Psychology (Gen)

(a) Andre, a competitive, easily-angered journalist

Which of the following people is the BEST example of a Type A personality? a. Andre, a competitive, easily-angered journalist b. Susan, a brilliant, self-confident accountant c. Clay, a reflective, open-minded artist d. Bonnie, a relaxed, fun-loving professor

(c) a psychoanalytic therapist

Which psychologist is MOST likely to agree with the idea that dreams offer valuable clues to the unconscious mind? a. Dr. Channing, a humanistic therapist b. Dr. Armstrong, a behavior therapist c. Dr. Dominguez, a psychoanalytic therapist d. Dr. Bradley, a cognitive therapist

(c) family therapy

Which therapy is MOST explicit in its assumption that no person is an island, and that people live and grow in relation to others especially our families. a. conversion therapy b. psychoanalysis c. family therapy d. cognitive therapy

(d) Eysenck

Who touched off the debate about psychotherapy's effectiveness when he summarized 24 studies of psychotherapy outcomes? a. Skinner b. Piaget c. Freud d. Eysenck

two-thirds

With or without treatment, about _____ of patients had symptom improvement according to Eysenck's research.

alarm reaction

general adaptation syndrome (GAS): phase 1;

Resistance

general adaptation syndrome (GAS): phase 2;

exhaustion

general adaptation syndrome (GAS): phase 3;

(d) medical

Gena believes that people with psychological disorders are suffering from diseases that have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and sometimes even cured. Gena believes in the _____ model of psychological disorders. a. biopsychosocial b. humanistic c. psychoanalytic d. medical

antisocial personality disorder

Harold has never been able to keep a job. He has been in and out of jail for theft, sexual assault, and spousal abuse. Harold would MOST likely be diagnosed as having _____ personality disorder.

(d) 2

Having drug-abusing biological parents increases the risk of drug abuse among adopted people by a factor of: a. 3. b. 1.5. c. 2.5. d. 2.

Implicit

Luke experiences some damage to his cerebellum. Based on information provided in the textbook, Luke's ______ memory may be impaired.

memory trace

Most forgetting curves indicate that the course of forgetting is initially rapid but then it levels off with time. One explanation for the shape of the curves is a gradual fading of the memory _____.

(b) schizophrenia

Mrs. Higgins believes that aliens from another planet have removed her stomach and are watching to see how long it takes her to grow another. Mrs. Higgins is MOST likely suffering from: a. dissociative identity disorder. b. schizophrenia. c. a phobia. d. bipolar disorder.

agoraphobia

Stella has been diagnosed with panic disorder and refuses to leave her home without her husband. She fears any situation in which she cannot escape or find help when a panic attack would strike. Stella suffers not only from panic disorder, but also from _____.

Generalization

Stimulus _____ occurs when a person who is attacked by a fierce dog later develops a fear of all dogs.

(d) psychoactive

Substances that produce changes in perception, emotion, thinking, or behavior are called _____ drugs. a. psychodynamic b. psychopathic c. psychogenic d. psychoactive

(d) social

Sufferers of _____ anxiety disorder avoid settings where others might judge them because of the fear that they may be evaluated negatively. a. persistent b. dissociative c. generalized d. social

mood-congruent memory

Whenever Rachel gets sad, the immediately is flooded with thoughts of failed relationships and missed chances. Rachel's experiences BEST illustrates ______ memory.

(d) mood-congruent memory

Whenever Valerie experiences intense feelings of fear, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Valerie's experiences BEST illustrates: a. the misinformation effect b. retroactive interference c. repression d. mood-congruent memory

(a) long-term potentiation

Which factor is believed to be the synaptic basis for earning and memory? a. long-term potentiation b. proactive interference c. priming d. semantic encoding

concept

When we use the term "Asian" to refer to a category of people, we are using this word to denote a(n) _____.

obsessive-compulsive

A disorder that is characterized by a person having repetitive thoughts that may lead to repetitive actions is called _____ disorder.

agoraphobia

A fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic is called ______.

