Psychology midterm 1 Lof

2. Refer to the figure below. The numerals 1, 2, 3, and 4 refer to _______, respectively. A) dendrites, cell body, axon, and axon terminals B) basal ganglia, cell body, axon, and axon terminals C) dendrites, interneuron, cell body, and axon terminals D) axon terminals, cell body, interneuron, and synapses

A) dendrites, cell body, axon, and axon terminals

3. According to the ancient Greek philosopher Plato, A) we cannot necessarily rely on our senses to learn the truth. B) all of reality is simply an illusion. C) objective reality can be perceived only through experience. D) animal behavior has nothing to teach us about human behavior.

A) we cannot necessarily rely on our senses to learn the truth.

13. Jake has recently developed a disease that causes him to release too much testosterone. Compared with his behavior prior to developing the disease, his behavior now is likely to be A) more reserved and thoughtful. B) more irritable and aggressive. C) unchanged, as enzymes break neurotransmitters down quickly. D) unchanged, as testosterone does not affect brain functioning.

B) more irritable and aggressive.

3. The three main functional types of neurons are A) agonist, antagonist, and glial. C) glial, basal, and sympathetic. B) motor, sensory, and interneurons. D) hyperpolarized, depolarized, and limbic.

B) motor, sensory, and interneurons

3. The part of the cell that contains chromosomes is called the A) DNA. B) nucleus. C) mitochondria. D) endoplasmic reticulum.

B) nucleus.

In case study research, A) researchers interview a representative sample of people about a topic of interest. B) one or more individuals are studied in great detail. C) people are carefully observed in real-world situations. D) subjects are polled about their beliefs and opinions.

B) one or more individuals are studied in great detail.

16. Refer to the set of numbers below. 2, 8, 3, 4, 8, 10, 0 In the set of numbers, the median is _______ than the mean and _______than the mode. A) greater; greater B) greater; less C) less; less D) less; greater

C) less; less

14. Which function is most directly controlled by the brainstem? A) Memory formation B) Balance C) Language D) Breathing

D) Breathing

17. After surgery to control epilepsy, Miguel could understand people but lost his ability to speak. It is most likely that the surgery impacted his A) basal ganglia. B) somatosensory cortex. C) cerebellum. D) Broca's area

D) Broca's area

24. A researcher claims that the same area of the brain is active when we feel physical pain as when we feel hurt by social rejection. Which of the following would support her claims? A) PET scan results showing strong activation in the amygdala during social rejection B) An fMRI scan showing intense blood flow in the limbic system during social rejection C) PET scans showing activity in the sensory cortex when the researcher says hurtful things to the participants D) Images from fMRI scans that look similar for subjects experiencing physical pain and subjects experiencing social rejection

D) Images from fMRI scans that look similar for subjects experiencing physical pain and subjects experiencing social rejection

Following a head injury, Maria experienced a dramatic personality change. She now gambles heavily, swears and yells at work, and has difficulty planning ahead. She most likely experienced damage to her a. prefrontal cortex. b. basal ganglia. c. occipital lobe. d. central sulcus.

a. prefrontal cortex.

In Plato's cave allegory, a prisoner was temporarily unchained and allowed to see the fire at the mouth of the cave. When he returned to the chains, the other prisoners a. refused to believe him. b. marveled at his great knowledge. c. began to reconsider their own views. d. immediately accepted his insight.

a. refused to believe him.

A self-report measure of the personality trait of agreeableness produces very similar scores each time the same person completes it. It is also strongly correlated with whether family members describe a person as friendly and cooperative. This measure appears to be a. reliable and valid. b. valid but not reliable. c. reliable but not valid. d. neither reliable nor valid.

a. reliable and valid.

A researcher would be most likely to find a negative correlation between _______ and _______. a. shyness; party attendance b. hopelessness; depression c. conscientiousness; grade point average (GPA) d. occupational success; self-esteem

a. shyness; party attendance

15. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by problems directing attention, which are also accompanied by A) weak effects of methylphenidate in the brain. C) severely limited verbal communication. B) increased physical activity and fidgeting. D) avoidance of eye contact with others.

B) increased physical activity and fidgeting.

. In an experiment, the variable manipulated by the researcher is the _______ variable. A) dependent B) independent C) experimental D) confounding

B) independent

In a psychology experiment, subjects listen to a variety of tones presented at different frequencies and then reflect on the experience, describing what they heard as precisely as possible. These individuals would have been using a process called A) behaviorism. B) introspection . C) hypnosis. D) Gestalt therapy.

B) introspection

20. Deception in psychological research A) has never been considered ethical. B) has not been allowed since the Tuskegee study. C) is not possible because it interferes with the legal requirement of informed consent. D) is occasionally allowed but must be followed by a thorough debriefing.

D) is occasionally allowed but must be followed by a thorough debriefing.

27. All of the following are secondary sex characteristics except A) wide hips in females. C) beard growth in males. B) wide jaws in males. D) reproductive organs in females.

D) reproductive organs in females.

22. An important principle to remember when studying psychology is that A) we are consciously aware of all the events that affect our behavior. B) genetics has very little influence on our behavior. C) adults rarely alter their behavior according to what those around them are doing. D) the act of learning changes the physical structure of the brain.

D) the act of learning changes the physical structure of the brain.

32. Menopause is characterized by A) the start of monthly menstrual cycles. B) a pause in monthly menstrual cycles during pregnancy. C) menstrual cycles that occur despite pregnancy. D) the end of monthly menstrual cycles.

D) the end of monthly menstrual cycles.

Computed tomography (CT) scans a. provide less detailed brain images than transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). b. show brain structures but not areas of brain activity. c. require the injection of radioactive markers. d. measure the response of brain tissue to magnetic fields.

b. show brain structures but not areas of brain activity.

Dopamine is most directly involved in a. inhibiting neurons. b. signaling pleasure. c. reducing pain perception. d. slowing heart rate

b. signaling pleasure.

The peripheral nervous system is divided into the _______ nervous system and the _______ nervous system. a. central; autonomic b. spinal cord; somatic c. somatic; autonomic d. sympathetic; motor

c. somatic; autonomic

The idea that children are born with no knowledge or "content" whatsoever and are "filled" by life experiences is called a. rationalism. b. determinism. c. tabula rasa. d. nature vs. nurture.

c. tabula rasa.

Psychology is best defined as the study of a. mental health. b. consciousness and intuition. c. the mind and behavior. d. learning and developmental delay.

c. the mind and behavior.

What is the primary difference between a hypothesis and a theory? a. A hypothesis is based on a hunch, and a theory is based on data. b. A hypothesis is an untested theory. c. Hypotheses are used to generate theories. d. A theory is a collection of data-based hypothese

d. A theory is a collection of data-based hypothese

Which neurotransmitter would you be most likely to find in the synaptic cleft between a motor neuron and a muscle? a. GABA b. Serotonin c. Glutamate d. Acetylcholine

d. Acetylcholine

A doctor needs a brain imaging technique that shows brain structure but not brain function. Which technique should the doctor choose? a. Electroencephalography (EEG) b. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) c. Positron emission tomography (PET) d. Computed tomography (CT)

d. Computed tomography (CT)

Which of the following perspectives argues that human behavior develops in certain ways because it serves a useful purpose? a. Psychoanalysis b. Cognitive psychology c. Behaviorism d. Functionalism

d. Functionalism

In experimental research, which of the following variables is controlled by the researcher? a. Confounding b. Experimental c. Dependent d. Independent

d. Independent

A researcher testing a new medication for attention deficit disorder randomly assigns half of the participants to get the actual medication and half to get a sugar pill. Neither the researcher nor the participants know who is getting what. This study design will a. increase measurement reliability. b. increase explicit bias. c. reduce study validity. d. reduce unconscious bias.

d. reduce unconscious bias.

