatigue

A

295. Which of the following class of drugs is used to treat agoraphobia? A. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors B. tricyclic drugs C. tetracyclic drugs D. neuroleptics

A

298. Who among the following is most suitable for electroconvulsive therapy? A. Brad, who is contemplating suicide B. Frederic, who has generalized anxiety disorder C. Alan, who has obsessive-compulsive disorder D. Byron, who suffers from insomnia

A

3. According to Gardner's multiple intelligences, which of the following types of vocations would most likely require bodily kinesthetic intelligence? A. dancers B. botanists C. musicians D. accountants

A

39. Which of the following describes the trait of a critical thinker? A. grasping the deeper meaning of ideas B. providing a single accurate solution to any problem C. practicing groupthink D. relying on the opinions of others

A

45. Standardization A. involves developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, as well as creating norms, or performance standards, for the test. B. refers to the ability to yield a consistent result to what it is intended to measure. C. refers to the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure. D. is the extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance.

A

50. If an outcome measure is normally distributed, this means that A. most scores are around the average score. B. the scores are distributed across all points evenly. C. all scores are around the average score. D. all scores are below average.

A

54. Which of the following is true of concepts? A. Concepts provide clues about how to react to a particular object or experience. B. Concepts prevent us from generalizing. C. Concepts are independent of experiences and objects. D. Concepts complicate the memory process.

A

56. People who are gifted have an IQ of A. 130 or higher. B. 110-120. C. 90. D. 70 or lower.

A

57. Intellectual disability (formerly called mental retardation) is a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has an IQ of ________ and has difficulty adapting to everyday life. A. 70 or below B. 110 C. 140 or above D. 95

A

58. Which of the following would NOT be a case of mental retardation? A. an adult who, after 30 years of normal intellectual functioning, is involved in an automobile accident and has suffered brain damage that has severely limited mental functioning B. a 12-year-old child with an IQ score of 55 who has grown up in a severely deprived environment and who struggles in school C. an adult who was born with Down syndrome and lives in a group home because of cognitive deficits D. a seven-year-old child with an IQ of 40 who was born with brain damage and needs constant attention from caregivers

A

61. Which of the following is true of the drive reduction theory? A. Drives do not always follow from needs. B. As a drive becomes stronger, an individual is motivated to increase it. C. Needs and drives are always closely associated. D. Drive pertains to a physiological state, whereas need involves a psychological one.

A

70. The broaden-and-build model begins with A. the influence of positive emotions on cognitive processing. B. the difference between high and low arousal emotions. C. the discrepancies between Plutchik's and Tompkins' models. D. the adaptiveness of negative emotions.

A

72. Alyssa just won the lottery. According to the concept of the hedonic treadmill A. Alyssa will experience a short-term high from her win but her happiness will eventually return back to its set point. B. Alyssa's happiness will be unaffected by her lottery win. C. Alyssa will selfishly spend her money in larger and larger increments. D. Alyssa will feel maximum happiness and fulfillment for the rest of her life.

A

74. Jenna is a talented singer. Her singing is commendable when she is well rehearsed and is performing with her school choir group. In such situations, she is moderately aroused and fairly relaxed. However, when Jenna's friends are around, she gets overly aroused and anxious. In such situations, she finds it hard to focus and often makes mistakes. Which of the following psychological principles can be used to explain the rationale behind Jenna's performance? A. Yerkes-Dodson law B. James-Lange theory C. Self-regulation D. Cannon-Bard theory

A

75. Which of the following is true of the optimum arousal theory? A. Performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal. B. Performance is best in the absence of arousal. C. When a person is very excited, his arousal levels are low. D. When a person is bored, his arousal levels are high.

A

78. Gary wants to lose weight by reducing his caloric intake. He eats a candy bar for breakfast instead of a bowl of cereal because the candy bar has fewer calories. Is Gary doing the right thing? A. No, the candy bar will make Gary hungry sooner than if he had eaten the cereal. B. Yes, the candy bar will keep Gary from getting hungry longer than if he had eaten the cereal. C. Yes, the number of calories is the most important factor in losing weight. D. No, the candy bar contains complex carbohydrates which will make Gary gain more weight.

A

80. The chemical substance ________, released by fat cells, decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure or metabolism. A. leptin B. insulin C. oxytocin D. cholecystokinin

A

86. ________ are the class of sex hormones that are predominate in females. ________ are the class of sex hormones that are predominate in males. A. Estrogens/Androgens B. Endorphins/Androgens C. Estrogens/Endorphins D. Androgens/Estrogens

A

88. Males experience a refractory period during the ________ phase of the human sexual-response pattern. A. orgasm B. excitement C. resolution D. plateau

A

9. ________ is a learning disability characterized by difficulty with learning to read fluently and with accurate comprehension, despite normal intelligence. A. Dyslexia B. Fibromyalgia C. Schizophrenia D. Epilepsy

A

96. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, we seek to fulfill our need for love and belongingness A. after our basic physiological and safety needs are met. B. after we have found self-actualization. C. before our basic biological and safety needs are met. D. after self-esteem needs have been met.

A

123. Eysenck suggested that the ________ of extraverts and introverts differs with respect to the baseline level of arousal. A. somatosensory cortex B. reticular activation system C. thalamus D. occipital lobe

B

126. Social desirability is A. correlated with self-efficacy. B. a major problem with self-report assessments. C. being considered as an addition in the big five personality inventory. D. a major motivational component of the psychodynamic approach.

B

127. A(n) ________ is a type of self-report test that is created by first identifying two groups that are known to be different. A. Rorschach inkblot test B. empirically keyed test C. personology inventory D. Thematic Apperception Test

B

166. Who is considered the "father of American personality psychology"? A. Alfred Adler B. Gordon Allport C. Albert Bandura D. Carl Rogers

B

168. Which of the following is NOT one of the big five personality factors? A. extraversion B. dominance C. neuroticism D. agreeableness

B

120. According to Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory, emotion is determined by two factors. They are A. internal and external attribution. B. physiological arousal and cognitive labeling. C. intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. D. homeostasis and the Yerkes-Dodson law.

B

1. Cognitive psychology is the study of A. social relationships. B. mental processes. C. emotions and sensations. D. abnormal functioning of one's physiology.

B

103. Professor Miguel surveys students about their motivation for attending college. Which of the following responses is the best example of strong intrinsic motivation? A. "If I don't go to college, my parents will kick me out of the house. I will be homeless and broke, and I will never be able to catch up with others my age." B. "I'm in college because I love learning. Education satisfies my curiosity and makes me feel like a confident well-informed person." C. "I'm here to get a college degree so I can make money, get the respect I deserve, and take great care of my family." D. "If I don't go to college, I can't be covered on my parents' health insurance."

B

107. Ray played basketball all of his life because he loved the sport. He became so good that he was given the opportunity to play professionally, and eventually he signed a very lucrative contract. After that contract ran out, the team offered him slightly more money, but he decided that it was not enough and that he wanted to quit. Which of the following best explains Ray's behavior from a motivational perspective? A. Ray is being driven by his organismic needs. B. Extrinsic motivation has replaced Ray's intrinsic motivation to play basketball. C. Intrinsic motivation has replaced Ray's extrinsic motivation to play basketball. D. The team is not showing Ray the respect that he has earned.