(b) tardive dyskinesia

A patient at a mental health clinic is suffering from involuntary movements of his facial muscles and tongue. It is possible that this _____ is a side effect of his long-term use of antipsychotic medication. a. transcranial effect b. tardive dyskinesia c. dysthymia d. dystonia

Opiates

A reduction in anxiety, pupil constriction, slower respiration, and feelings of lethargy are associated with _____.

process simulation

Academic performance on exams can be improved by visualizing effective studying. This type of imagery is called _____.

short-term memory

After Lola gave her friend the password to a protected website, her friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box. In this instance, the password was clearly stored in her _____ memory.

phobia

Although Claude realizes his behavior is unreasonable, he is so distraught by high bridges that he avoids them and takes an unnecessarily lengthy route to and from work each day. Claude appears to suffer from a(n) _____.

Algorithm

Although we may use trial and error to solve a problem, we are guaranteed to find the solution by following a step-by-step procedure, otherwise known as a(n) _____.

(c) a rule that guarantees a problem's solution.

An algorithm is: a. the smallest unit of meaning in language. b. a problem-solving strategy that is usually successful. c. a rule that guarantees a problem's solution. d. the most representative or typical example of a concept.

(b) specific and temporary

An effective way to break the cycle of depression is to explain stressful events in terms that are: a. stable and specific. b. specific and temporary. c. global and stable. d. temporary and global.

(d) Heuristic

Anika resisted changing her answer to a test question after reminding herself that "it's always best to stick with your first answer." Anika's decision BEST illustrates the use of a simple thinking strategy called a(n): a. prototype. b. fixation. c. algorithm. d. heuristic.

(a) 1 to 2

Approximately _____ percent of the population suffer from panic disorder. a. 1 to 2 b. 2 to 3 c. 3 to 5 d. 5 to 10

Endorphins

As the body is flooded by an artificial opiate, such as heroin, the brain stops producing its own natural opiates called _____.

(d) serial position

At a block party, Cyndi meets nine new neighbors. Moments later, she can only remember the names of the first three and last two neighbors she met. The fact that Cyndi can remember the first few people she met BEST reflects the ______ effect. a. primacy b. flashbulb memory c. recency d. serial position

(d) encoding failure

Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is BEST explained in terms of: a. repression. b. retroactive interference. c. proactive interference. d. encoding failure.

(a) social

Avoiding eating in public, speaking up in public, and going to parties is characteristic of _____ anxiety disorder. a. social b. persistent c. generalized d. dissociative

(b) biomedical therapy

Carlos is suffering from bipolar disorder, a disorder where his mood shifts between periods of depression, periods of mania, and normal functioning. To help control the symptoms of his disorder, Carlos takes medication regularly. Carlos MOST likely sees a therapist who specializes in what type of therapy? a. psychotherapy b. biomedical therapy c. humanistic therapy d. behavioral therapy

Two-Word

Children first begin to demonstrate appropriate syntax in their speech during the _____ stage of language development.

(a) faulty thinking

Cognitive therapy assumes that the root of mental illness is: a. faulty thinking. b. malfunctioning chemicals in the brain. c. maladaptive behavior. d. unconscious conflict.

(c) amnesia

Colton wakes up in a hospital. Apparently, he cannot remember anything that happened immediately following a severe head injury. Colton's BEST case demonstrates: a. consolidation. b. retroactive interference. c. amnesia. d. repression.

(b) amnesia

Dana is suffering from _____ when she fails to remember events preceding traumatic brain injury. a. proactive interference b. amnesia c. consolidation d. repression

Rosenhan

David _____ conducted a study examining the biasing power of diagnostic labels.

(a) generalized anxiety

Diane is constantly concerned about things at work, even when she is at home. She is constantly worried about her home life, even when she is at work. Diane has free-floating worry that leaves her tense, irritable, impairs her concentration, and leaves her with many sleepless nights. Diane MOST likely suffers from _____ disorder. a. generalized anxiety b. persistent depressive. c. obsessive-compulsive d. bipolar

(a) can form concepts

Dr. Zane has been studying monkeys' ability to classify photographs of cats and dogs. After the monkeys became competent at this task, Dr. Zane found that specific frontal lobe neurons fired in response to new "catlike" or "doglike" images. This suggests that the monkeys: a. can form concepts. b. are not prone to functional fixedness. c. are smarter than 3-year-old children. d. have the ability to form syntax.