Inhibitory synapses a. cannot exist in the same part of the body as excitatory synapses. b. increase the likelihood that a neuron will reach the firing threshold. c. trigger action potentials. d. hyperpolarize neurons.

d. hyperpolarize neurons.

A correlation of −0.80 between meditation and anxiety symptoms would indicate a. meditation and anxiety symptoms are unrelated. b. meditation effectively reduces anxiety symptoms. c. anxious people are more likely to meditate. d. meditation predicts lower levels of anxiety.

d. meditation predicts lower levels of anxiety

The study of the nervous system is called a. cognitive science. b. psychopathology. c. psychophysics. d. neuroscience.

d. neuroscience.

Whether depression levels are truly lower in a treatment group than in a control group is assessed by determining the _______ of the difference in scores between groups. a. variance b. validity c. statistical inference d. statistical significance

d. statistical significance

Which statement best describes a valid gene—environment interaction on behavior? a. Identical twins adopted by different families often display behaviors typical of their adoptive families. b. In rats, littermates reared by mothers of different strains display the same exploratory behavior as their biological siblings. c. Two people with the same phenotype may not share the same genotype. d. Shrews raised in a lab without their mother fail to nurture their young.

. Identical twins adopted by different families often display behaviors typical of their adoptive families.

11. _______ activate receptors in the same way as the normal neurotransmitters do. A) Agonists B) Antagonists C) Hyperpolarized neurons D) Mirror neurons

A) Agonists

1. _______ psychologists study how the mind and behavior progress as people age. A) Developmental B) Differential C) Adaptive D) Evolutionary

A) Developmental

20. In the homunculus that corresponds to the mapping of the somatosensory cortex, which body part occupies the largest area? A) Hand B) Trunk C) Nose D) Leg

A) Hand

33. Which statement is not consistent with research on cognitive processing and aging? A) Older people typically respond faster than younger people in memory experiments. B) Fluid intelligence peaks in adolescence but then begins to decline. C) Memory decline in older people is the result of a shrinking of the hippocampus. D) Crystallized intelligence continues to grow through the aging process.

A) Older people typically respond faster than younger people in memory experiments.

4. Which of the following is an empirical statement? A) The temperature right now is higher than it was 24 hours ago. B) The 1927 New York Yankees are the greatest baseball team of all time. C) The social construction of gender in modern society imposes penalties on both men and women. D) Women are naturally better parents than men; it is just part of their nature.

A) The temperature right now is higher than it was 24 hours ago.

18. When one identical twin has schizophrenia, the other develops it only about half of the time. What is the most likely explanation for this? A) There is an environmental component involved in developing schizophrenia. B) The twin who develops schizophrenia has a genetic mutation that the other twin does not have. C) Identical twins share most genes, but they do not share the gene for schizophrenia. D) Any genetic links to schizophrenia disappear once a person reaches early adulthood.

A) There is an environmental component involved in developing schizophrenia.

12. A meta-analysis is A) a combination of results from many related studies. B) an alternative to the strong inference approach. C) the most common analysis in correlational research. D) the most common analysis in experimental research.

A) a combination of results from many related studies.

8. A hypothesis is A) a testable prediction about the relationship between variables. B) a simple explanation for a psychological finding. C) an observed relationship between independent and dependent variables. D) an unprovable assumption about psychological processes.

A) a testable prediction about the relationship between variables.

16. According to Piaget's theory, the two processes that drive children's mental development are called A) assimilation and accommodation. C) association and constructivism. B) conservation and assimilation. D) accommodation and association.

A) assimilation and accommodation.

John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B. F. Skinner would have agreed that psychology is the study of A) behavior. B) the mind. C) conscious experience. D) mental processes.

A) behavior.

15. Which brain region regulates hunger and thirst? A) Corpus callosum B) Basal ganglia C) Hypothalamus D) Limbic system

C) Hypothalamus

Cognitive psychology A) focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information. B) attempts to explain reality in a way that does not rely on our fallible senses. C) studies the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord and all of their connections to the body. D) focuses exclusively on externally visible behavior and ignores internal mental processes.

A) focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information.

28. Though our brains are almost fully developed by the time we reach adolescence, enormous changes continue in the brain region called the _______ lobe. A) frontal B) parietal C) temporal D) occipital

A) frontal

9. Variations in eye color are the result of alleles that differ in terms of A) how much pigment they make. B) what pigment they make. C) how expression of the allele affects the ability of the iris to change when it encounters light. D) how much of a particular receptor will be expressed in the retina.

A) how much pigment they make.

20. Many research findings indicate that disease, malnutrition, and neglect _______ the probability that a person will develop schizophrenia. A) increase B) decrease C) do not affect D) negate

A) increase

17. A heritable trait is one that A) is influenced by genes inherited from one's parents. B) is guaranteed to present itself if inherited from one's parents. C) can be perfectly mapped within the genome. D) cannot be found using genetic testing.

A) is influenced by genes inherited from one's parents.

One of the goals of studying psychology is to A) learn to sort out fact from fiction about ideas in popular psychology. B) completely understand and predict human behavior. C) learn how to become happy. D) find the answers to all of life's questions.

A) learn to sort out fact from fiction about ideas in popular psychology.

13. Colorblindness is more common in males than in females because A) males receive only one allele (on the X chromosome) for that gene for color vision. B) females often do not experience the same gene-environment interactions as males. C) the gene for colorblindness is on the Y chromosome. D) the gene for red-green colorblindness is dominant.

A) males receive only one allele (on the X chromosome) for that gene for color vision.

12. Before scientists fully understood the cause of PKU, infants with the disorder often developed A) mental impairment. C) somatosensory hallucinations. B) colorblindness. D) early-onset schizophrenia.

A) mental impairment

7. Mutations arise from A) mistakes in copying DNA from a parent when eggs or sperm are made. B) exchanging of proteins during fertilization. C) encoding of ribosomes during DNA generation. D) faulty functioning of amino acids during conception.

A) mistakes in copying DNA from a parent when eggs or sperm are made.

3. A manager at a science museum wants to identify the most popular exhibits, so once every hour for six weeks she has volunteers count the number of people standing in front of each exhibit. This is an example of A) naturalistic observation. B) correlational research. C) case study research. D) experimental research.

A) naturalistic observation.

4. Complex behavior is controlled by A) neural networks. B) sensory neurons. C) the mind, rather than the brain. D) degradative enzymes.

A) neural networks.

Cognitive psychologists became interested in how processing was done inside the brain, which led directly to the development of A) neuroscience. B) Gestalt psychology. C) behaviorism. D) functionalism.

