PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERM
What is a lucid dream?
A dream in which you become aware that you are dreaming while you are still asleep.
The minimal amount of energy that can produce a sensation
Absolute threshold
A neurotransmitter that controls muscle contractions
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Hippocampus
Alzheimers decrese in ACh to brian
Cells that remove dead neurons and waste products from the nervous system, nourish and insulate neurons, form myelin, and play a role in neural transmission of messages.
Glial Cells
The grayish neurons and neural segments that are involved in spinal reflexes.
Gray matter
Elements of Psychophysics
Gustav Physical event = psychological sensation and perception
Which of the following is true of Aristotle's contribution to psychology?
He argued that human behavior is subject to rules and laws.
School Psychology
Help individual students that have problems that interfere with learning (placement recommendations)
A unit expressing the frequency of sound waves. One hertz equals one cycle per second.
Hertz
A structure of the brain that is involved in memory formation.
Hippocampus
Kevin is in the exhaustion stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome. Which of the following is most likely to occur?
His heart and respiration rates slow down and his muscles become fatigued.
A substance secreted by an endocrine gland that regulates various body functions.
Hormones
Which of the following statements is true of the absolute threshold?
It is determined by exposing individuals to progressively stronger stimuli until the minimum stimuli the person can detect is fou
Which of the following statements best defines meditation?
It refers to various ways of focusing one's consciousness to alter one's relationship to the world
The minimal amount by which a source of energy must be increased or decreased so that a difference in intensity will be percieved
Just noticeable difference (jnd)
Lysergic acid diethylamide; hallucinogen
LSD
Learning that is hidden or concealed
Latent learning
In the context of pain, which of the following statements is true?
Pain is usually sharpest where nerve endings are densely packed.
A reinforcer that when presented, increases the frequency of an operant
Positive reinforcer
Sir Isaac Newton
Prism
Which of the following statements is true of the scientific method?
Psychologists are guided by principles of critical thinking as they try to draw conclusions from research evidence collected through the scientific method.
The science that studies behavior and mental processes.
Psychology
Research conducted without concern for immediate applications.
Pure research
A stimulus that follows a response and increases the frequency of the response.
Reinforcement
In the context of stress, which of the following is true of humor?
Research suggests that humor can moderate the effects of stress.
Basic Research
Research that has no immediate application and is done for its own sake
The view that response expectancies play a key role in the production of the experiences suggested by the hypnotist
Response set theory
A part of the brain involved in attention, sleep, and arousal.
Reticular formation
The area of the inner surface of the eye that contains rods and cones
Retina
A binocular cue for depth based on the difference in the image cast by an object on the retinas of the eyes as the object moves closer or farther away
Retinal disparity
A source of bias that may occur in research findings when participants are allowed to choose for themselves a certain treatment in a scientific study.
Selection factor
The type of sensory adaptation in which we become more sensitive o stimuli that are low in magnitude. Positive adaptation.
Sensitization
Conductive deafness is the middle ear.
Sensorineural deafness is inner ear
A neurotransmitter involved in emotions arousal and sleep; deficiencies of serotonin have been linked to eating disorders, alcoholism, depression, aggression, and insomnia.
Serotonin
Alfred Kinsey
Sexual behavior in the human male/female
Shannon is observing a painting. She perceives one object in the painting as a two-dimensional circle and another object as a three-dimensional sphere. Which of the following monocular cues can account for this effect?
Shadowing
The tendency to perceive an object as being the same size even as the size of its retinal image changes according to the object's distance
Size constancy
Frightening, dream-like experiences that occur during the deepest stage of REM sleep; nightmares, in contrast, occur during REM sleep.
Sleep terrors
Psychologists that are concerned with people in social situations.
Social Psychologists
A school of psychology in the behaviorist tradition that includes cognitive factors in the explanation and prediction of behavior; formerly termed social learning theory.
Social cognitive theory
Which of the following structures contains the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which stimulates the pineal gland to decrease the output of melatonin in the human body?
