Psychology Final

which of the following neurotransmitters functions as a common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

GABA

a farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. in an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep and laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. he leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. he hopes they will learn to not eat the sheep. the farmer is attempting to apply the research of ___ to accomplish this

Garcia

the function of the ___ is to carry information to and from all the parts of the body

nervous system

which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act?

observational learning

which of the following statements concerning critical thinking is incorrect?

some authorities should not be questioned

according to Muller's Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies, if someone electrically stimulated the hair follicles on the basilar membrane in their ears, people would perceive this as:

sound

the place theory of pitch suggests that pitch is determined by the:

specific location where hair cells are stimulated

the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called:

spontaneous recovery

the key to hypnotic induction seems to be related to:

state of suggestibility

nicotine is a:

stimulant

drugs that speed up the functioning of the nerves system are called:

stimulants

as demonstrated in class, the perception of lightness of an area depends not only by the amount of light reflected from the local area, but also on:

stimulation across large areas of retina

a reinforcer is a consequence that ___ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that ___ a behavior

strengthens; weakens

punishment is for:

suppressing behavior

as discussed in class, cannabis use it safer than using:

synthetic marijuana

which of the following cannot be explained by the trichromatic theory of color vision?

that yellow "seems" like a primary color and color blindness

the place in the retina where the axons of all the ganglion cells come together to leave the eye is called:

the blind spot

hormones are chemicals that are secreted and go directly into ___

the bloodstream

as seen in the videotape, The Responsive Brain, several studies with rats, baboons and fish showed that:

the brain affects behavior and the brain changes with the environment

the placebo effect means ___

the expectations of the participants influence their behavior

as discussed in class, the amount of neural tissue a region occupies in an organism's brain reflects:

the importance of its function in the ecology of the organism

why do many reflexes, such as pulling your hand away from a hot iron, happen so quickly?

the message involved does not have to go all the way to the brain

if you stare for 30 seconds at a red object and then look at a blank sheet of white paper, you will see a greenish image of the object. This phenomenon BEST supports ________ theory of color vision

the opponent-process

the gate-control theory of pain suggests that:

the pain signals must pass through a kind of "gate" located in the spinal cord

___ is a system used for reducing bias and error in the measurement of data

the scientific method

which of these is the most accurate definition of the discipline of psychology?

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

as part of a psychology experiment, Brett decides to measure a person's "anxiety" by noting the number of blinks a person makes in a twenty-minute social interaction with a stranger. Brett appears to have offered a(n) ________ of anxiety.

theory

George records data that indicates that the number of hot chocolates sold at the concession stand increases as temperature outside decreases, which of the following statements is the most accurate depiction of this finding?

there is a negative correlation between the two variables

Paul (Sci Am) claims that students can learn from repeated testing if:

they receive rapid feedback

what is the function of myelin?

to speed ups the neural impulse

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. the food acted as a (an) ________

unconditioned stimulus

the human brain follows the basic ___ brain plan

vertebrate

the change in the shape of the lens in order to focus on a visual image is known as:

visual accommodation

the receptive field of a cell in the visual system is the:

visual firing patterns of the field cells

which of the following is a characteristic of both light waves and sound waves?

wavelength

the Franklin commission found, in their investigation of Mesmerism, that the effects of animal magnetism:

were due to expectation

which system, is color-blind, but has a depth perception and motion detection?

magnocelluar

a circadian cycle is about ___ hours long

24

with each week's unit (for most weeks), there are __ quizzes and the maximum number of points which can be earned from these is __

3;20

periods of REM sleep alternate with periods of non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs about every ________ minutes or so

90

which of the following stages of sleep is marked by the production of very slow delta waves?

N3 (R&K Stages 3 and 4)

the format for book reports is 3 paragraphs where:

P1 is a synopsis of reading, P2 explains the relevance of reading, P3 is a personal reaction

___ a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, is secreted by the pineal gland

melatonin

the best explanation of the moon illusion is:

apparent distance hypothesis

every deliberate action you make, such as pedaling a bike, walking, scratching, or smelling a flower, involves neurons in the ______ nervous system

autonomic

Leslie doesn't no longer get speeding tickets because she sets cruise control at the speed limit. the consequence for setting the cruise control at the limit is:

avoidance

for a chemical to be considered a neurotransmitter, it must:

be present presynaptically, be released following an action potential, and cause postsynaptic effect

for observational learning to occur, each of the following must happen EXCEPT ______

being reinforced for imitating the model

what are the five primary tastes?