A) neuroscience.

15. To learn more about the gaming habits of teenage boys, a professor randomly selected fifty boys from various high schools for a video game study. In this study, "all teenage boys" make up the A) population. B) representative sample. C) independent variable. D) control group.

A) population.

6. Correlations are most useful for A) predicting behavior. C) explaining outcomes. B) discovering the cause of behavior. D) testing treatments.

A) predicting behavior.

22. Rats whose mothers were attentive and licked them more frequently as pups tend to A) produce less stress hormone as adults. C) show some signs of embarrassment as pups. B) produce more stress hormone as adults. D) show heightened response to stress as pups.

A) produce less stress hormone as adults.

18. Reliability refers to whether your measurement tool _______ and validity to whether it _______. A) produces repeatable results; measures what it is supposed to measure B) measures what it is supposed to measure; produces repeatable results C) produces statistically significant results; controls for confounds D) controls for confounds; produces statistically significant results

A) produces repeatable results; measures what it is supposed to measure

The study of how physical events, such as lights and sounds, affect our senses is called A) psychophysics. B) dualism. C) empiricism. D) functionalism.

A) psychophysics.

37. All of the following activities have been shown to prevent the development of Alzheimer's disease except A) resting the brain by avoiding complex cognitive tasks. B) engaging daily in mild physical exercise. C) engaging in intellectual activities such as daily crossword puzzles. D) regular participation in social activities.

A) resting the brain by avoiding complex cognitive tasks.

19. Sensory information from the left side of the body is processed in the _______ and mapped onto the cortex. A) right hemisphere B) left hemisphere C) left and right hemispheres D) corpus callosum

A) right hemisphere

22. Mary Ainsworth found that infants vary in their attachment styles by using an experimental procedure called the A) strange situation task. B) visual cliff test. C) habituation technique. D) preferential looking task.

A) strange situation task

18. The corpus callosum is directly responsible for A) transferring information between the left and right hemispheres. B) controlling the pituitary gland. C) triggering movement. D) activating the autonomic nervous system.

A) transferring information between the left and right hemispheres.

21. Baby chicks born on a farm will often follow the human that they first see when they hatch. This is a result of _______, the innate process of learning to recognizing a parent. A) attachment B) imprinting C) stranger anxiety D) implicit learning

B) imprinting

18. As you and your roommate watch a news report about a big fight that broke out at a local club, he turns to you and says, "I'm not surprised. It's a full moon, after all. People always go crazy around the full moon." As a student of psychology, your response should be: A) "Is it a full moon tonight? No wonder I was feeling so weird!" B) "When you look at police records, the actual data do not really support that idea." C) "Well, people tend to be more accident-prone around the full moon, but the crime rate doesn't really go up." D) "I don't think the moon has anything to do with this. It's too cloudy. You can't even see the moon tonight."

B) "When you look at police records, the actual data do not really support that idea."

19. Which statement is most consistent with the concept of heritability of alcoholism? A) Any person with alcoholism in his or her family is likely to inherit the condition. B) Alcoholism is heritable, but this does not mean that a person with alcoholism in his or her family is destined to also have the condition. C) Alcoholism can run in families, but only when it is left untreated. D) Alcoholism is not heritable; it is the result of environmental influence early in life.

B) Alcoholism is heritable, but this does not mean that a person with alcoholism in his or her family is destined to also

25. What can be concluded from developmental studies of children in daycare? A) Children in low-quality daycare do not develop attachment styles. B) Children in high-quality daycare tend to perform better academically. C) Children raised by their grandparents tend to show greater levels of secure attachment. D) There is little relationship between the quality of daycare and social or academic success.

B) Children in high-quality daycare tend to perform better academically.

17. Which of the following choices requires inferential statistics? A) Determining the class average on an exam B) Determining whether the exam scores of one fourth-grade classroom reflect how all fourth-graders would score C) Identifying the most common grade on a test D) Calculating the difference between pre-test and post-test scores after administration of a specialized learning module

B) Determining whether the exam scores of one fourth-grade classroom reflect how all fourth-graders would score

6. Which of these events occurs first during an action potential? A) Gated potassium channels close. B) Gated sodium channels open. C) Gated sodium channels close. D) The inside of the neuron becomes negatively charged.

B) Gated sodium channels open.

11. Which option shows four motor milestones in the order in which they normally occur? A) Rolling over → lifting the head → sitting upright → standing without support B) Lifting the head → rolling over → sitting upright → standing without support C) Standing without support → rolling over → sitting upright → walking D) Lifting the head → sitting upright → lying on one side → fixating on objects

B) Lifting the head → rolling over → sitting upright → standing without support

16. _______ twins share 100 percent of their DNA. A) Dizygotic B) Monozygotic C) Fraternal D) Discordant

B) Monozygotic

17. Juan is thirteen months old and is no longer surprised when his mother hides his toy train, only to reveal it again in a different position in front of him. What cognitive milestone is Juan displaying? A) Concrete operations B) Object permanence C) Conservation D) Object recognition

B) Object permanence

18. Children's theory of mind can be assessed with the A) strange situation task. B) Sally and Anne test. C) preferential looking task. D) conservation test

B) Sally and Anne test.

30. What was Kohlberg most interested in when examining people's responses to the fictional story of Heinz stealing a drug for his ailing wife? A) Whether they said it was okay for Heinz to steal the drug B) The nature of their reasoning about their choice C) The number of times they asked about Heinz's age D) Whether or not they mentioned Heinz's wife when responding

B) The nature of their reasoning about their choice

21. _______ temporarily disrupts brain activity. A) Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) C) Computed tomography (CT) B) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) D) Positron emission tomography (PET)

B) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

5. Which of these behaviors is most likely to be controlled by a neural network? A) Jerking your hand away from something sharp C) Experiencing candy as sweet B) Understanding a joke D) Throwing your arms out for balance when you slip

B) Understanding a joke

7. A Darwinist is likely to believe that A) heritable traits cannot be altered by experience. B) all human behavior has its roots in animal behavior. C) any mental activity that cannot be directly observed is unimportant. D) the senses offer an unreliable understanding of the world.

B) all human behavior has its roots in animal behavior.

7. In order to fit a growing number of synapses into the skull, a human brain A) decreases in overall size and function. C) sheds neurons and supports more glial cells. B) becomes increasingly wrinkled. D) loses a third of its original weight.

B) becomes increasingly wrinkled

34. Though generally satisfied with life, older people do experience a sense of loss and longing after the death of a friend or loved one. This is called A) stagnation. B) bereavement. C) dementia. D) isolation.

B) bereavemen

5. During cell migration, neurons A) differentiate to perform different functions. B) clump together to form various brain structures. C) begin to connect with other neurons for communication. D) are pruned to reduce their numbers.

B) clump together to form various brain structures.

29. Kohlberg described the type of moral reasoning used by most adults as A) preconventional. B) conventional. C) postconventional. D) unconventional

B) conventional.

10. The scientific study of factors that affect gene expression is called A) population genetics. B) epigenetics. C) epidemiology. D) ecological genetics.

B) epigenetics.