B

111. The concept of ________ pertains to a psychological state, whereas ________ involves a physiological state. A. need/reflex B. drive/need C. reflex/need D. need/drive

B

114. Tom is interested in working for an intelligence branch of the government, and a polygraph test is part of the interview process. Though Tom intends to be honest, he is worried that the polygraph will say he is lying when he isn't. Tom's friend Cameron assures Tom that polygraph tests are infallible. Is Cameron right? A. Yes; though much of the research has not been made public, many government agencies rely on polygraphs, and they would not do so if the tests were fallible. B. No; heart rate and breathing can increase for reasons other than lying and this effect can make it difficult to interpret the physiological indicators of arousal. C. No; polygraph machines are just props and the person watching for cues that the subject is lying may make errors. D. Yes; polygraphs pick up certain physiological responses associated with lying, and very few people can hide those responses.

B

115. According to the ________, after the initial perception of a stimulus, the experience of the emotion results from the perception of one's own physiological changes. A. Cannon-Bard theory B. James-Lange theory C. two-factor theory of emotion D. self-determination theory

B

128. Face validity refers to A. the extent to which two examiners agree about a person's personality traits. B. the extent to which a test item appears to fit the particular trait it is measuring. C. the tendency of a person to give answers that make him or her look better. D. the degree to which a personality test predicts behavior outside the test situation.

B

129. A(n) ________ presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe it or to tell a story about it—to launch their own meaning onto the stimulus. A. psychophysiological measure B. projective test C. self-report questionnaire D. empirically keyed test

B

132. Which of the following is true regarding the Rorschach inkblot test? A. The test is highly regarded and utilized heavily in personality research. B. The test does not meet certain criteria of reliability and validity. C. The test has been shown to be extraordinarily reliable. D. The test is one of the most objective tests used in clinical research.

B

134. A client is asked to look at a picture and to tell a story that describes what she thinks is happening in the picture. Her therapist will use the content of the story to make inferences about the client's personality. The client is likely taking the A. Myers Briggs Type Indicator personality inventory. B. Thematic Apperception Test. C. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. D. Rorschach test.

B

136. Brandon attempts to convince his girlfriend, Katherine, to have sex with him. Even though Katherine loves and desires him, her religious beliefs do not permit her to have sex before marriage. According to Freud's structures of personality, Katherine's desire to have sex with Brandon is most likely dictated by her ________. Her decision not to engage in premarital sex is most likely dictated by her ________. A. superego; id B. id; superego C. ego; id D. ego; superego

B

139. Darin had an automobile accident in which his brother and another passenger were killed. Though Darin wasn't seriously hurt in the accident, he can't remember any of the accident details. Darin is exhibiting which ego defense mechanism? A. reaction formation B. repression C. displacement D. rationalization

B

140. Welma is unable to accept the fact that she has been diagnosed with lung cancer. She refuses treatment despite her family's attempts to convince her. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Welma is unconsciously engaging in A. regression. B. denial. C. rationalization. D. displacement.

B

143. Six-month-old Ian loves to suck on anything he can get his hands on (e.g., fingers, dolls, blocks, rattles). The fact that Ian receives pleasure and comfort by exploring the world with his mouth suggests that he is in the ________ stage of psychosexual development. A. phallic B. oral C. genital D. anal

B

149. According to Freud's stages of psychosexual development, which of the following statements best indicates that 30-year-old Gayle is fixated at the oral stage? A. He has a puritanical attitude toward sex. B. He is addicted to smoking cigarettes. C. He is stubborn and prefers simplicity and structure. D. He is excessively concerned about cleanliness.

B

151. According to Horney, women might envy the penis but what they really want is A. the freedom to have multiple sexual partners. B. the status bestowed to those who have one. C. stronger superegos and moral convictions. D. a man to protect and shelter them.

B

155. Alfred Adler would be most likely to endorse which of the following explanations for human behavior? A. People are primarily motivated by their desires to seek pleasure and avoid pain. B. People are primarily motivated by purposes and goals. C. People are primarily motivated by sexual and aggressive instincts. D. People are primarily motivated by factors of which they are not consciously aware.

B

157. Which of the following is true of Adler's individual psychology? A. Adler believed that compensation is abnormal. B. Adler argued that people have the ability to take their genetic inheritance. C. In Adler's view, pleasure is the key motivator in human life. D. Alfred used the terms anima and animus to identify two common archetypes.

B

159. Gladys is a therapist who is constantly reminding her clients that people have a natural capacity for personal growth and positive qualities. Gladys likely endorses the ________ of personality. A. learning perspective B. humanistic perspective C. psychodynamic perspective D. trait perspective

B

160. Brittney is a counselor who believes that her clients have the innate ability to make good choices. She accepts each individual as they are and as a person in the process of change. She holds that individuals are capable of controlling their lives and achieving their goals. Brittney is most likely to agree with the ________ of personality. A. psychoanalytic perspectives B. humanistic perspectives C. social cognitive theories D. trait theories

B

162. According to Rogers, an individual's need to be liked, loved, and accepted by others regardless of his or her behavior is called A. the collective unconscious. B. unconditional positive regard. C. catharsis. D. conditions of worth.

B

171. Which of the following individuals exhibits the trait of openness to experience? A. Jenny, who experiences more negative states than positive states B. Sarah, who is very successful in the business she has started C. Phoebe, who donates generously only to programs sponsored by her church D. Maria, who dresses very stylishly and attends parties with her friends every weekend

B

180. Mischel nearly derailed the scientific study of personality by challenging the assumption that personality traits are A. masculine. B. consistent. C. consciously expressed. D. learned.

B

185. A schizophrenic patient hears multiple voices inside his head talking to him at the same time and forcing him to do things. It can be inferred that the patient is experiencing the symptom of A. delusions. B. hallucinations. C. illusions. D. catatonia.

B

187. When treating a client with a psychological disorder, a therapist makes the assumption that the person's difficulties stem primarily from the context in which a person lives. This therapist most likely identifies with the ________ to psychological disorders. A. cognitive approach B. sociocultural approach C. psychological approach D. biological approach

B

188. Catatonia A. means giving personal meaning to completely random events. B. is a state of immobility and unresponsiveness that lasts for long periods of time. C. refers to false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual's culture. D. refers to sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli.

B

192. Which of the following individuals is likely to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder? A. a person who shows an excessive attachment to moral codes and is excessively orderly in daily life B. a person who lacks empathy for others, is egocentric, and is willing to use others for his own personal gain C. a person who is prone to mood swings, excessive self-criticism, and extreme judgment of others D. a person who perceives himself as helpless and depends on others for emotional and physical needs

B

196. The ________ is a theory suggesting that preexisting conditions, such as genetic characteristics, personality dispositions, or experiences, put a person at risk of developing a psychological disorder. A. medical model B. diathesis-stress model C. Elaboration Likelihood Model D. five-factor model

B

20. A(n) ________ is a strategy that guarantees a solution to a problem. A. heuristic B. algorithm C. fixation D. subgoal

B

200. Robert's teacher, Martha, has complained about his behavior on several occasions. According to Martha, Robert cannot focus in class and is constantly distracted. She also mentioned that Robert is extremely active and very impulsive by nature. If Robert were to be taken by his teacher to Dr. Miller, a psychiatrist, he is likely to be diagnosed with A. borderline personality disorder. B. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. C. autism spectrum disorder. D. mild neurocognitive impairment.

B

201. Janet is worried about her son, Patrick. She finds him restless and impulsive. At times, Janet finds it exhausting to handle him because he is high-strung and shows very little concentration during his studies. She has also received several complaints from Patrick's teachers regarding his poor performance in class and his lack of focus. In the context of psychological disorders, it can be inferred that Patrick is exhibiting the symptoms of A. mild neurocognitive impairment. B. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. C. schizophrenia. D. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

B

208. Dr. Davenport, a psychiatrist, is in the process of diagnosing Kelly's psychological disorder. He asks Kelly a series of questions regarding her symptoms. Kelly reveals that she often experiences overwhelming fear all of a sudden which is accompanied by pains in the chest and a feeling of helplessness. During these instances, she finds it difficult to breathe, has severe palpitations, and feels like she's going to die of cardiac arrest. In the context of psychological disorders, Dr. Davenport is most likely to diagnose Kelly with A. schizophrenia. B. panic disorder. C. social anxiety disorder. D. paranoid personality disorder.