(a) resistance

During her weekly therapy sessions, Sabrina will often abruptly shift the focus of her attention and lose her train of thought. A psychoanalyst would suggest that this illustrates: a. resistance. b. transference. c. meta-analysis. d. regression toward the mean.

(b) 3

Early signs of antisocial behavior have been detected in children as young as age: a. 5. b. 3. c. 4. d. 6.

(a) B-lymphocytes; T-lymphocytes

Fighting bacterial infections is to _____ as attacking viruses is to _____. a. B-lymphocytes; T-lymphocytes b. B-lymphocytes; macrophages c. macrophages; T-lymphocytes d. T-lymphocytes; B-lymphocytes

(c) recall; recognition

Fill-in-the-blank test questions are to multiple-choice questions as ______ is to ________. a. encoding; storage b. recognition; recall c. recall; recognition d. storage; encoding

(b) intrinsic motivation

Fourteen-year-old Juliana enjoys playing the piano and never needs prompting from her parents to practice. She writes music and plays the piano several times a day. She tells her parents that she plays because she enjoys creating music. Juliana plays the piano because of: a. extrinsic motivation. b. intrinsic motivation. c. divergent thinking. d. convergent thinking.

(a) simple thinking strategies for solving problems quickly and efficiently.

Heuristics are: a. simple thinking strategies for solving problems quickly and efficiently. b. mental categories of similar objects, events, ideas, and people. c. problem-solving strategies involving the use of trial and error. d. methodical step-by-step procedures for solving problems.

(a) psychosurgery

If a patient suffers uncontrollable seizures, physicians can destroy specific nerve clusters that cause or transmit the convulsions. This BEST illustrates a procedure known as: a. psychosurgery. b. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). c. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). d. systematic desensitization.

19

In a study examining the biasing power of diagnostic labels, researchers went to mental hospital admissions offices and complained of "hearing voices" saying "empty," "hollow," and "thud." This was the only complaint they reported and they displayed no other symptoms. They were admitted and released an average of _____days later.

Retrieval

In daily life, when one says one "remembers" some information or a piece of knowledge, one means that one is able o use it. Memory, therefore, entails not only encoding and storage, but also _______.

(a) dopamine

In research examining the contribution of genes and neurons to addiction, which neurotransmitter appears to be involved? a. dopamine b. GABA c. norepinephrine d. acetylcholine

outcome simulation

In studies, improved academic performance was more closely associated with visualizing effective studying, rather than visualizing an "A" on the grade list, beaming with joy, and feeling proud. The latter is known as:

(c) priming

In the process of retrieving a specific memory from a web of associations, a person needs to activate one the strands that leads to it. This is known as: a. flashbulb memory b. primacy c. priming d. echoic memory

(c) the general adaption syndrome

In the psychology of health and stress, Hans Selye is associated with the study of: a. perceived control. b. motivational conflicts. c. the general adaptation syndrome. d. Type A and Type B personalities.

psychotic disorder

Irrationality, distorted perceptions, and a lack of contact with reality are defining features of _____disorders.

(a) confirmation bias

Jahmal cites his cousin Luana's many car accidents as evidence that women are worse drivers than men. He overlooks the fact that his wife and three daughters have had far fewer car accidents than he and his two sons. Jahmal's prejudicial conclusion about women's driving skills BEST illustrates the effects of: a. confirmation bias. b. belief perseverance. c. framing. d. the availability heuristic.

(d) generalized anxiety

Jitteriness, feelings of being on edge, and sleep deprivation are all symptoms of _____ disorder. a. post-traumatic stress b. obsessive-compulsive c. panic d. generalized anxiety

encoding failure

Juanita was daydreaming about her college plans during a boring lecture on the history of computers. She doesn't remember that ENIAC was the first functioning digital computer because she wasn't paying attention. Juanita's poor memory is BEST explained in terms of _____ failure.