1. The belief that genes determine everything about us, including our behavior, is referred to as A) nature-nurture theory. B) genetic determinism. C) psychological relativism. D) gene therapy

B) genetic determinism.

5. Which term refers to specific lengths of DNA that carry information needed to make the proteins that are required for proper bodily functioning? A) Ribosomes B) RNA C) Genes D) Amino acids

C) Genes

20. An overwhelming amount of scientific evidence indicates that A) the crime rate increases dramatically around the time of a full moon. B) people are born with specific sexual orientations. C) subliminal advertising can compel people to buy things they do not really want. D) exposing young children to classical music increases their IQs.

B) people are born with specific sexual orientations.

8. Regardless of what your current _______ displays, your _______ never changes. A) genotype; phenotype B) phenotype; genotype C) prototype; phenotype D) prototype; genotype

B) phenotype; genotype

9. The key purpose of myelin is to A) activate the sympathetic nervous system. C) trigger muscle cells to fire. B) provide electrical insulation. D) facilitate the reuptake of neurotransmitters

B) provide electrical insulation.

10. When a touch to the cheek elicits a turn of an infant's head, the infant is displaying a simple reflex called A) grasping. B) rooting. C) sucking. D) conserving.

B) rooting.

24. A child who regularly displays avoidant attachment will show little or no distress when her mother leaves her with a new caregiver. The next time the caregiver comes, the child will most likely A) show affection for the caregiver. C) alternate between attachment and rejection. B) show little or no response to the caregiver. D) behave aggressively toward the caregiver.

B) show little or no response to the caregiver.

15. One of the best methods of determining the influence of confounding variables on the heritability of human traits is to conduct a A) cross-sectional study. B) study of identical twins. C) case study. D) study of fraternal twins.

B) study of identical twins.

22. Although very few people would admit to a belief that men make better hires than women, several experiments show that men are more likely to be hired than women with identical résumés. This is an example of A) explicit bias. B) unconscious bias. C) poor validity. D) negative skew.

B) unconscious bias.

5. Plato's cave analogy illustrates that A) our nervous system operates much like a machine. B) we cannot necessarily rely on our senses to learn the truth. C) objective reality can be perceived only through logic. D) animal behavior is very similar to human behavior.

B) we cannot necessarily rely on our senses to learn the truth.

2. A fertilized human egg cell is called a A) neuron. B) zygote. C) placenta. D) synapse.

B) zygote

19. Evan has developed articulate verbal skills, often rattling off the details of the workings of his various toys. However, Evan finds it very difficult to understand what other people think and feel. As a result, he has trouble forming relationships with other children at school. Evan likely has A) severe autism. B) schizophrenia. C) Asperger's syndrome. D) ADHD.

C) Asperger's syndrome.

4. Which of the following research methods would be most appropriate for exploring whether childhood emotional abuse predicts higher levels of adult depression? A) Naturalistic observation B) Experimental research C) Correlational research D) Case studies

C) Correlational research

1. Which statement about information transmission between neurons is correct? A) Neurons send electrical messages across the synaptic cleft. B) Most neurons receive information from only one or two other neurons. C) Information between two neurons passes in only one direction at the synapse. D) Glial cells are responsible for information transmission outside the brain.

C) Information between two neurons passes in only one direction at the synapse.

2. Which is most consistent with the textbook's characterization of how nurture influences behavior? A) Nurture provides all of the necessary elements for determining our behaviors. B) Genes activate our behaviors. C) Learning experiences and social interactions affect how we use the genes that we inherited. D) We learn most of our behaviors from social interactions.

C) Learning experiences and social interactions affect how we use the genes that we inherited.

8. Any substance that disrupts the flow of nutrients to the brain, or in any way harms the fetus, is called A) a synapse. B) differentiation. C) a teratogen. D) migration.

C) a teratogen.

10. Myelinated axons are useful because they A) prevent saltatory conduction. C) allow action potentials to travel more quickly. B) decrease the number of nodes of Ranvier. D) are less likely to reach the firing threshold.

C) allow action potentials to travel more quickly

31. Adolescents are in the fifth stage of psychosocial development, and according to Erikson, are most concerned with developing A) initiative. B) intimacy. C) an identity. D) a sense of purpose.

C) an identity

13. Gestalt psychologists such as Max Wertheimer and Wolfgang Köhler A) insist that only readily measured, observable behaviors are worthy of study. B) believe that behaviors have an adaptive function that helps humans survive. C) argue that the overall experience of human perception is greater than the sum of its parts. D) claim that emotions and consciousness should be kept outside the realm of psychology as a science.

C) argue that the overall experience of human perception is greater than the sum of its parts.

6. A classmate tells you that she has over 700 Facebook friends. As a proponent of the social brain hypothesis, you will most likely A) approve of her attempt to promote her "survival" by forming attachments to a large group. B) conclude that she is more sociable and mentally healthy than the average person. C) be skeptical of her ability to interact meaningfully with so many people. D) recognize that she is using these "friendships" to mask her deep loneliness.

C) be skeptical of her ability to interact meaningfully with so many people.

8. A neuron's refractory phase is defined as the A) moment of depolarization. B) moment when the action potential leaps to the next node of Ranvier. C) brief period during and immediately after an action potential when a neuron cannot produce another action potential. D) developmental period before a neuron has been myelinated.

C) brief period during and immediately after an action potential when a neuron cannot produce another action

21. The hallmarks of psychology as a science are A) reliance on authority and cautious measurement of data. B) the use of informal data and the belief perseverance in all research. C) careful experimentation and the application of critical thinking. D) adherence to conventional morality and deductive reasoning.

C) careful experimentation and the application of critical thinking.

You are trying to overcome your fear of snakes. Inspired by the work of Mary Cover Jones, your therapist first shows you some pictures of snakes. Then she tells you that there is a small snake in a cage in the next room. She asks you to observe the live snake from a distance, and continues this process until your fear is conquered. Your therapist is using the technique called A) acceptance therapy. B) extinction. C) desensitization. D) Gestalt therapy.

C) desensitization.

23. EEGs make it possible to A) study the brain's oxygen use in real time. B) see the specific size and location of a tumor. C) detect the electrical activity of specific neurons in monkeys. D) visualize developmental changes in brain structure.

C) detect the electrical activity of specific neurons in monkeys.

1. The goal of psychology is to A) develop ways to treat the mentally ill. C) explain human thought and behavior. B) control human behavior. D) determine the causes of mental illness.

C) explain human thought and behavior.

6. Your first cell began making proteins when your father's sperm fused with your mother's egg in the process of A) natural selection. B) epigenetics. C) fertilization. D) spermatization.

C) fertilization.

13. Your baby cousin gazes at a new ball for several seconds, then turns her attention to other objects in the room. She is demonstrating A) the visual cliff. B) the rooting reflex. C) habituation. D) sensitization.

C) habituation.

13. Scientific investigation of Clever Hans revealed that A) Hans's owner was a con artist. B) Occam's razor is far from infallible. C) horses respond to unintended cues from their owners. D) horses are capable of simple arithmetic.

C) horses respond to unintended cues from their owners.