bitter, salty, sour, sweet, umami

science has many drawbacks, including it:

cannot prove things, can only deal with public and empirical data, and requires results to be replicable

ff your ________ was damaged, you might walk oddly and have trouble standing normally

cerebellum

the cortex is divided into two sections referred to as ___

cerebral hemispheres

the size of the human brain is limited by:

childbirth and the physics of bone and muscle

the learning of phobias is a very good example of which certain type of classical conditioning?

conditioned emotional response

getting a 20 on a quiz would be a:

conditioned reinforcer

the tendency to look for information that supports one's own belief is called ___

confirmation bias

what term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts?

consciousness

the ontology that most psychologists adopt is:

consensual naive realism

John will likely experience REM rebound tonight if he:

did not sleep much last night

the term "just noticeable difference" is synonymous with:

difference threshold

which of the following questions could be answered best by using the survey method?

do students prefer a grading system with or without pluses or minuses? (answer)

the Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov discovered that _____

dogs would salivate to the sound of a ticking metronome due to a learned reflexive response called conditioning

____ synapses make it more likely that a neuron will send it's message to other neurons, whereas ___ synapses make it less likely that a neuron will send its message

excitatory; inhibitory

reinforcement that is given for a response emitted after each hour and half in time is most likely to be a ___ schedule

fixed

the transduction of optic energy into neural energy, as ably demonstrated in class by Erika, involves the retinene portion of the photopigments:

flipping from cis-11 to all trans

you spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. one day when you arrive at the park, you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven't seen for years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of ________

formation of a cognitive map

the majority of psychologists work in

four-year colleges and universities

which of the following brain areas is thought to be responsible for planning, foresight, inhibition of inappropriate behavior, and the consideration of future consequences of behavior?

frontal cortex

which of the following is a form of non-associative learning?

habituation

which of the following is a type of learning that some event is NOT important?

habituation

heroin addiction has been treated with ____

methadone

all of the following result from sleep deprivation EXCEPT ________

hyperalertness

how does Ernest Hilgard explain hypnosis?

hypnotized individuals dissociate the conscious mind into an "immediate" part and a "hidden observer" part

the emerging field of brain imagery in cognitive neuroscience has developed methods, such as MRI, to examine:

images of the living brain

in Bandura's study with the Bobo doll, the children in the groups who saw the model punished did not imitate the model at first. the would only imitate the model if given a reward for doing so. the fact that these children had obviously learned the behavior without actually performing it is an example of:

insight learning

the "aha!" experience is known as:

insight learning

as discussed in class for about 10% of users, cannabis

is addicting

averse simulation will NOT work to suppress behavior if it:

is signaled, used to suppress SSDRs and is delayed

according to determinism, every consequent is completely explicable by:

its antecedents

neurotransmitters and drugs are thought to fit into receptors like:

keys in a lock

according to Sigmund Freud, the important undying meaning of our dreams is found in the:

latent content

___ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

learning

Salvidore Dali "hid" the large image of Lincoln in:

low frequency spatial channels

a brain-imaging method called ___ takes advantage of the magnetic properties of different atoms to take a sharp, three-dimensional images of the brain

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

which of the following is a common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association?

participants must be allowed to make an informed decision

you meet a psychologist who says she views hypnosis from the social-cognitive perspective. which of the following is the best description of what her view of hypnosis would be?

people play the role of a hypnotized person: hypnosis is not an altered state of conciseness

the need to take a drug in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms are called:

physical dependence

psychologists who give potential employees tests that determine what kind of job those employees might best perform are interested in the goal of ______

prediction

the belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one's behavior is part of what early field of psychology?

psychoanalysis

the longest wavelengths we can see are experienced as ___ colors

red

a negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is ___ and, thus ___ the probability of a response

removed; increases

when a cell is "at rest," it is in a state called ___

resting potential

which of the following is responsible for the ability to selectively attend to certain kinds of information in one's surroundings and become alert to changes?

reticular formation

suppose you look at a given figure and decide that, depending on how you look at it, it can be perceived as either and old woman or a young lady. such a figure would be said to be:

reversible

___ are the raw experience, based on the activation of certain receptors located in the various sensory organs

sensations

the process by which unchanging information from the senses of taste, touch, smell, and vision is "ignored" by the sensory receptor cells themselves is called:

sensory adaptation

___ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced

shaping

Jim is 56 years old and slightly overweight. His wife reports that he snores loudly. What sleep disorder seems to fit Jim's symptoms?

sleep apnea

REM sleep refers to:

sleep periods in which a person's eyes move rapidly

the subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that consists of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands is called the ____ nervous system

somatic