B

210. Abnormal behavior is A. not related to organic or internal causes. B. personally distressful over a long period of time. C. often learned through operant conditioning. D. a direct outcome of poor self-esteem.

B

212. Jenna constantly experiences feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness. Jenna's doctor, Jacob, advises her to start taking antidepressant drugs that contain serotonin and dopamine. According to Dr. Jacob's diagnosis, Jenna's depression is a result of the imbalance and improper functioning of the neurotransmitters in her brain. In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, this diagnosis conforms to the A. psychological approach. B. biological approach. C. sociocultural approach. D. social cognitive approach.

B

213. Brenda is constantly in the habit of arranging and rearranging the things in her house. She feels very anxious when things are not arranged symmetrically and engages in this behavior to dismiss her negative feelings. Consequently, Brenda forbids children from entering her house because she is afraid that they will disturb the balance of orderliness. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, Brenda is most likely to be diagnosed with A. post-traumatic stress disorder. B. obsessive-compulsive disorder. C. paranoid personality disorder. D. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

B

217. Diana is afraid to throw things away because she feels that she might need them in the future. Consequently, Diana compulsively collects and stores large quantities of old newspapers, broken crockery, and old clothes. In the context of OCD-related disorders, Diana's excessive acquisition of objects and her inability to discard them are typical characteristics of A. body dysmorphic disorder. B. hoarding disorder. C. excoriation. D. trichotillomania.

B

221. Which of the following statements is true of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? A. Genetic inheritance does not play a role in the development of PTSD. B. Not every individual exposed to the same event develops PTSD. C. Individuals with PTSD seek attention and are open to expressing their emotions. D. An individual experiences PTSD symptoms only several months or years after a trauma.

B

222. A depressive disorder is classified as a(n) ________ disorder. A. delusional B. mood C. anxiety D. personality

B

223. For a person to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD), he or she must have experienced a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least A. two months. B. two weeks. C. two days. D. a week.

B

226. Cathy is worried about her mental health. She visits Dr. Henderson, a psychiatrist, to seek treatment for her condition. When Dr. Henderson asks her questions about herself, Cathy reveals that she is unhappy and feels worthless most of the time. She doesn't eat or sleep well and has even contemplated suicide. Dr. Henderson also learns that Cathy has been experiencing these distressing symptoms for almost three weeks. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Dr. Henderson is likely to diagnose Cathy with A. social anxiety disorder. B. major depressive disorder. C. bipolar disorder. D. dissociative identity disorder.

B

238. Chronic sore throat, kidney problems, dehydration, gastrointestinal problems, and dental problems are complications commonly experienced by individuals who suffer from A. bipolar disorder. B. bulimia nervosa. C. obsessive-compulsive disorder. D. anorexia nervosa.

B

242. Among the techniques used in family therapy, validation involves A. the therapist helping families reframe problems as family problems. B. the therapist finding something positive to say to each family member. C. the therapist trying to restructure the coalitions in a family. D. the therapist helping families reframe problems as an individual's problems.

B

246. Which of the following forms of treatment relies on paraprofessionals? A. humanistic therapy B. self-help support groups C. family therapy D. couples therapy

B

259. Sherice started seeing a psychotherapist because of marital problems. She is unhappy because she feels her husband does not give her enough attention. After several sessions, she is quite taken with her male therapist because he gives her undivided attention. This growing affection for the therapist is called A. latent content. B. transference. C. reflection. D. resistance.

B

264. Which of the following individuals is engaging in reflective speech? A. Horace, who tells his mother to quit her job at a departmental store because of her failing health B. Alan, who agrees with Gus that he is facing obstacles at work since he is frustrated with his boss C. Gayle, who congratulates his colleague, Neil, for performing well in the project D. Mary, who comforts Joel since he is extremely anxious about his results

B

272. Which of the following individuals would benefit from systematic desensitization? A. a person who is addicted to alcohol B. a person who has a phobia of closed spaces C. a person who is suffering from schizophrenia D. a person who is suffering from severe depression

B

277. Judy thinks she is depressed over her teacher's criticism of her paper. Judy's therapist explains to her that Judy's own illogical belief—that the criticism means she is stupid—is really why she is depressed. Judy is likely to be seeing a therapist who is providing ________ therapy. A. humanistic B. Beck's cognitive C. behavioral D. psychoanalytic

B

288. Elizabeth visited a psychiatrist who, after interviewing her, recommended either Paxil or Prozac. From this scenario, it can be inferred that Elizabeth is most likely suffering from A. amnesia. B. depression. C. psychosis. D. dyslexia.

B

29. Carla is a first-semester freshman at State University. She succeeded in high school by cramming for exams and relying on parental pressure to get homework done. Now, however, she is finding that these strategies are no longer viable ways to succeed. In this case, Carla should A. indulge in fixations. B. "think outside the box" in order to succeed in college. C. move back home with her parents and commute to college. D. drop out of college.

B

292. The potential side effect of neuroleptic drugs is ________, a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary random movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and mouth, as well as extensive twitching of the neck, arms, and legs. A. schizophrenia B. tardive dyskinesia C. transference D. insomnia

B

296. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a treatment sometimes used for A. schizophrenia. B. severe depression. C. dissociative identity disorder. D. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

B

299. Which of the following is a biological intervention that involves the removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve an individual's adjustment? A. electroconvulsive therapy B. psychosurgery C. psychoanalysis D. psychotherapy

B

300. Which of the following statements about psychosurgery is FALSE? A. A prefrontal lobotomy is a type of psychosurgery that involves severing fibers that connect the frontal lobe and the thalamus. B. The effects of psychosurgery can be reversed with intensive therapy. C. Present-day psychosurgery involves making just a small lesion in the amygdala or another part of the limbic system. D. Psychosurgery is a biological therapy that involves the removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve an individual's adjustment.

B

31. Which of the following statements is true of inductive reasoning? A. It involves forming opinions based on prior experiences. B. It is illustrated when psychologists and other scientists use theories to make predictions and then evaluate their predictions by making further observations. C. It involves drawing conclusions based on facts. D. It refers to reasoning from a general principle that individuals know to be true to a specific instance.

B

32. ________ involves reasoning from a general case that we know to be true to a specific instance. A. Abductive reasoning B. Deductive reasoning C. Retroductive reasoning D. Inductive reasoning

B

34. In the context of loss aversion, identify the true statement about sunk-cost fallacy. A. People ascribe greater value to things they already own when compared with objects owned by someone else. B. People are reluctant to give up on a venture because of past investment. C. People disregard prior experiences or failures when making predictions about the possibility of an outcome. D. People tend to report falsely, after the fact, that they accurately predicted an outcome.

B

38. ________ is the tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information. A. Confirmation bias B. The representativeness heuristic C. Hindsight bias D. The availability heuristic

B

40. Creative people engage in A. deductive thinking. B. both convergent thinking and divergent thinking. C. functional fixedness. D. divergent thinking but not in convergent thinking.