2. Proponents of the social brain hypothesis would be most likely to argue that A) specific behaviors evolved mainly as a way to solve ecological problems. B) the more social connections a person has, the greater that person's chances for survival. C) human intelligence evolved as a way to survive in large social groups. D) it is best to have social interactions primarily with people who share your personality type

C) human intelligence evolved as a way to survive in large social groups.

10. In a phobia treatment study, the participants spend three hours facing their fears. Post-treatment scores show significant improvement in overall distress levels when handling the feared objects, so the treatment is judged as effective by the researcher. To improve the study's design, the researcher can A) increase the length of time for the treatment component. B) repeat the study with a new set of participants for a more representative sample. C) include a control group, which would receive some supportive counseling but not the actual treatment. D) change to a correlational design since it is unethical to have participants experience fear as part of a study.

C) include a control group, which would receive some supportive counseling but not the actual treatment.

7. Which of the following correlations has the strongest predictive value? A) +0.50 B) +0.30 C) 0.00 D) -0.75

D) -0.75

14. A college professor testing two different study-skill interventions tosses a coin to decide which type of training each student will get. The professor does this to A) make it more likely that participants will be representative of the broader population. B) make statistical analyses easier by guaranteeing the same number of participants in each group. C) make it less likely that there will be pre-existing differences between the groups. D) avoid the confound of participants knowing other people in their group.

C) make it less likely that there will be pre-existing differences between the groups.

4. Both the spinal cord and the brain develop from the fetal structure called the A) placenta. B) inner cell mass. C) neural tube. D) teratogen.

C) neural tube.

36. The brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease are typically littered with clumps of dead and dying neurons, called A) ApoE. B) acetylcholine. C) neuritic plaques. D) neurotransmitters.

C) neuritic plaques.

17. Scientific investigation has revealed that the "Mozart Effect" (the notion that children become smarter from listening to the music of Mozart) is A) a question that cannot be answered through science. B) dependent on the gender of the child. C) not substantiated through research. D) supported by findings from numerous studies.

C) not substantiated through research.

The _______, formed when the cells in the outer layer of the embryo divide, provides oxygen and nutrients to the embryo. A) inner cell mass B) fetus C) placenta D) neural tube

C) placenta

26. The landmark in development when an individual becomes capable of reproduction is called A) adolescence. B) adulthood. C) puberty. D) menarche.

C) puberty.

14. A friend is concerned because her brother has started to tell the family that he believes he talks directly to God. He is also becoming emotionally withdrawn. You recommend sending him to a psychiatrist because he might be showing signs of A) depression. B) generalized anxiety disorder. C) schizophrenia. D) bipolar disorder.

C) schizophrenia

9. Results from a recent experiment are consistent with a researcher's expectation that exposing people to unfamiliar groups reduces prejudice. This means that the researcher A) has proven her theory. C) should retain her hypothesis for now. B) has proven her hypothesis. D) needs to follow up with correlational studies.

C) should retain her hypothesis for now.

6. Synapses are A) tiny particles that carry neurotransmitters. B) part of the network of barriers between the blood and the brain. C) tiny gaps between cells that are important for neural communication. D) cells that support neural functions and waste maintenance

C) tiny gaps between cells that are important for neural communication.

22. PET scans A) provide a less detailed image of the brain than does transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). B) show brain structures but not areas of brain activity. C) track radioactive markers in the blood. D) require intense X-ray exposure.

C) track radioactive markers in the blood.

12. Researchers can tell if an infant prefers a visual stimulus, such as a face, to another stimulus by A) observing the infant's crawling behavior. B) counting how many seconds it takes for the infant to smile at each one. C) tracking how long an infant looks at each stimulus. D) asking the infant's mother to read the child's facial expression.

C) tracking how long an infant looks at each stimulus.

20. Which scenario describes a child who has mastered the concept of conservation of mass? A) Trent knows that objects still exist, even when he cannot see them. B) Keisha understands that she can get more milk if she finishes the milk she has. C) Jeremy remembers that he ate all of the crackers that his father put in his lunch box. D) Jane knows that she has the same amount of clay in her round ball as Rico has in his flat disk.

D) Jane knows that she has the same amount of clay in her round ball as Rico has in his flat disk.

16. If a doctor stimulated your occipital lobe, which would you be most likely to experience? A) Buzzing sounds B) Odors C) Tickling sensations D) Lights and colors

D) Lights and colors

7. All of the following are reasons action potentials are similar to toilet flushes except: A) Pushing the toilet lever harder does not produce a bigger flush, just like pushing a neuron beyond threshold does not increase the size of the action potential. B) Like after a flush, it takes a while before the neuron can fire again. C) Like the flush, the action potential travels in only one direction. D) Like the toilet outflow goes to a single sewer line, the action potential impacts only the next neuron in line.

D) Like the toilet outflow goes to a single sewer line, the action potential impacts only the next neuron in line.

14. Which of the following is most consistent with psychologists' understanding of infantile amnesia? A) All of the memories from early life are repressed in an effort to avoid a lifetime of trauma. B) For adults, many of the problems associated with retrieving information from childhood are a matter of interference. C) Children develop working hippocampi later in life, so they are unable to store visual memories before age three. D) Older children and adults more effectively establish concrete and lasting memories because verbal skills facilitate encoding

D) Older children and adults more effectively establish concrete and lasting memories because verbal skills facilitate encoding

23. A meta-analysis of published and unpublished tests of SSRI medications revealed that A) SSRIs are effective for all levels of depression. B) published and unpublished trials have similar findings. C) people in placebo groups became even more severely depressed. D) SSRIs beat placebos only for severe levels of depression.

D) SSRIs beat placebos only for severe levels of depression.

21. Which is the most likely reason that Hester was the first of the Genain quadruplets to develop schizophrenic symptoms? A) Her genes were identical to her mother's. C) She had the highest birth weight of the quadruplets. B) She spent most of her time alone. D) She had the lowest birth weight of the quadruplets.

D) She had the lowest birth weight of the quadruplets.

11. Which is true for a twenty-year-old woman with a gene for Huntington's disease? A) It is likely that symptoms of Huntington's disease have already started to appear. B) It is likely that symptoms of Huntington's disease appeared in childhood and have since faded. C) She will probably be stricken with Huntington's disease before her 25th birthday. D) She is most likely to develop symptoms of Huntington's disease by middle age.

D) She is most likely to develop symptoms of Huntington's disease by middle age.

9. Which statement best captures the concept of a sensitive period? A) Children under age five are overly sensitive to criticism by their parents and should not be scolded. B) A parent should be patient with a child who is learning to read. C) Events that take place early in life have little effect on development. D) Some abilities, such as 3-D vision, will not develop if a child does not have proper sensory input early in life.

D) Some abilities, such as 3-D vision, will not develop if a child does not have proper sensory input early in life.

5. Which of the following is true about the strength of a correlation? A) Positive correlations are stronger than negative correlations. B) Negative correlations are stronger than positive correlations. C) The closer a correlation is to 1.00, the weaker the relationship. D) The closer a correlation is to 0.00, the weaker the relationship.

D) The closer a correlation is to 0.00, the weaker the relationship.

4. The rod-shaped cellular structures that contain human DNA are called A) lipids. B) ribosomes. C) mitochondria. D) chromosomes.