(d) hippocampus

Lara is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that her ______, which is involved in storing explicit memories was not fully developed at that age. a. medulla b. thalamus c. reticular formation d. hippocampus

(b) client centered

Nancy's therapist is an active listener who often paraphrases what she says. He does not judge her and is quite open to her exploration of her weaknesses. He gives her appropriate validation and encourages her to reflect on her feelings. He wants to deepen her self-understanding. Her therapy is MOST likely: a. behavior therapy. b. client-centered. c. psychoanalysis. d. cognitive.

(b) vicious cycle

Neal has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Neal interprets negative stressful events using a pessimistic explanatory style. His explanatory style creates a hopeless depressed state, which then hampers the way Neal thinks and acts, causing more negative stressful events. Neal's depression is MOST likely due to a: a. neurotransmitter imbalance. b. vicious cycle. c. misattribution. d. defense mechanism.

(b) predisposition

Noam Chomsky argues that children's readiness to learn language is a(n): a. universal grammar. b. predisposition. c. heuristic. d. algorithm.

(d) cognitive

Of the perspectives on anxiety disorders discussed in the text, the _____ perspective is MOST likely to emphasize the fact that we may learn fear simply by observing others. a. biological b. psychoanalytic c. conditioning d. cognitive

Susan experienced emotion-triggered hormonal changes

On a business trip last year, Susan and Pam flew from Los Angeles to Boston. Susan really hates to fly. In the middle of the flight, Susan and Pam experienced 20 minutes of very severe turbulence. Susan remembers this incident as if it were yesterday, but Pam cannot recall it. Why?

(d) overconfident

Our ability to recognize material can make us feel _____, which might lead to poorer performance on certain tests. a. helpless b. uncertain c. indifferent d. overconfident

(b) proactive; retroactive

Owen has trouble remembering a friend's new phone number; he keeps recalling the old number instead. Completing a rental application, Pippa finds she can't recall one of her previous addresses, as she's had several addresses since. Owen is experiencing _____ interference. Pippa is experiencing _____ interference. a. retroactive; proactive b. proactive; retroactive c. regressive; progressive d. progressive; regressive

(c) inactive and feel unmotivated

People trapped in a depressed mood are: a. active, though unmotivated. b. inactive, though motivated. c. inactive and feel unmotivated. d. active and feel motivated.

phobia

People who feel irrationally and intensely afraid of a specific object or situation are suffering from a(n) _____.

Optimistic

People with a(n) _____ outlook expect positive outcomes.

(a) cultural diversity

Researchers studying chimpanzees in the wild report that they have found at least 39 customs that are specific to local chimpanzee groups. Differences in tool use, grooming, and courtship rituals can be accounted for by: a. cultural diversity. b. confirmation bias. c. linguistics. d. genetics.

(a) spacing

Ricardo distributes his study time rather than cramming because he wants to retain the information for the long-term. He is using the ______ effect. a. spacing b. serial position c. next-in-line d. semantic

(b) stimulus generalization

Ruth was walking through the woods during a thunderstorm. A tree struck by lightning from the storm toppled over, narrowly missing Ruth as she fled. The fact that Ruth now has a fear of all trees—not just the one that nearly harmed her—is an example of: a. observational learning. b. stimulus generalization. c. negative reinforcement. d. specific generalization.

Depakote

Simon is a 28-year-old male who suffers from bipolar disorder. He does not like lithium because of the side effects. His doctor prescribes a medication that was originally used to treat epilepsy. This medication is _____.

(a) convergent thinking

Solving an algebra problem exemplifies _____ because there is generally one right answer to such a problem. a. convergent thinking b. divergent thinking c. belief perseverance d. fixation

resilience

The ability to cope with stress and recover from adversity is called _____.

receptive language

The ability to understand language is called _____ language.