B

41. Which of the following is usually a trait of creative thinkers? A. risk avoidance B. inner motivation C. dogmatic thinking D. categorical thinking

B

46. Basketball, football, baseball, and soccer all fit into the ________ of sports. A. morphemes B. concept C. algorithm D. heuristic

B

5. The sentence "The bicycle talked the boy into buying a candy bar" is A. syntactically and pragmatically incorrect. B. syntactically correct but semantically incorrect. C. pragmatically correct but syntactically incorrect. D. semantically correct but syntactically incorrect.

B

51. Dr. Ambrose is administering an intelligence test, and one question asks, "During what month of the year does the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball championship games start?" Students from various groups within the U.S., as well as students from other countries, may have problems with this question because it is probably A. generalized. B. culturally biased. C. gender biased. D. unreliable.

B

52. Which of the following statements is true of heritability? A. Heritability estimates remain constant over time and across different groups. B. Heritability has no meaning when applied to a single case. C. Even if the heritability of a characteristic is very high, the environment seldom matters. D. Heritability is a statistic that provides information about a single individual.

B

53. Twin studies by Trzaskowski and others in 2014 report that the heritability of intelligence is found to be as high as ________ percent. A. 10 B. 75 C. 50 D. 25

B

55. Malcom has an IQ of 140. He has skipped three grades and is a straight A student with superior verbal and mathematical talent. Psychologists would most likely consider Malcom to be A. autistic. B. gifted. C. an introvert. D. socially maladjusted.

B

63. You are feeling upset when your mother turns toward you and says, "Turn that frown upside down." You turn your frown into a smile and realize that you now feel happy. This experience can be best described by the A. Yerkes-Dodson law. B. facial feedback hypothesis. C. self-determination theory. D. Cannon-Bard theory.

B

65. Kiefer is taking acting classes. His instructor is using Stanislavski's "method-acting" technique, which encourages actors to imitate the behavior of someone feeling that emotion. When Kiefer is playing a scene where his character is sad, his instructor may suggest that he cry in order to feel sadness. "Method acting" is most consistent with which of the following? A. yerkes-Dodson law B. james-Lange theory C. cannon-Bard theory D. self-determination theory

B

71. According to the concept of ________, any aspect of life that enhances our positive feelings is likely to do so for only a short period of time. A. display rules B. hedonic treadmill C. self-actualization D. self-regulation

B

77. Which of the following is true of the biology of hunger with regard to the human body? A. The hormone cytokine helps start the digestion of food, travels to the brain through the bloodstream, and signals a person to stop eating. B. Hunger is triggered by a set of sugar receptors, located in the brain, when sugar levels fall too low. C. The lateral hypothalamus is involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating. D. Galactose is an important factor in hunger, probably because the brain critically depends on it for energy.

B

8. Critics of the work of Benjamin Whorf maintain that A. linguistic predispositions are universal. B. words merely reflect rather than cause the way we think. C. language determines how we think about our world. D. all cultures essentially share the same linguistic experiences.

B

81. In humans, ________ concentrations have been linked with weight, body fat, and weight loss in response to dieting. A. dopamine B. leptin C. oxytocin D. serotonin

B

84. If it is night, we are likely to feel hungry even if we ate a big lunch. This illustrates A. the effect of mindlessness on eating behavior. B. the effect of learned associations on eating behavior. C. the effect of suggestion on eating behavior. D. the effect of emotional state on eating behavior.

B

87. The beginning of the process of erotic responsiveness occurs during the ________ of the human sexual-response pattern. A. orgasm phase B. excitement phase C. plateau phase D. resolution phase

B

89. What is the correct order of the human sexual-response pattern? A. orgasm, excitement, plateau, resolution B. excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution C. excitement, orgasm, resolution, plateau D. plateau, excitement, orgasm, resolution

B

90. An individual's ________ refers to the direction of his or her erotic interests. A. gender role B. sexual orientation C. genetic factors D. gender identity

B

91. From Maslow's perspective, motivation is primarily the result of A. reinforcement of individual abilities. B. humans focusing on satisfying basic needs before moving to higher needs. C. instinctive responses to environmental stimuli. D. specific responses to ethological, innate drives.

B

93. At age 33, Ricky is a highly ranked partner in a law firm. He lives by himself and doesn't find the time to socialize. He has a lavish house with an elaborate security system and owns a luxurious sports car. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, which of the following can best explain Ricky's discontentment with life? A. Ricky's physiological needs are not being met. B. Ricky's need for belongingness is not being met. C. Ricky does not feel safe at home. D. Ricky's esteem needs are not fulfilled.

B

95. William has volunteered to work in a war-torn country to try and improve the lives of the residents there. The citizens currently have enough to eat and drink. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what would these citizens be in need of next? A. esteem B. safety C. belongingness and love D. self-actualization

B

97. According to self-determination theory, competence motivation involves A. maintaining optimal arousal. B. self-efficacy and mastery. C. environmental stimuli. D. drive-reduction.

B

98. Self-efficacy refers to A. the sense that one can gain skills and overcome obstacles. B. the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task. C. the need to engage in warm relations with other people. D. the sense that one is in control of one's own life.

B

14. In everyday situations, finding and framing problems can be difficult because many real-life problems A. suggest obvious operations. B. provide clear definitions. C. are ill defined or vague. D. are beyond the average person's ability to solve.

C

141. The most powerful and pervasive defense mechanism is A. fixation. B. displacement. C. repression. D. sublimation.

C

145. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages of development? A. genital, oral, phallic, anal, latency B. phallic, oral, anal, genital, latency C. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital D. anal, oral, phallic, latency, genital

C

147. According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, the latency period occurs A. during a time when most children are experiencing toilet training. B. in adolescence and adulthood. C. immediately after the phallic stage. D. during infancy.

C

10. Most individuals develop a clear understanding of their language's structure, as well as a large vocabulary, during A. late adulthood. B. early adulthood. C. childhood. D. the prenatal period.

C

100. ________ emphasize independence and self-reliance, whereas ________ emphasize affiliation, cooperation, and interdependence. A. Agricultural societies/urban societies B. Collectivist cultures/individualistic cultures C. Individualistic cultures/collectivist cultures D. Poverty-ridden societies/wealthy societies

C

102. The feeling of hunger that initiates the act of opening a refrigerator for food best represents a(n) A. objective. B. reflex. C. drive. D. instinct.

C

109. Setting goals, planning for the implementation of goals, and monitoring progress are all aspects of A. self-fulfilling prophecy. B. intrinsic motivation. C. self-regulation. D. self-determination theory.

C

110. A person's daily mood gives him feedback on the effectiveness of his self-regulation. This means that A. being unhappy will prevent him from pursuing his goals. B. he will have to learn to modify his concept of happiness in order to suit his goals. C. he will feel good or bad depending on how he is doing in the areas of life he values. D. he should not focus on the negative feedback and only concentrate on the positive feedback.

C

116. According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, crying over spilled milk will result in A. increased heart rate because you are sad. B. several indiscriminant emotions. C. sorrow because you are crying. D. sorrow because the milk has been spilled.

C

118. Jacob notices a snake slithering up the river bank while he is fishing. The thalamus of Jacob's brain immediately stimulates his autonomic nervous system, which, in turn, increases the rate of his breathing and heartbeat. At the same time, Jacob's brain sends signals to his cerebral cortex which causes Jacob to perceive the emotional experience of fear. Consequently, Jacob experiences both fear and the physiological changes in his body at the same time. This scenario complies with the A. James-Lange theory. B. drive reduction theory. C. Cannon-Bard theory. D. two-factor theory.

