Psychology HW 1-3

Which of the following is the strongest correlation coefficient? 0.50 -0.75 -0.92 0.75

-0.92

Fear conditioning can play a role in creating __________ in humans. personality disorders learning disabilities depressive disorders anxiety disorders

anxiety disorders

The technical definition of a reinforcer is: any consequence that follows a behavior a stimulus that increases the likelihood of good behaviors any consequence of a behavior that decreases the likelihood that it will be performed again. any consequence of a behavior that strengthens the behavior or increases the likelihood that it will be performed again

any consequence of a behavior that strengthens the behavior or increases the likelihood that it will be performed again

In which of these scenarios has extinction occurred? Connor finds that smoking cigarettes is no longer as rewarding as when he first started. Connor has quit smoking and no longer feels excited when he sees a cigarette. Connor finds that he needs to smoke more cigarettes to get the same nicotine buzz as he used to. Connor has quit smoking, but still craves the nicotine buzz that he used to get in the past.

Connor has quit smoking and no longer feels excited when he sees a cigarette.

What is a PsyD? Doctor of Philosophy Doctor of Psychiatry Doctor of Psychology Doctor of Psychoanalysis

Doctor of Psychology

In the study of personality, the ________ model includes dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion. H.O.P.E.S. Five Factor Fifth Dimension Either-Or

Five Factor

In what way are classical and operant conditioning distinct? In operant conditioning, the outcome does not depend on the organism's response, whereas in classical conditioning, whether the US is present does depend on the organism's response. In operant conditioning, the likelihood of the response leading to the outcome is certain, whereas in classical conditioning, the likelihood of the US eliciting the UR is uncertain. In operant conditioning, the strength of learning is usually measured by emitted responses, whereas in classical conditioning it is usually measured by elicited responses. In operant conditioning, the behaviors are elicited by the stimulus, whereas in classical conditioning, the behaviors are emitted by the organism.

In operant conditioning, the strength of learning is usually measured by emitted responses, whereas in classical conditioning it is usually measured by elicited responses.

Mr. Sampson's mouth always waters when he sees a donut. He nearly always orders a coffee when he has a donut. One day, he orders a coffee and a chocolate donut. He is served the coffee right away, but told that the donuts are still being made and he will have to wait a few minutes. He takes a seat while he is waiting and takes a deep sniff of his coffee. As he does so, he begins salivating. In terms of classical conditioning, why did this happen? It happened because the coffee is acting as a conditioned stimulus. It happened because the coffee is acting as an unconditioned stimulus. It happened because the coffee is acting as a conditioned response. It happened because the coffee is acting as an unconditioned response.

It happened because the coffee is acting as a conditioned stimulus.

Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist? Wilhelm Wundt John Watson Sigmund Freud William James

John Watson

Simon's rabbit gets a treat every night. The treats come in a plastic bag that makes a crinkling sound. When the rabbit hears the bag he runs to the door of his cage to await the treat. One night Simon when Simon is eating chips the rabbit hears the sound of the bag and runs to his cage door. The sound of the bag is the: conditioned stimulus conditioned response unconditioned response unconditioned stimulus

conditioned stimulus

People who have severed corpus callosum are likely to have difficulty: tracking the direction and speed of objects in motion, because the visual area of their brain has been damaged coordinating speech and action across the left and right sides of the body, because the connecting part of the brain has been damaged planning for an upcoming holiday, because the "executive control" area of their brain has been damaged writing a poem, because the speech area of their brain has been damaged

coordinating speech and action across the left and right sides of the body, because the connecting part of the brain has been damaged

The heavily myelinated fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres are collectively called the: medulla corpus callosum thalamus reticular formation

corpus callosum

What would be the best method for examining the relationship between age and driving behavior? naturalistic observation correlational method case study experimental method

correlational method

Emily naturally blinks whenever her sister pretends she's going to poke her in the eye. Her sister, a psychology major, then decides to have a little fun. She pairs the word "psychology" (conditioned stimulus) with pretending to poke Emily in the eye (unconditioned stimulus). Soon, Emily blinks as soon as she hears the word "psychology." According to the concept of blocking, what would happen in this scenario if Emily's sister also started snapping her fingers when she said the word psychology? Emily will stop blinking because she is getting too many conditioned stimuli than classical conditioning can account for Snapping her fingers will not have any additional effects because it is not adding any surprise to predict the unconditioned stimulus Emily will blink twice, one for each conditioned stimulus that causes the conditioned response Snapping her fingers will become a second conditioned stimulus causing Emily to blink

Snapping her fingers will not have any additional effects because it is not adding any surprise to predict the unconditioned stimulus