(a) perceived control

The director of an assisted-living housing complex was puzzled by the following situation. When she let the residents choose their own dinner time, as well as what they wanted to eat, she realized there were far fewer health problems and deaths. To what might she attribute this? a. perceived control b. explanatory style c. emotion-focused coping d. social support

(c) the availability heuristic

The easier it is for people to remember circumstances in which friends betrayed them, the more they expect such events to recur. This BEST illustrates the impact of: a. fixation. b. framing. c. the availability heuristic. d. belief perseverance.

withdrawal

The experience of physical pain following discontinued use of a psychoactive drug BEST illustrates _____.

universal grammar

The fact that all human languages have nouns, verbs, and adjectives led Noam Chomsky to refer to _____.

Alarm

The first phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by a(n) _____ reaction.

(d) stress

The process of appraising an event as threatening is called: a. daily hassle. b. a stressor. c. a stress reaction. d. stress.

(a) learned helplessness.

The social-cognitive perspective has linked the experience of depression with: a. learned helplessness. b. disruptions in conscious awareness. c. external attributions for failure. d. a lack of guilty feelings.

(c) exhaustion.

The third phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by: coping. resistance. exhaustion. an alarm reaction.

(a) T Lymphocytes

These lymphocytes attack cancer cells, viruses, and other foreign substances. a. T lymphocytes b. B lymphocytes c. L lymphocytes d. G lymphocytes

(a) doubled

This risk of a panic attack is _____ by the use of nicotine. a. doubled b. slightly increased c. unaffected d. halved

(d) psychotherapy

This type of therapy may involve a therapist seeking to uncover hidden meaning from a client's previous relationships, encouraging the client to adopt new ways of thinking, or to replace old behaviors with new ones. a. cognitive therapy b. biomedical therapy c. humanistic therapy d. psychotherapy

(d) tolerance

Through continued usage, an individual's brain may adapt to compensate for the effects of a drug. This adaptation is called: a. dependence. b. alteration. c. withdrawal. d. tolerance.

(b) aversive conditioning

To help Jacob overcome his smoking habit, a therapist puts him in a room with a carton of cigarettes laced with a chemical to induce nausea. He displays images of the dangers of smoking both on the walls and on a television set. This approach to treatment BEST illustrates: a. exposure therapy. b. aversive conditioning. c. cognitive therapy. d. a token economy.

(a) the most rapid memory loss for new information occurs shortly after it is learned.

Using nonsense syllables to study memory, Hermann Ebbinghaus found that: a. the most rapid memory loss for new information occurs shortly after it is learned. b. what is learned in one mood is most easily retrieved while in that same mood. c. our sensory memory capacity is essentially unlimited. d. short-term memory fades more rapidly than sensory memory.

(b) transference

When a patient in psychoanalysis begins to have feelings such as love or hatred toward their therapist, and those feelings are linked to other relationships they have had or have, they are experiencing: a. blocking. b. transference. c. resistance. d. counter-transference.

(b) Emotion-focused coping may be more effective than problem-focused coping when the situation is uncontrollable.

With respect to coping, which statement is TRUE? a. Emotion-focused coping is more direct than problem-focused coping. b. Emotion-focused coping may be more effective than problem-focused coping when the situation is uncontrollable. c. Emotion-focused coping is more effective than problem-focused coping. d. Emotion-focused coping is less effective than problem-focused coping.

(d) agoraphobia

Worry that a panic attack might occur can result in an individual avoiding places. This can lead to a condition called: a. a manic episode. b. obsessive-compulsive disorder. c. persistent depressive disorder. d. agoraphobia.

panic disorder

_____ disorder is characterized by sudden episodes of intense dread.

proactive interference

_____ interference is the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

language

_____ is our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

(a) Stimulus generalization

_____ occurs when a person who is attacked by a fierce dog later develops a fear of all dogs. a. Stimulus generalization b. Specific generalization c. Social generalization d. Reinforcement

biomedical therapy

_____ offers medication and other biological treatments.

posttraumatic growth

_____ refers to the positive psychological changes that result from struggling with extremely challenging circumstances.

T lymphocytes

______ attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances—even "good" ones, such as transplanted organs.

Natural killer cells (NK cells)

_______ cells attack diseased cells (such as those infected by viruses or cancer).

Macrophage ("big eater")

_______ cells identify, trap, and destroy harmful invaders and worn-out cells.

B lymphocytes

_______ release antibodies that fight bacterial infections.