Psychology Final Review

According to Aaron Beck, clients may engage in _________, which means looking at the world in black and white rather than in shades of gray.

Absolutist Thinking

A man cancels an important business trip to a mountainous country because he is afraid of the steep roads and hill climbs. He is also terrified of the cable car ride that he must take to get to his hotel. He goes to a doctor to discuss this problem. In the context of anxiety disorders, which of the following diagnoses is the doctor likely to make?

Acrophobia

Steve's physician has prescribed medication that belongs to a class of chemicals known as benzodiazepines. Steve is most likely to be treated for _____.

Anxiety

_________ is characterized by excessive worrying, fear of losing control, nervousness, and inability to relax.

Anxiety

A young man is having trouble getting along with his roommate. Sometimes, his roommate does not speak for days. On other days, he speaks rapidly and nonstop, and is often abrasive and aggressive. The roommate is showing symptoms suggesting:

Bipolar disorder

Fran describes herself as complicated. Since she hates being alone, she is always looking for companionship and often gets involved in stormy relationships. Mostly, she gets into disagreements with people over her divided loyalties—she just cannot make up her mind to stand by one person. She has been hopping from job to job because she is not sure about what she likes to do. Her attitude is typical of a person with _____.

Borderline Personality Disorder

A similarity between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is that both:

Both are characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic event.

Mary has schizophrenia and exhibits symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, lack of emotional expression, and social withdrawal. Mary has:

Both positive and negative symptoms

Jason meets a therapist for the first time. During the session, the therapist tells him that she believes that humans have a natural tendency toward health and growth and that they are free to make choices and control their destinies. She also tells him that therapy is intended to help people get in touch with their genuine feelings. Which kind of therapy does she likely practice?

Client-Centered Therapy

Which of the following is true of free association?

Clients are made comfortable and asked to talk about any topic that comes to mind.

Which of the following therapies focuses on changing the beliefs and attitudes that create and compound people's problems?

Cognitive Therapy

A man witnessed an explosion in which a coworker died, and soon after, he lost his vision. Despite many neurological tests, doctors could find no organic basis for the man's loss of eyesight. A psychological explanation for this incident is:

Conversion Disorder

Mary and Ted are working with a therapist to strengthen their communication, express their uncomfortable feelings, and learn to share in the decision-making process. In which of the following therapies are they involved?

Couples Therapy

Delmar believes that he has been sent to Earth to save mankind. He believes that women are evil and that any male who speaks to, or associates with, a female is doomed to a life as a slave. He often tells people of his grand plan to save males from the influence of females. Nothing one says or does can convince him that his ideas are untrue. Which of the following does Delmar demonstrate?

Delusions

Jane has episodes where she can't remember what she did or where she was. She has found clothing in her closet that she does not wear and doesn't know how it got there. When she goes to see the doctor, she introduces herself as Suzy. Jane seems to be exhibiting:

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Amnesia is frequently associated with _____.

Dissociative disorders

According to psychodynamic therapy, psychological problems reflect:

Early childhood experiences and inner conflicts.

_________ is a perception in the absence of sensory stimulation that is confused with reality.

Hallucination

Which of the following is a difference between humanistic forms of therapy and behavior therapy?

Humanistic forms of therapy tend to focus on emotions, whereas behavior therapy tends to focus on actions.

Which of the following is true of cognitive therapy?

It focuses directly on thoughts and encourages ideas that help individuals solve problems.

Kim has a poor appetite and has experienced a severe weight loss. She is unable to concentrate or make decisions. She often has feelings of unworthiness and guilt for things she has not done. She no longer cares about life and talks about death, and how she would welcome it. Psychologists are most likely to diagnose Kim with _____.

Major Depressive Disorder

_________ is defined by recurrent, anxiety-provoking thoughts or images that seem irrational and beyond control and seemingly irresistible urges to engage in thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce the anxiety.

OCD

_________ is an abrupt anxiety attack that is apparently unrelated to specific objects or situations.

Panic Disorder

People with _________ do not show the grossly disorganized thinking of the paranoia of the paranoid schizophrenic.

Paranoid personality disorder

Individuals who have experienced severe trauma or victimization may experience debilitating anxiety reactions months and years after the actual traumatic experience. For example, disaster victims or war veterans often have their first symptoms many months after the actual events. These patients are diagnosed as suffering from:

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Behavior therapy applies _____ to directly promote desired behavioral changes.

Principles of Learning

Salma angrily tells her therapist, John, "I should have won the beauty contest. It's not fair." John confronts Salma's belief by asking, "Wasn't the winner more talented and articulate than you?" John is most likely to be a(n) _____.

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapist

Ryan, a psychiatrist, has recommended that his patient stop the use of antianxiety drugs. After two weeks, the patient complains that her anxiety symptoms have not abated. Ryan tells the patient that her feelings are an expected response to stopping antianxiety medication. What is the patient experiencing?

Rebound Anxiety

Joan avoids talking about her troubled marriage with her psychoanalyst. When she is asked to talk about the relationship, she becomes restless and claims, "There is nothing to tell." Which of the following is indicated by Joan's behavior?

Resistance

_________ is the tendency to block the free expression of impulses and primitive ideas—a reflection of the defense mechanism of repression

Resistance

According to Carl Rogers, which of the following is the basis for psychological problems?

Roadblocks to self-actualization

Katie is excessively fearful of meeting new people. She eats at her desk at work to avoid any social contact with her coworkers and consistently refuses their invitations to go out for parties. Psychologists will most likely diagnose Katie with _____.

Social Phobia

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of psychological disorders?

Socially acceptable behavior

People with _________ complain of physical problems such as paralysis, pain, or a persistent belief that they have a serious disease.

Somatoform Disorder

_________ are excessive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations, such as spiders, snakes, or heights.

Specific Phobias

_________ refers to Wolpe's method for reducing fears by associating a hierarchy of images of fear-evoking stimuli with deep muscle relaxation.

Systematic desensitization

Miguel, an unusually uncontrollable child, runs around the house endlessly, has little sleep, and often has temper tantrums. His mother exclaims to the family doctor, "I swear that kid is possessed!" In this scenario, which perspective on psychological disorders is she most likely to hold?

The Demonological Model

Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of group therapy?

The information shared in a group is seldom confidential.

Which of the following is true of rational emotive behavior therapists?

They aim to encourage clients to challenge and correct irrational expectations.

Which of the following is true of client-centered therapists?

They have unconditional positive regard for their clients.

Which of the following is the aim of traditional psychoanalysis?

To provide insight into the conflicts that are presumed to lie at the roots of a person's problems

Which of the following is a difference between traditional psychoanalysis and humanistic therapies

Traditional psychoanalysis focuses on early childhood experiences, while humanistic therapies focus on what clients are experiencing here and now.

In the context of depressive disorders, people who remain depressed:

are more likely to be able to solve social problems.

Dr. Thomas, a psychiatrist, works at a facility that treats new cases as outpatients rather than sending them to hospitals. He also helps people who have been released from mental hospitals. Most of the people treated by him have chronic psychological disorders. Dr. Thomas works at a(n)

community mental health center

Behavior therapists rely heavily on principles of _________.

conditioning and observational learning.

Schizophrenia is characterized by:

disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, and mood.

Unlike client-centered therapy, Gestalt therapy _________.

is directive.

In the manic phase of bipolar disorder, a person may:

make huge contributions to charity.

People with mood disorders:

may become severely depressed when things are going well or when they encounter mildly upsetting events

People with generalized anxiety disorder:

suffer from persistent anxiety that cannot be attributed to a phobic object, situation, or activity.