D) chromosomes.

21. The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee is responsible for all of the following except A) evaluating the rationale for a proposed study. B) ensuring researchers have minimized animal stress and pain. C) inspecting animal care facilities. D) collecting blood and tissue samples from research animals.

D) collecting blood and tissue samples from research animals.

35. In older people, a decline in cognitive functioning as a result of damage or disease, rather than aging, is called A) myelination. B) Parkinson's disease. C) presbyopia. D) dementia.

D) dementia.

12. The thyroid and the pituitary gland are part of the A) somatosensory cortex. B) limbic system. C) central nervous system. D) endocrine system.

D) endocrine system.

1. Research that involves intentional manipulation of variables is called _______ research. A) correlational B) case study C) descriptive D) experimental

D) experimental

19. In a test of a new medication for schizophrenia, doctors allow patients to decide if they want to take the new medication or stick with their current medication. This is problematic because it creates an issue with A) frequency distributions. B) effect size. C) informed consent. D) group equivalence.

D) group equivalence.

15. Psychologists now believe that subliminal advertising A) is a powerful influence on consumers that should be regulated by government. B) is effective only on young people, whose brains are still developing. C) succeeds because the messages register unconsciously. D) has a weak effect on consumers, if any at all.

D) has a weak effect on consumers, if any at all.

19. One of the most pervasive psychological myths is that A) one side of the brain controls most of our language ability. B) dogs can be taught to salivate in response to the sound of a bell. C) mental disorders and IQ can be altered by life experiences. D) humans use only 10 percent of their brains.

D) humans use only 10 percent of their brains.

depressed teenager treated with medication begins feeling better immediately, even though the medication typically takes weeks to work. This is an example of a _______ effect. a. demand b. double-blind c. placebo d. confound

c. placebo

What is a mainstream psychologist most likely to think about Sigmund Freud? a. Freudian theory is untestable and not grounded in science. b. Freud, a great pioneer in psychology, discovered the unconscious. c. Freud was a complete fraud who barely rates a mention in psychology textbooks. d. Rigorous research has proven that most of Freud's theories were correct.

a. Freudian theory is untestable and not grounded in science.

Xander has taken a medication that is an endorphin antagonist. Which side effect is most likely? a. Increased pain sensitivity b. Impaired motor control c. Reduced sensitivity to touch and pressure d. Impulsivity

a. Increased pain sensitivity

Which type of neuron is most common in the brain? a. Interneuron b. Motor neuron c. Sensory neuron d. Sympathetic neuron

a. Interneuron

Which confounding variable is teased out when psychologists study the traits of identical twins? a. Similar environments shared by relatives b. Shared zygotes of monozygotic twins c. The influence of dysfunctional alleles d. The genetic influence of the huntingtin gene

a. Similar environments shared by relatives

Which single gene effect do men display more often than women? a. The inability to distinguish red from green b. The inability to distinguish different pitches c. A gradual decline in the ability to focus on distant objects d. A gradual decline in the ability to hear

a. The inability to distinguish red from green

Neurotransmitters influence the polarization of a neuron by a. causing receptor channels to open, allowing positively charged sodium ions to flow into the neuron. b. crossing into the neuron, bringing their charge with them. c. causing neurons to expel sodium ions. d. blocking ion flow

a. causing receptor channels to open, allowing positively charged sodium ions to flow into the neuron.

Each of our _______ consists of tightly coiled DNA. a. chromosomes b. cell proteins c. nucleotides d. amino acids

a. chromosomes

The key purpose of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) is to a. determine whether a proposed study is ethical. b. identify the most appropriate statistical analyses for a study. c. punish unethical researchers. d. evaluate whether a researcher's conclusions match the data

a. determine whether a proposed study is ethical.

Twins who do not share 100 percent of their genes are called a. dizygotic. b. monozygotic. c. identical. d. discordant.

a. dizygotic.

You feel sick after eating leftovers you found in the back of the refrigerator. Occam's razor would favor the hypothesis that you have a. food poisoning. b. been poisoned by your roommate. c. stomach cancer. d. contracted swine flu

a. food poisoning.

A researcher plans to study changes in patients' brain activity as Alzheimer's disease progresses by detecting changes in blood flow and oxygen content. The appropriate brain imaging technique to use is a. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). b. computed tomography (CT). c. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). d. electroencephalography (EEG).

a. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

The process by which a cell directs a gene to make a certain protein is called a. gene expression. b. DNA extraction. c. chromosome assembly. d. genetic modification.

a. gene expression.

The action potential of a neuron is best compared to a. liquid starting to spill over the rim of a cup when just enough force is applied. b. a baseball traveling farther when it is thrown harder. c. a heavier bowling ball knocking down more pins than a lighter ball does. d. the speed of a remote-controlled car depending on the battery charge.

a. liquid starting to spill over the rim of a cup when just enough force is applied.

A technique that tracks blood flow to measure brain activity is a. positron emission tomography (PET). b. the electroencephalogram (EEG). c. computed tomography (CT). d. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

a. positron emission tomography (PET).

Heritability estimates tell us a. the degree to which variations in a population can be attributed to genetics. b. the rate at which people in a given population develop a particular disorder. c. the percentage of people who can pass on a specific gene to a child. d. the chance that any one person will carry a particular gene.

a. the degree to which variations in a population can be attributed to genetics.

Your uncle tells you about an interesting magazine article explaining that humans use only 10 percent of their brains. As a student of psychology, your response should be: a. "I know! Isn't that just astonishing?" b. "Well, research actually shows that almost all of the brain is continually active." c. "The data aren't conclusive on that yet, but most psychologists would agree with you." d. "In fact, most neuroscientists would say the figure is closer to 5 percent."

b. "Well, research actually shows that almost all of the brain is continually active."

The median is a better measure of central tendency than the mean for which of the following distributions? a. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 b. 10, 12, 13, 14, 106 c. 275, 282, 293, 300, 311 d. 1024, 1024, 1024, 1048, 1059

b. 10, 12, 13, 14, 106

Which approach would be most appropriate for testing the hypothesis that taking practice tests improves learning more than studying alone does? a. Experimental research b. Correlational research c. Surveys of representative samples of students d. Case studies of high-achieving students

b. Correlational research

A quarter in your hand casts a different image on your retina than a quarter taped to the wall across the room, yet you know that the quarters have exactly the same dimensions. This phenomenon would be best explained by a a. behaviorist. b. Gestalt psychologist. c. evolutionary psychologist. d. structuralist.

b. Gestalt psychologist.

On an empathy questionnaire, Group 1 had a mean score of 117 with a standard deviation of 14. Group 2 had a mean score of 96 with a standard deviation of 23. Therefore, _______ scored higher on average and their scores were _______ spread out than scores from _______. a. Group 1; more; Group 2 b. Group 1; less; Group 2 c. Group 2; more; Group 1 d. Group 2; less; Group 1

b. Group 1; less; Group 2

How is natural selection related to psychology? a. All organisms have been shown to be capable of learning. b. Humans behave as they do in part because that behavior promotes survival. c. Survival depends on environment just as much as it depends on genes. d. Animals share many genes with human beings.

b. Humans behave as they do in part because that behavior promotes survival.