As learning occurs over repeated conditioning trials, the conditioned stimulus increasingly predicts the unconditioned stimulus, and prediction error __________. declines is no longer important stabilizes increases

declines

What would be the best method for studying the effect of listening to rap music on aggressive behavior? correlational method naturalistic observation case study experimental method

experimental method

The ________ of the brain houses the motor cortex and areas responsible for judgment, decisions and planning. parietal lobe frontal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe

frontal lobe

Jared received a head injury at work and later had trouble speaking and planning ahead. Which are of his brain was most likely damage: frontal lobes parietal lobes thalamus temporal lobes

frontal lobes

When a goal-directed action becomes automated and routine it is called a: conditioned response association learned behavior habit

habit

The main difference between the brains of humans and animals is that: animals have a a more developed frontal cortex humans have a more developed frontal cortex humans have larger brains humans have longer brainstems

humans have a more developed frontal cortex

According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health? applying biological principles to the psychology of a healthy social life primarily biology; individual psychology and social factors are sometimes relevant interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors successful application of biopsychological principles to social life

interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors

The Broca's area, named after neuroscientist Pierre Paul Broca, is associated with: synesthesia recognizing faces taste language production

language production

People's basic survival instincts such as fear, aggression, hunger and sex are associated with the: limbic system cerebellum hypothalamus spinal cord

limbic system

The Central Nervous System is: made up of the brain and spinal chord covered in a myelin sheath the portion of the nervous system that controls the beating of the heart and other "central" organs all portions of the nervous system that are not encased in bone

made up of the brain and spinal chord

To generate a structural image of the human brain, researchers typically use: electromyogram (EMG) positron emission tomography (PET) electroencephalogram (EEG) magnetic resonance image (MRI)

magnetic resonance image (MRI)

If Jack confiscates his son Joshua's video game console to stop him from misbehaving, what technique is Jack using to modify Joshua's behavior? passive aggressive behavior. negative reinforcement. negative punishment. positive reinforcement.

negative punishment.

Kelly is grounded by her father, until she sits down and completes an important homework assignment. Which technique has her father used to try to alter her behavior? negative reinforcement. positive reinforcement. parental reinforcement. positive punishment.

negative reinforcement.

The chemical signals that travel from one neuron to another, enabling them to communicate with one another, are called: neurotransmitters lobes synapses dendrites

neurotransmitters

If you see a bird flying toward you this information is most likely processed in the: occipital lobe limbic system temporal lobe avian lobe

occipital lobe

Richard, an institutionalized schizophrenic patient has poor personal hygiene. He is given a token each time he completes a personal hygiene behavior (e.g., brush their teeth in the morning). At the end of the week Richard can exchange these tokens for his favorite snack. The token acts as a: positive punishment negative reinforcement positive reinforcement negative punishment

positive reinforcement

Humans are much more likely to associate snakes with danger than flowers and danger. This is due to our evolutionary tendency called __________. organism biology preparedness adaptation neuro-conditioning

preparedness

Betty decided to conduct an experiment on the effectiveness of a new anti-anxiety pill. She decided that participants who had been diagnosed with anxiety would be in the treatment group and participants who had never been treated for anxiety would be the control group. Which aspect of proper research design did Betty ignore? placebo effect correlation does not imply causation observational learning random assignment

random assignment

Effects that increase behaviors are __________; effects that decrease them are ____________. right; wrong positive; negative rewards; consequences reinforcers; punishers

reinforcers; punishers

Which of the following refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time? pseudoscience -ology scientific theory hypothesis

scientific theory

The function of the myelin sheath is to: provide nutrients to the cell slow the transmission of action potentials protect the cell from blood borne poisons speed up the transmission of action potentials along the axon

speed up the transmission of action potentials along the axon

Ronaldo's dog, Mickey, used to be classically conditioned to bark every time he heard the doorbell because he knew people would be arriving and he wanted to say hello. While Mickey's owner did a good job of extinguishing Mickey's association of these stimuli, a doorbell can still sometimes evoke some responding again of Mickey barking. It is likely that Mikey is showing what aspect of conditioning? renewal effect elimination spontaneous recovery obedience

spontaneous recovery

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first. humanism, behaviorism, structuralism, functionalism structuralism, functionalism, humanism, behaviorism humanism, structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism

structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________. studying how emotional responses influence behavior while deemphasizing the importance of the subconscious studying implicit motivations for behavior through the use of implicit association tests studying the genetic basis for behavior and theorizing how instincts influence behavior studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

Given the current debates about health care and gun control, you are interested to know about people's political views. You decide to go to the mall and ask people their political affiliation as they walk by. This is an example of what type of research approach? survey naturalistic observation case study experiment

survey

The peripheral nervous system affects __________ while the central nervous system is associated with _______________. they are simply two names for the same system dreaming; daydreaming conscious thought; unconscious desires survival (such as breathing); information processing (such as seeing)

survival (such as breathing); information processing (such as seeing)

The precentral gyrus is associated with waving, throwing, and grasping. Because of this it is also known as: the "kinetic" area of the brain the "arm of the brain" the "primary motor cortex" the "arm-hand axis"

the "primary motor cortex"

Participants in a study on the effects of Viagra are assigned to groups. One group receives a sugar pill while the other group receives Viagra. The number of erections over 30 days is recorded by participants in a journal. In this example, what is the independent variable? the journal the Viagra the participants the number of erections

the Viagra

Which part of the brain is associated with physical movement and automatic reflexes: the cerebellum the corpus callosum the "Broca's area" the brain stem

the cerebellum

Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study ________. the soul, the mind, and behavior the mind and behavior only the mind only behavior

the mind and behavior

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences. sexual identity fetal development a person's consciousness a person's unconscious

a person's unconscious