C

119. Which of the following brain structures plays a central role in the experience of fear? A. the thalamus B. the hippocampus C. the amygdala D. the cerebellum

C

12. Identify the age group during which children typically understand adult literary work. A. 6 to 8 B. 9 to 11 C. 15 to 20 D. 5 to 6

C

122. The cognitive affective processing systems (CAPS) approach to understanding personality was developed by which of the following psychologists? A. Albert Bandura B. Sigmund Freud C. Walter Mischel D. Henry Murray

C

135. Meyer plans to obtain quick money through gambling, but he realizes that he might get arrested by the police. This prevents him from going ahead with his gambling plan. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which of the following structures most likely stopped Meyer from going ahead with his plan? A. animus B. superego C. ego D. id

C

137. Michelle was reared in a home where high moral principles dominated. She has attended Sunday school and church since early childhood. In high school, her boyfriend asked her to miss school and go on a cruise with him, but something from inside her told her not to. She felt very proud of herself afterward for holding her ground. Which Freudian personality structure made Michelle feel proud of her response? A. ego B. id C. superego D. preconscious

C

150. Freud believed that the prime motive in human existence is ________, Karen Horney believed that the prime motive in human existence is ________. A. security/sex B. self-actualization/unconditional positive regard C. sex/security D. sex/self-actualization

C

153. According to Jung, the deepest, impersonal layer of the conscious mind that is shared by all humans because of their common ancestral past is called the A. id. B. primal memory. C. collective unconscious. D. normative unconscious.

C

16. Cognitive psychology studies all of the following EXCEPT A. reasoning. B. problem solving. C. telepathy. D. decision making.

C

161. According to Abraham Maslow, which of the following traits is least likely to be associated with selfactualizers? A. spontaneity B. sense of humor C. intolerance D. creativity

C

165. Trait theories of personality A. focus on how the unconscious mind influences personality. B. take a more optimistic view of human nature than humanistic psychologists do. C. focus on lasting personality characteristics. D. state that situational factors override personal characteristics.

C

17. You have to cook dinner for 30 people on Saturday. Your apartment is a mess and you have nothing to wear. You decide to do your laundry Thursday night, buy the groceries on Friday, clean the apartment Saturday morning, and cook the dinner Saturday evening. Preparing for the dinner party in this way is an example of A. using heuristics. B. using algorithms. C. subgoaling. D. prototyping.

C

172. Which of the following traits is related to generosity and altruism to reports of religious faith and to more satisfying romantic relationships? A. conscientiousness B. openness to experience C. agreeableness D. extraversion

C

178. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was created by A. Karen Horney. B. Sigmund Freud. C. Henry Murray. D. Alfred Adler.

C

182. The disordered thoughts in schizophrenia are referred to as psychotic because A. they are caused by extreme memory loss. B. they are highly repetitive. C. they are far removed from reality. D. they are the most dramatic and least common.

C

194. What theoretical approach to psychological disorders would be most likely to consider a person's gender and ethnicity when diagnosing a disorder? A. cognitive approach B. biological approach C. sociocultural approach D. behavioral approach

C

198. The ________ was published in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association for the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States. A. Latin American Guide for Psychiatric Diagnosis (GLDP) B. International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) C. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) D. Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM)

C

22. Which of the following is true of algorithms and heuristics for solving real-life problems? A. Heuristics guarantee a solution to a problem. B. Algorithms are faster than heuristics. C. Heuristics are shortcut strategies. D. Algorithms lead to different answers to a given problem.

C

220. Kelly experiences a great deal of anxiety over her physical appearance. She believes that her head is too big and her nose is asymmetrical. This troubling preoccupation with her physical features interferes with Kelly's occupational and social functioning. She spends hours in front of the mirror and isolates herself from her friends. In the context of OCD-related disorders, Kelly can be most likely diagnosed with A. excoriation. B. hoarding disorder. C. body dysmorphic disorder. D. trichotillomania.

C

224. It has been over two years since the death of her husband and Jenna still cannot cope with her loss. Since then, she feels hopeless, and has been constantly preoccupied with thoughts of death and cannot seem to find much pleasure in life. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Jenna is most likely suffering from A. social anxiety disorder. B. bipolar disorder. C. major depressive disorder. D. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

C

225. Depressed people tend to have fewer receptors of the neurotransmitters A. GABA and epinephrine. B. oxytocin and serotonin. C. serotonin and norepinephrine. D. dopamine and GABA.

C

227. Which of the following statements is true of the sociocultural factors involved in depression? A. Studies have found very low rates of depression in Native American groups. B. Men are nearly twice as likely as women to be diagnosed with depression. C. Depression increases as standards of living and employment circumstances worsen. D. Individuals with a low socioeconomic status (SES) are less likely to develop depression than their higher-SES counterparts.

C

23. Which of the following is the main difference between algorithms and heuristics? A. Heuristics take more time than algorithms. B. Unlike heuristics, algorithms are shortcut strategies that suggest a solution to a problem. C. Unlike heuristics, algorithms provide a definite solution to problem. D. Unlike heuristics, algorithms lead to different answers to a given problem.

C

235. A woman who is in relentless pursuit of thinness for more than six months, so much so that she is starving herself to achieve this goal is exhibiting symptoms of A. bipolar disorder. B. bulimia nervosa. C. anorexia nervosa. D. binge-eating disorder.

C

237. ________ is an eating disorder in which an individual, typically female, consistently follows a bingeand-purge eating pattern. A. Binge-eating disorder B. Schizophrenia C. Bulimia nervosa D. Anorexia nervosa

C

239. Individuals with bulimia nervosa tend to have ________ of perfectionism and ________ of selfefficacy. A. low levels/high levels B. low levels/low levels C. high levels/low levels D. high levels/high levels

C

244. Which of the following is a technique that is used in family therapy? A. structural change B. reattribution C. scaling D. guided Association

C

247. Which of the following is true of self-help support groups? A. Self-help support groups specialize in family therapy. B. Self-help support groups are beneficial only to high-income groups as they are relatively expensive. C. Self-help support groups provide members with a sympathetic audience for social sharing and emotional release. D. Self-help support groups are conducted by a professional therapist.

C

248. John, an alcoholic, does not have much money, but requires the help of a mental-health professional. He might best be served by contacting a A. humanistic therapist. B. board-certified psychiatrist. C. self-help support group. D. counseling psychologist.

C

25. Heuristics differ from algorithms in that heuristics A. are complex strategies that suggest a solution to a problem. B. are slow. C. do not guarantee an answer. D. come in different forms.

C

250. Dr. Billings is a therapist who specializes in psychoanalysis. The types of techniques that she is likely to use would include A. systematic desensitization and token economies. B. teaching clients to replace their fears systematically with more relaxed responses. C. free association, dream interpretation, transference, and interpreting the client's resistance to discussing painful memories. D. prescribing strong medication that will reduce the client's anxiety so that the client can learn to relax and gain insight.

C

251. Researchers have found that when there is an ethnic match between the therapist and the client and when ethnic-specific services are provided, A. clients are more likely to drop out of therapy early. B. treatment outcomes are the same as when there is no ethnic match. C. clients have better treatment outcomes. D. both the client and therapist typically show evidence of bias or prejudice against other groups.

C

252. When working with a psychotherapy client who is from a different culture, Dr. Johnson uses his knowledge of the person's culture and ethnicity in working with the client, but is careful not to overgeneralize and blindly apply his stereotypes. Moreover, he also understands the sociopolitical influences on the client. Which of the following labels best describes Dr. Johnson? A. Dr. Johnson appears to be an eclectic therapist. B. Dr. Johnson appears to be culturally insensitive. C. Dr. Johnson appears to be culturally skilled. D. Dr. Johnson appears to be ethnically diverse.