Which situation is most consistent with the results of twin studies of schizophrenia? a. When both twins carry the gene for schizophrenia, only one will develop symptoms. b. Schizophrenia is more likely to materialize in a twin who experiences extreme stress. c. Twins who inherit the gene for schizophrenia very rarely present symptoms of the disorder. d. Having a father with schizophrenia greatly increases the chance that male twins will develop the disorder.

b. Schizophrenia is more likely to materialize in a twin who experiences extreme stress.

Kobe, a native English speaker, has moved to Germany and is learning to speak German. Which brain region is likely to show the greatest plasticity? a. Limbic system b. Temporal lobe c. Prefrontal cortex d. Parietal lobe

b. Temporal lobe

Why are dominant, yet harmful, alleles like the huntingtin gene so rare in our genomes? a. Only a few harmful alleles affect the nervous system. b. The carrier does not survive long enough to pass on the allele. c. The alleles for disorders are not active until adulthood. d. The allele can be transmitted only to another dominant carrier.

b. The carrier does not survive long enough to pass on the allele.

You take a job selling magazine subscriptions from home because the recruitment video says the average earnings per employee are $90,000 a year. You work 60 hours a week for a year and earn $30,000. An Internet search reveals that hundreds of people have had the same experience with this and other work-at-home schemes. How can companies legitimately claim that the average salary is $90,000 if most employees make less than $30,000? a. The median salary is higher than the mean salary. b. The mean salary reflects the presence of outliers. c. The modal salary is higher than the mean salary. d. The average salary does not consider the highest and lowest salaries.

b. The mean salary reflects the presence of outliers.

In cases where only one of two identical twins develops schizophrenia, all of the following factors may be responsible except a. birth weight. b. birth order. c. nutrition. d. nurturing.

b. birth order.

After being diagnosed with thyroid cancer, Kaela had her thyroid removed. The effects of this are likely to include a. an inability to regulate her endocrine system. b. changes in metabolism. c. difficulty breaking down sugar. d. an inability to trigger the fight-or-flight response.

b. changes in metabolism.

Before the mechanisms behind PKU were known to science, infants that inherited the genes for the disorder almost always a. maintained a low body weight. b. developed mental impairments. c. grew to pass on the genes to offspring. d. died before the age of ten.

b. developed mental impairments.

Students _______ would be the most representative sample for a study of competitiveness in high school. a. competing in sports b. in a required health class c. in advanced math classes d. who agree to do the study during lunc

b. in a required health class

A researcher presents his participant with a series of flashing lights at varying intervals. After each presentation of a light, he asks the participant to fully describe her internal experiences, a method known as a. functionalism. b. introspection. c. behaviorism. d. psychoanalysis.

b. introspection.

A scientist has inserted an electrode into the frontal lobe of a monkey. Electrical stimulation would most likely cause the monkey to a. feel no pain. b. make a kicking motion. c. demonstrate behaviors of intense anxiety. d. respond as if it were hearing other monkeys' screeches.

b. make a kicking motion.

Refer to the figure. This scatterplot reveals a _______ correlation. a. positive b. negative c. spurious d. non-linear

b. negative

"Green is the prettiest color" is a _______ hypothesis because it is _______. a. poor; not true b. poor; not testable c. good; testable d. good; true

b. poor; not testable

After a skydiving accident, an MRI showed damage to Rose's cerebellum. She is most likely to have difficulty with a. reading. b. practicing yoga. c. controlling emotions. d. understanding speech.

b. practicing yoga.

Genes regulate protein synthesis by a. coding for the arrangement of ribosomes on DNA molecules. b. specifying which amino acids will be joined together, and in what order. c. regulating the influx of ions like sodium and potassium, which code for proteins. d. setting the cell's biological clock and controlling how and when a cell divides.

b. specifying which amino acids will be joined together, and in what order.

To identify the most popular exhibits at a science museum, visitors were asked every day for six weeks to rate how much they enjoyed each exhibit. The data were analyzed to look for age and sex differences in exhibit preferences. This was an example of a. naturalistic observation. b. survey research. c. case study research. d. experimental research.

b. survey research.

Epigenetics is most concerned with a. changes in a person's genotype resulting from environmental influences. b. the expression of a particular gene as influenced by external inputs. c. environmental influences on gene expression over experiential influences. d. the heritability of genotypes that have been altered over multiple generations.

b. the expression of a particular gene as influenced by external inputs.

According to the social brain hypothesis, each of us can deal effectively with social interactions with roughly 150 people. This implies that a. most of us are able to maintain close, lifelong friendships with about 150 people. b. we are capable of maintaining social networks of up to 150 people throughout our lives. c. most of us cannot recognize more than 150 people at any given time in our lives. d. we function best in groups of roughly 150 people, whether all are friends or strangers.

b. we are capable of maintaining social networks of up to 150 people throughout our lives.

Which of these correlations has the least predictive value? a. −0.75 b. −0.35 c. +0.10 d. +0.50

c. +0.10

In an analysis testing differences between an experimental and a control group on the dependent variable, a p-value of 0.07 means there is a a. statistically significant difference between the groups. b. statistically significant validity problem with the measure of the dependent variable. c. 7 percent chance that differences between the two samples are due to chance alone. d. 93 percent chance that differences between the two samples are due to chance alone

c. 7 percent chance that differences between the two samples are due to chance alone.

Schizophrenia most often presents itself at what stage? a. Early childhood, when parental influences are most significant b. Late childhood, when genetics and family environment have the greatest impact c. Early adulthood, when people begin to face the world on their own d. Late adulthood, when brain and body cells are more susceptible to breaking down

c. Early adulthood, when people begin to face the world on their own

Refer to the figure. Which correctly names the lobes labeled 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively? a. Temporal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, frontal lobe b. Frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe c. Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe d. Temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, frontal lobe

c. Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe

Which of the following is a myth of psychology? a. Experience physically alters the structure of the brain. b. We are consciously aware of only a small part of our mental activity. c. Heritable traits, such as IQ, cannot be altered by experience. d. The mind is a product of a physical machine, the brain.

c. Heritable traits, such as IQ, cannot be altered by experience.

What is the key difference between twin studies and adoption studies? a. Twin studies involve identical twins, while adoption studies involve fraternal twins. b. In twin studies, the effects of the environment are not taken into consideration. c. In adoption studies, twins are separated at birth, adopted, and raised apart. d. Adoption studies involve non-twin biological siblings raised by different families.

c. In adoption studies, twins are separated at birth, adopted, and raised apart.

When the U.S. Supreme Court was deliberating on whether to require schools to integrate black children and white children, their decision to strike down laws permitting segregated schools was greatly influenced by the "Doll Test," conducted by a. Francis Sumner. b. B. F. Skinner. c. Kenneth Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark. d. Mary Cover Jones.

c. Kenneth Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark.

Which is the correct order of measures of central tendency, from lowest to highest, for a positively skewed distribution? a. Mean, median, mode b. Median, mode, mean c. Mode, median, mean d. Mean, mode, median

c. Mode, median, mean

How do gene mutations contribute to evolution? a. Beneficial mutations are passed on to several members of a generation, quickly taking hold in a population. b. Unfavorable mutations have a more significant effect on genes than do favorable mutations, so they are spread through the population. c. Natural selection favors beneficial mutations, so they survive and are passed on to future generations. d. Beneficial and unfavorable mutations take hold in the population equally over numerous generations.

c. Natural selection favors beneficial mutations, so they survive and are passed on to future generations.