C

254. According to Freud's therapeutic technique, getting people to talk freely A. causes them to lose focus. B. exhausts them. C. allows their deepest thoughts to emerge. D. masks their unconscious conflicts.

C

258. In psychoanalytic theory, the term transference is used to describe A. the repression of painful memories from conscious awareness. B. efforts to redirect anxiety-provoking desires into socially acceptable actions. C. the client's relating to the analyst in ways that reproduce or relive important relationships in the client's life. D. the gradual shifting of erogenous desires from the mouth to the genitals.

C

261. Research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy A. shows that humanistic therapy is more effective than behavioral therapy. B. shows that psychoanalysis is more effective than cognitive therapy. C. clearly shows that psychotherapy works. D. is mixed, in that psychotherapy works well for women but not for men.

C

262. Humanistic therapies differ from psychodynamic therapies in that humanistic therapies emphasize A. change of behavior rather than underlying thoughts. B. the past rather than the present. C. self-fulfillment rather than illness. D. unconscious thoughts rather than conscious thoughts.

C

263. Mary has been working with a therapist because she has felt very confused and unsure about herself for the past few years. Mary's therapist tends to be very nondirective and devotes a great deal of the session to allowing Mary to explore her identity, wants, and dreams for the future. The therapist rarely gives direct advice and instead is primarily interested in helping Mary clarify her own ideas and feelings. Mary's therapist is most likely associated with the ________ perspective of psychotherapy. A. behavioral B. biological C. humanistic D. cognitive

C

267. The therapeutic alliance is the relationship between the therapist and A. other professional therapists who practice in the same state. B. the American Psychiatric Association. C. the client. D. the local government.

C

281. Which of the following indicates the view of a humanistic therapist regarding the cause of psychological problems? A. They occur as a result of irrational thoughts and beliefs. B. They occur as a result of transference between the therapist and the client. C. They occur as a result of client's functioning below the optimal level. D. They occur as a result of learned inappropriate behaviors.

C

289. The main goal of psychoanalysis is to A. persuade clients to abandon their irrational, misery-inducing beliefs. B. demonstrate unconditional positive regard toward the client. C. help individuals gain insight into the unconscious conflicts that are the source of their problems. D. train clients to avoid maladaptive patterns of behavior through modeling of appropriate behaviors.

C

294. The goal of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is A. to help clients identify their own genuine feelings. B. to help people eliminate illogical thinking. C. to set off a seizure in the brain. D. to reduce norepinephrine and serotonin levels.

C

297. Ivan is very depressed, and the danger of suicide is eminent. He is not responding to the drugs normally employed to treat depression. Which of the following treatments is most likely to prove helpful in reducing Ivan's depression and suicidal behavior? A. a self-help group B. encounter groups C. electroconvulsive therapy D. minor tranquilizers

C

30. Bertha met two students from another school at a convention. She enjoyed their company a great deal and was very impressed with how nice they were. Bertha now believes that all of the students from that school must also be nice and is considering transferring there. Bertha is using A. descriptive reasoning. B. top-down reasoning. C. inductive reasoning. D. deductive reasoning.

C

36. The fact that we hear about airplane crashes on the news more often than we hear about automobile crashes may lead us to believe that we are more likely to die in a plane than a car. This is an example of a(n) A. simulation heuristic. B. representativeness heuristic. C. availability heuristic. D. attention bias.

C

37. Hillary meets her brother's friend Drake, who is a tall, lanky man. She concludes that Drake might be a basketball player for his college team. According to the biases and heuristics in decision making, it can be concluded that Hillary mirrors ________ in this scenario. A. the availability heuristic B. confirmation bias C. the representativeness heuristic D. hindsight bias

C

4. ________ is a language's sound system. A. Morphology B. Semantics C. Phonology D. Syntax

C

42. Brainstorming is an example of A. convergent thinking. B. functional fixedness. C. divergent thinking. D. deductive reasoning.

C

49. A child with a mental age of 9 and a chronological age of 12 has an IQ of A. 90. B. 120. C. 75. D. 100.

C

59. The ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast are characteristics of ________ intelligence. A. creative B. practical C. analytical D. algorithmic

C

66. Which of the following best describes cultural differences in the facial expression of emotion? A. Facial expressions of basic emotions vary from one culture to another. B. Facial expressions of human beings are not innate, but are learned from one's culture. C. Many faces of emotion do not differ significantly from one culture to another. D. Unlike facial expressions, display rules for emotion appear to be universal.

C

69. According to drive reduction theory, the goal of drive reduction is A. self-actualization. B. to elevate the level of arousal. C. homeostasis. D. self-determination.

C

7. According to Benjamin Whorf, language determines our A. emotions. B. intuitions. C. thinking. D. motivation.

C

76. Whenever Olivia watches a television commercial featuring food, she is ridden by a desire to eat. These feelings of hunger stimulate Olivia to go to the kitchen to search for food. Olivia's behavior can be studied by conducting research in the area of A. perception. B. sensation. C. motivation. D. intuition.

C

82. The ________ is involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating. A. lateral hypothalamus B. prefrontal cortex C. ventromedial hypothalamus D. amygdala

C

94. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must be met first? A. self-actualization B. safety needs C. physiological needs D. belongingness and love

C

124. Rachel has a pessimistic attitude. She worries incessantly about things and can never seem to see the positive side of life. According to the biological perspective, Rachel's attitude could best be explained by low levels of A. glutamate. B. adrenaline. C. serotonin. D. dopamine.

D

125. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the ego abides by the ________ principle. A. all-or-none B. self-actualization C. pleasure D. reality

D

13. ________ may help us to generalize, whereas ________ may help us accomplish a goal. A. Problem solving/concepts B. Algorithms/artificial intelligence (AI) C. Artificial intelligence (AI)/algorithms D. Concepts/problem solving

D

101. When individuals engage in a behavior for some external payoff or to avoid a punishment, they A. are intrinsically motivated. B. have an external locus of control. C. have an internal locus of control. D. are extrinsically motivated.

D

105. When an individual studies specifically to avoid his or her parent's disapproval, then the individual's attitude toward studying is most likely a result of A. self-actualization. B. intrinsic motivation. C. self-regulation. D. extrinsic motivation.

D

108. Marsha does a good job because she knows her performance will result in a bonus if she meets her goals. Georgia does a good job because she feels a sense of accomplishment when she meets her goals. Both women do the same kind of work. Who is most likely to perform better? A. Marsha is more likely to perform better but also more bored with her work. B. Marsha is most likely to perform better. C. They both will perform equally well. D. Georgia is most likely to perform better.

D

11. Identify a true statement about language milestones among children. A. Children understand adult literary work usually between ages 6 and 8. B. Vocabulary reaches an average of about 10,000 words when children are between ages 2 and 3. C. Vocabulary usually decreases below 50 words per day when children are between ages 9 and 11. D. Children understand metaphor and satire usually between ages 11 and 14.

D

117. The Cannon-Bard theory predicts that after witnessing a shocking event, a person will A. be motivated to turn away and then will experience shock. B. experience increased heart rate and rapid breathing as a result of anxiety. C. first experience shock and then be motivated to turn away. D. experience physical and emotional reactions simultaneously.

D

121. ________ is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world. A. Sensation B. Intelligence C. Perception D. Personality

D

131. Sam's therapist administered the Rorschach inkblot test during their last session. Sam completed a(n) ________ test of personality. A. empirically keyed B. self-report C. observational D. projective

D

148. Freud considered ________ to be the most important motivator of all human activity. A. self-actualization B. rewards and punishments C. the conscious mind D. the sexual drive

D

15. The last step in the problem-solving process is ________. A. developing good problem-solving strategies B. rethinking and redefining problems and solutions over time C. finding and framing the problem D. evaluating solutions

D

154. At home Carrie was moody, self-centered, and bossy. At social events, Carrie was the life of the party. She was funny, happy, and demonstrated social graces that none of her family ever saw at home. What is Jung's explanation of Carrie's behavior? A. Carrie was her archetype at home. B. Carrie was her anima at parties. C. Carrie exhibited her animus at home. D. Carrie adopted her persona at parties.

D

156. Adler's view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and that perfection, not pleasure, is thus the key motivator in human life is known as A. trait theory. B. social cognitive theory. C. humanistic theory. D. individual psychology.

D

163. Which of the following is an important element of Carl Rogers's humanistic theory? A. sublimation B. persona C. archetype D. self-concept

D

167. Gordon Allport believed that healthy, well-adjusted individuals A. do not use defense mechanisms, are logical, independent, and financially successful. B. have achieved self-actualization, are truthful, work for the common good, and believe in social justice. C. use their innate strengths to fulfill their conscious and unconscious instincts for pleasure, and focus primarily on subjective reality to determine their own sense of truth. D. show a positive but objective sense of self and others, and have a sense of humor, common sense, and a unifying philosophy of life.

D

170. Which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and emotion? A. Neuroticism is related to feeling more positive emotion. B. Neuroticism is a personality trait and therefore not related to emotional experience. C. Neuroticism is related to extreme emotions, both positive and negative. D. Neuroticism is related to feeling more negative emotion.

D

173. Which of the following individuals illustrates the trait of conscientiousness? A. Peter, who experiences more negative than positive emotions B. Alvin, who loves talking to many people constantly C. Edmund, who suffers in silence D. Anne, who forgives her son for his poor academic performance

D

175. Ernie is an extrovert. Bert is an introvert. What can you predict about Ernie and Bert given your knowledge of personality research? A. Ernie has been denied unconditional positive regard. B. Bert is less neurotic than Ernie. C. Bert will be happier than Ernie. D. Ernie experiences more positive emotions than Bert.

D

179. Shawn graduated from college with honors and approaches most aspects of life with the expectation that he will be successful. He expects a great deal of himself and sets his goals high. After his interview for a job in the most prestigious company in his state, he was convinced that he would get the job. You could say that he A. has a strong tendency to be conceited. B. displays low self-acceptance. C. has a strong external locus of control. D. displays high self-efficacy.

D

184. When an individual hears and sees people who are not actually there, the individual is likely to be experiencing A. mirages. B. catatonia. C. delusions. D. hallucinations.

D

189. A schizophrenic patient sometimes lapses into a phase during which she becomes unresponsive and stiff. In this state her body becomes rigid, and she sits for hours by herself in a sort of stupor. In the context of schizophrenia, she is experiencing A. mania. B. psychosis. C. dissociative amnesia. D. catatonia.

D

191. Which of the following statements is true of the psychological and sociocultural factors involved in schizophrenia? A. Individuals with schizophrenia in developing, non-industrialized nations tend to have worse outcomes than those in developed, industrialized nations. B. Sociocultural background is considered as the primary cause of schizophrenia. C. Contemporary theorists strongly believe that stress is unrelated to the development of schizophrenia. D. Marriage and warm supportive friends are related to better outcomes for individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia.

D

195. Which of the following statements is true of the biopsychosocial model? A. According to the biopsychosocial perspective, a specific gene or a particular experience will inevitably lead to the development of a psychological disorder. B. According to the biopsychosocial model, biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors are independent of one another and operate distinctly in producing abnormal behavior. C. The biopsychosocial model gives more importance to biological factors over psychological and sociocultural factors in producing normal and abnormal behavior. D. The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.

D

197. Which of the following is a criticism of DSM-5? A. It classifies individuals on the basis of five dimensions or axes. B. It lays strong emphasis on a person's strengths and weaknesses to destigmatize psychological disorders. C. It does not rely on social norms and subjective judgments. D. It strongly focuses on the medical model and neglects factors such as poverty and trauma.

D

202. A person who regularly experiences motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts is likely to suffer from A. personality disorder. B. mood disorder. C. dissociative disorder. D. anxiety disorder.

D

203. With respect to the three characteristics of abnormal behavior, when a behavior interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in the world, it is considered A. repetitive. B. unique. C. dependent. D. maladaptive.

D

204. Brad has been in a state of incessant worry for almost half a year now. He has trouble sleeping and breathing. Dr. Simons, a psychiatrist, asks Brad detailed questions about his symptoms and medical history. Brad tells Dr. Simons that he cannot stop worrying and is constantly nervous. Brad also complains of muscular tension and stomach problems. After conducting a quick examination of Brad's symptoms, Dr. Simons discovers that Brad's incessant worry does not have a particular cause, and it has taken a physical toll on Brad's health. Which of the following disorders is Dr. Simons most likely to diagnose Brad with? A. schizophrenia B. obsessive-compulsive disorder C. bipolar disorder D. generalized anxiety disorder

D

214. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) A. does not seem to have a genetic component because it does not run in families. B. is characterized by a nonfunctioning limbic system. C. is found in people with high levels of serotonin in their brain pathways. D. sometimes occurs during a period of life stress.

D

215. Which of the following statements is true of individuals diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)? A. Individuals with OCD have an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations. B. Individuals with OCD experience recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause. C. Individuals with OCD have the ability to dismiss negative, intrusive thoughts by ignoring or effectively dismissing them. D. Individuals with OCD dwell on their doubts and repeat their routines sometimes hundreds of times a day

D

216. In the context of OCD-related disorders, an individual with hoarding disorder is most likely to A. compulsively pull at his hair from his scalp, eyebrows, and other body parts. B. suffer from a compulsion that involves picking at his skin, sometimes to the point of injuring himself. C. exhibit a distressing preoccupation with the flaws in his physical appearance. D. find it difficult to throw things away, troubled by the feeling that he might need them at a later time.

D

228. ________ is a mood disorder that is characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state. A. Obsessive-compulsive disorder B. Major depressive disorder C. Generalized anxiety disorder D. Bipolar disorder

D

232. Depressive disorders are ________, whereas bipolar disorder is ________. A. equally common in men and women/more common among men B. equally common in men and women/more common among women C. more common among men/equally common in men and women D. more common among women/equally common in men and women

D

233. Genetic factors are stronger predictors of ________ than of ________. A. depressive disorders/bipolar disorder B. dysthymic disorders/depressive disorders C. dysthymic disorders/bipolar disorder D. bipolar disorder/depressive disorders

D

234. ________ is an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation. A. Binge-eating disorder B. Schizophrenia C. Dissociative identity disorder D. Anorexia nervosa

D

236. Harry, a behavioral psychologist, is in the process of analyzing his patient Maria Valentine's report. Maria has been diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder (DID). According to Harry, severe physical abuse in childhood could serve as a plausible explanation for Maria's psychological disorder. Maria is emotionally damaged and forms alternate identities in order to shut out past memories and to cope with the trauma. In the context of theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, it can be inferred that Harry's explanation of Maria's condition conforms to the to psychological disorders A. cognitive approach. B. sociocultural approach. C. biological approach. D. psychological approach.

D

24. Heuristics and algorithms differ in terms of their A. creativity. B. scope. C. information-processing capacity. D. speed of processing.

D

240. Unlike obese individuals who do not suffer from binge-eating disorder, binge eaters are more likely to A. suffer from diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. B. stop eating before they are full. C. consume fatty, high-calorie food. D. overvalue their physical appearance, weight, and body shape.