A news organization wanted to predict who would win the next U.S. presidential election. They sent an opinion poll to every fiftieth person on a list of students enrolled at a nearby college. Which of the following is the study population? a. Americans in general b. College students in general c. Students at this particular college d. Students who return the questionnaire

c. Students at this particular college

Which statement about vesicles is accurate? a. They are responsible for the breakdown of used neurotransmitters. b. They bind neurotransmitters released by axon terminals. c. They empty neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. d. They are the only places where two neurons touch.

c. They empty neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

A professor wanted to learn more about the body image concerns of young teenage girls. She randomly selected 200 girls from local middle schools to complete her questionnaire. These girls were a. a random population. b. an experimental group. c. a representative sample. d. the sampling frame.

c. a representative sample

An unethical experimenter wants to test the relationship between discomfort and aggression. On a hot day, she turns off the air conditioning in one dorm and leaves it on in another, then has her research assistants count occurrences of verbal aggression in common areas of the buildings. Students in the air-conditioned dorm would be the _______, and students in the overheated dorm would be the _______. a. representative sample; random sample b. study population; sampling frame c. control group; experimental group d. independent sample; dependent sample

c. control group; experimental group

In the experiment with dull and bright rats, Cooper and Zubek demonstrated a gene—environment interaction by showing that when navigating the maze a. dull rats raised in all environments always made more errors. b. bright rats raised in enriched environments sometimes made more errors. c. dull rats raised in enriched environments eventually performed as well as bright rats. d. dull rats raised in impoverished environments performed poorly.

c. dull rats raised in enriched environments eventually performed as well as bright rats.

The fusion of your father's sperm and your mother's egg is referred to as a. gene expression. b. spermatization. c. fertilization. d. epigenetics.

c. fertilization.

A patient has a dangerously low heart rate and is having difficulty breathing. The neurotransmitter that would be most helpful to him is a. acetylcholine. b. serotonin. c. norepinephrine. d. GABA.

c. norepinephrine.

After her stroke, Mei was able to hear, smell, and taste normally. However, she had difficulty with her vision. She most likely experienced damage to her a. prefrontal cortex. b. limbic system. c. occipital lobe. d. thalamus.

c. occipital lobe.

One reason dysfunctional alleles can have such specific effects on the workings of our sensory systems is that a. only one allele has a significant effect on each system. b. the toxicity of dysfunctional alleles degrades the action of the entire brain. c. our sensory systems rely on the functioning of more than one protein. d. only a single allele needs to be dysfunctional to result in a defici

c. our sensory systems rely on the functioning of more than one protein.

What do studies of maternal nurturing behavior in rats suggest about humans? a. Maternal nurturing causes children to release corticosterone, which reduces levels of stress and leads to more nurturing. b. People who are adequately nurtured early in life tend to be less nurturing when they have children of their own. c. Children with nurturing mothers develop fewer natural defenses to stress and are more likely to become suicidal. d. Maternal neglect early in life may have lasting impacts on a person's ability to cope with life's challenges.

d. Maternal neglect early in life may have lasting impacts on a person's ability to cope with life's challenges.

The effects of PKU are epigenetic because a. having two genes for PKU doubles the chances that phenylalanine will impact a child's brain development. b. a child inherits two genes for PKU only when environmental conditions are favorable. c. phenylalanine causes mental deficits even if a child inherits just one gene for PKU. d. PKU is harmful only if a child ingests significant amounts of phenylalanine.

d. PKU is harmful only if a child ingests significant amounts of phenylalanine.

Which statement reflects a reasonable attitude for a good student of psychology to have toward any claim about human behavior? a. The older an idea is, the more likely it is to be correct. b. It is fine to accept an idea until it is proven wrong. c. The more popular an idea is, the more likely it is to be correct. d. Skepticism is advisable until an idea is proven right.

d. Skepticism is advisable until an idea is proven right.

Which of the following approaches to psychology did Edward Titchener advocate in the late 1800s? a. Humanistic psychology b. Psychoanalysis c. Functionalism d. Structuralism

d. Structuralism

The year 1879 might be thought of as the beginning of psychology as a science because that is the year a. Edward Thorndike conducted his first puzzle box experiments. b. Margaret Floy Washburn wrote The Animal Mind. c. Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species. d. Wilhelm Wundt developed and opened the first psychology laboratory.

d. Wilhelm Wundt developed and opened the first psychology laboratory.

A research team was investigating the impact of stereotypes on performance. In one group, women read a magazine article about why the structure of men's brains makes them better at math. In the second group, women read a magazine article saying there are no biological differences in the mathematical abilities of men and women. All women in the study then took a challenging math test. Researchers scored the number of items women answered correctly. In this study, which of the following was the dependent variable? a. How difficult women found the test b. Women's beliefs about their math abilities c. Which article the women read d. Women's scores on the math test

d. Women's scores on the math test

To prove that electrical stimulation can produce intense feelings of anxiety, the mad scientist would stimulate his victim's a. basal ganglia. b. corpus callosum. c. temporal lobe. d. amygdala.

d. amygdala.

A neuron with _______ would be expected to have the slowest-moving action potential. a. a well-myelinated, thick axon b. many nodes of Ranvier c. an unmyelinated, thick axon d. an unmyelinated, thin axon

d. an unmyelinated, thin axon

Refer to the figure. The figure illustrates a typical experiment in a. Gestalt psychology. b. evolutionary psychology. c. functionalism. d. cognitive psychology.

d. cognitive psychology.

Twins who share a certain physical or behavioral trait are _______ for that trait. a. discordant b. monozygotic c. dizygotic d. concordant

d. concordant

A researcher would most likely use _______ to investigate which brain areas are active during speech? a. computed tomography (CT) b. X-ray c. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) d. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

d. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Even though your body changes and you develop new physical and behavioral characteristics, your _______ never changes. a. archetype b. phenotype c. appearance d. genotype

d. genotype

Dizygotic twins a. have identical DNA. b. appear to be identical. c. rarely resemble each other. d. grow from separate zygotes.

d. grow from separate zygotes.

The sensation of a fly landing on your arm is weaker than the sensation of being hit with a dodgeball because a. the dodgeball triggers faster moving action potentials from each sensory neuron. b. the dodgeball triggers a more negatively charged action potential. c. the fly depolarizes neurons, but the dodgeball hyperpolarizes neurons. d. the dodgeball triggers more action potentials per second from each sensory neuron.

d. the dodgeball triggers more action potentials per second from each sensory neuron.

Twin studies of the heritability of schizophrenia generally show that a. there is a 50 percent difference in the genomes between those with schizophrenia and those without it. b. 90 percent of twins who inherit genes for schizophrenia will develop symptoms. c. monozygotic twins tend not to inherit genes for schizophrenia. d. the heritability of schizophrenia is about 50 percent.

d. the heritability of schizophrenia is about 50 percent.