D

241. A major advantage to group therapy is that A. clients can get more undivided attention from the therapist. B. it is better suited to clients with severe problems. C. the therapist has less work to do because the clients do most of the work. D. clients have more opportunity to develop social skills.

D

243. Elizabeth, a family therapist, tells Roy's family that his problem of cocaine addiction is related to the dynamics that exists within their family. According to this information, it can be inferred that Elizabeth practices the ________ technique. A. scaling B. client-centered C. structural change D. reframing

D

249. Given that collectivist cultures place more importance on the group than on the individual, some psychologists have suggested that ________ is likely to be more effective with people from Asian and Latino cultures. A. cognitive therapy B. psychoanalysis C. humanistic therapy D. family therapy

D

256. Which of the following statements about biological therapies is FALSE? A. Medical doctors can prescribe drugs for psychological disorders. B. Drug therapy is the most common form of biological therapy. C. Biological therapies are treatments that reduce or eliminate the symptoms of psychological disorders by altering aspects of body functioning. D. Psychologists can prescribe drugs for psychological disorders in most states.

D

257. James dreamed that he went to his neighbor's house at midnight and made himself a sandwich. His psychoanalyst interpreted the dream to mean that James really wanted to have sex with his neighbor's wife. Making the sandwich was the A. resistant content of the dream. B. hidden content of the dream. C. latent content of the dream. D. manifest content of the dream.

D

265. "I have never been a good problem solver. I am not direct enough to be successful," the client complained. "You do not see yourself as a direct problem solver?" responded the therapist. This conversation is an example of ________ and is typical of ________. A. reflective speech/psychodynamic therapy B. free association/client-centered therapy C. transference/psychodynamic therapy D. reflective speech/client-centered therapy

D

270. Aversive conditioning can be an effective treatment for A. generalized anxiety disorder. B. depression. C. schizophrenia and panic disorder. D. smoking, overeating, and drinking alcohol.

D

271. As part of a smoking-cessation program, Paul receives an injection of a nausea-inducing drug and then is asked to smoke a cigarette. Even though he knows he is receiving the drug, it is hoped that Paul will associate the nausea symptoms with smoking and will thus smoke less. This example best demonstrates the procedures typically used in A. systematic desensitization. B. client-centered therapy. C. rational emotive therapy. D. aversive conditioning.

D

280. Research shows that ________ is the most important determinant of therapy outcome. A. the therapist's credentials B. the cost of the therapist C. the client's age D. the quality of the client's participation

D

282. Dr. Guerrero uses different therapies based on the benefits they provide for her clients. Currently she is using a behavioral approach to treat an individual with panic disorder and a cognitive therapy approach to treat a client with major depressive disorder. Dr. Guerrero is practicing A. biological therapy. B. humanistic therapy. C. psychoanalysis. D. integrative therapy.

D

285. Avril is suffering from major depressive disorder and has been administered the drug Elavil, a tricyclic drug. According to this information, which of the following side effects is she likely to experience as a result of the intake of this drug? A. nervousness B. increased appetite C. suicidal thoughts D. memory difficulties

D

286. Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft are what type of antidepressant drugs? A. benzodiazepines B. tricyclics C. monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors D. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

D

287. ________ inhibits the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine and is also known as serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. A. Prozac B. Zoloft C. Paxil D. Effexor

D

293. Which of the following is true of psychoanalytic techniques? A. Resistance is the psychoanalytic term for the client's relating to the analyst in ways that reproduce or relive important relationships in the client's life. B. Transference is the psychoanalytic term for the client's unconscious defense strategies that prevent the analyst from understanding the person's problems. C. Freud believed that transference was an avoidable aspect of the analyst-patient relationship. D. Freud believed that a person's current problems could be traced to childhood experiences.

D

33. ________ is the tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an outcome. It is sometimes referred to as the "I-knew-it-all-along effect." A. Confirmation bias B. Intervention bias C. Selection bias D. Hindsight bias

D

35. Dan, who often travels in airplanes, experiences sudden fear of flying after he hears the news about an airplane crash. In this case, Dan's experience demonstrates A. confirmation bias. B. the availability heuristic. C. timing bias. D. hindsight bias.

D

43. Jessica has been searching for a new apartment. She has looked at several different possibilities and now must select which apartment best suits her needs. Choosing which apartment is best is an example of A. inductive reasoning. B. divergent thinking. C. functional fixedness. D. convergent thinking.

D

44. Which of the following is true of creative thinkers? A. They make fewer mistakes than their less-imaginative counterparts. B. They are motivated more externally than internally. C. They strive to evaluate their work subjectively. D. They may use established criteria to make judgments.

D

47. If a child's mental age is higher than her chronological age, this means that A. the child's IQ is average. B. the child's IQ is lower than average. C. the child's IQ is deteriorating. D. the child's IQ is above average.

D

48. A six-year-old child with a mental age of 6 would have an IQ of A. 90. B. 110. C. 60. D. 100.

D

60. According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, ________ intelligence predominantly involves the ability to design, invent, originate, and imagine. A. intrapersonal B. naturalist C. analytical D. creative

D

62. In the context of cognition and emotion, Zajonc famously argued A. that cognitive activity is a precondition for emotion B. that humans cognitively appraise themselves and their social circumstances C. for the primacy of thinking D. that preferences need no inferences

D

64. The facial feedback hypothesis provides support for the A. two-factor theory of emotion. B. Canon-Bard theory of emotion. C. Yerkes-Dodson law. D. James-Lange theory of emotion.

D

67. Many psychologists believe that the facial expressions of human beings A. vary from one culture to another. B. are displayed according to the same sociocultural standards across the world. C. are learned. D. have strong biological ties.

D

68. Evan received an ugly pair of pajamas for his birthday. Even though he didn't like the gift, he smiled and thanked his grandmother for the present. Evan's behavior can be explained in terms of A. the circumplex model of emotion. B. the broaden-and-build model. C. set points. D. display rules.

D

73. Darrin is a good piano player. When he is alone and bored his arousal is low and he often gets distracted and makes mistakes. When he is in a recital with strangers, he sometimes gets too nervous and aroused and also makes mistakes. His best performances are typically at home when family and friends are nearby, and his arousal level is moderate. The variations in Darrin's performance can be best explained by the A. Cannon-Bard theory. B. Clark Hull's theory. C. James-Lange theory. D. Yerkes-Dodson law.

D

79. Which of the following chemical substances plays an important role in the state of feeling full? A. oxytocin B. dopamine C. estrogen D. leptin

D

83. Soon after a car accident, Sally was rushed to the hospital. The doctors discovered that Sally's ventromedial hypothalamus had suffered some damage as a result of the accident. In the context of the biology of hunger, the doctor should expect that Sally will A. lose weight rapidly. B. gain weight gradually. C. lose weight gradually. D. gain weight rapidly.

D

85. Motivation for sexual behavior is centered in the A. pituitary gland. B. amygdala. C. adrenal gland. D. hypothalamus.

D

92. Dennis works as a salesman at a large retail store. He is happily married and lives in a safe neighborhood. He earns enough money to eat and provide for his family. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs is Dennis most likely to fulfill next? A. love and belongingness B. safety and security C. physiological needs D. esteem

D

99. Don places a great deal of value on money, prestige, and his physical appearance. According to your textbook, compared to someone who values the organismic needs, Don will be more likely to experience A. higher well-being but less physical illness. B. higher well-being but less self-esteem. C. less physical illness and well-being. D. lowered self-actualization and physical illness.

D