The hypothalamus
Psychology
The scientific study of human behavior and mental processes
When children reared by adoptive parents are more similar to their natural parents in a particular trait, strong evidence exists for a genetic role in the development of that trait.
True
Readiness to acquire a certain kind of CR due to the biological makeup of the organism
Biological preparedness
Neurons that conduct neural impulses from rods and cone to ganglion cells
Bipolar cells
In experimental terminology, unaware of whether or not one has received a treatment.
Blind
The area of the retina where axons from the ganglion cells meet to form the optic nerve
Blind spot
What similarity did Wilhelm Wundt share with Aristotle?
Both saw the mind as a natural event that could be studied scientifically, like light and heat.
The organization of the parts of a pattern to recognize, or form an image of, the pattern they compose
Bottom-down processing
Which of the following diseases stems from food poisoning and prevents the release of acetylcholine?
Botulism
Psychology as a science (natural)
Brain function, experiments/labs, analyzing (biology)
Estrogen
Breasts
The tendency to perceive an object as being just as bright even though lighting conditions change its intensity
Brightness constancy
A language disorder characterized by slow, laborious speech.
Broca's aphasia
Phoebe recently suffered a major fall in which she sustained brain injuries. Since then, she has had immense difficulty in communicating with others. She appears to understand what others tell her, but her responses are slow and laborious. Her sentences are always incomplete, with important grammatical words missing. Which of the following conditions best reflects Phoebe's case?
Broca's aphasia
Among lower animals, stimulation of various areas of the _________can trigger instinctual behaviors such as fighting, mating, or nest building. a. hippocampus b. medulla c. hypothalamus d. corpus callosum
C
Brandon is a psychologist who is studying the relationship between heredity and mood disorders. He strongly believes that behavior and mental processes have a connection with the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution Brandon's beliefs are consistent with the _____ perspective. a. humanistic-existential b. cognitive c. biological d. Psychodynamic
C
Research conducted in an effort to find solutions to particular problems.
Applied research
Curare prevents ACh from binding to the receptor sites on neurons
Arrow tips Causes paralysis Dies from suffocation Botulism same effects.
A(n) _________ is a stereotyped pattern of behavior that is triggered in a specific situation. a. intuition b. instinct c. incentive d. Drive
B
Nicotine, alcohol, and many other drugs are pleasurable because they heighten levels of _____. a. norepinephrine b. dopamine c. acetylcholine d. Amphetamine
B
Fraternal twins Brother or sister parent or child (First degree)
50%
The _________ reveals deformities in shape and structure that are connected with blood clots, tumors, and other health problems. a. complete blood count (CBC) test b. radio frequency identification test c. computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan d. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) scan
C
Which of the following propose reasons for relationships among events and allow us to derive explanations and predictions? a. Selection factors b. Norms c. Theories d. Samples
C
Which of the following refers to a time when a neuron is insensitive to messages from other neurons and does not fire? a. The resting potential b. The all-or-none principle c. A refractory period d. A receptor site
C
John recently suffered a blow to the head. Since then, he has found it quite difficult to express his thoughts. Although his ability to think has not been impaired, he cannot find the right words to say what he wants to say. However, he speaks freely and with proper syntax. John most likely suffers from _____. a. retrograde amnesia b. Broca's aphasia c. Wernicke's aphasia d. Epilepsy
C
Amelia works as general physician. One of her patients claimed to be suffering from constant stomach aches that would not go away. Upon diagnosis, Amelia could not determine anything wrong with the patient. Her previous records revealed no illness either. Therefore, Amelia gave her a strip of harmless sugar pills and asked her to take them twice a day after her meals. This treatment is known as a _____. a. psychoanalysis b. blind c. placebo d. debriefing
C.
Gestalt
Cannot explain human perceptions, emotions, or thoughts
Since 15% of a university comprises Asian-American students, a sample for a study was chosen in such way that it, too, consisted of 15% Asian-Americans. This kind of sample would be an example of a _________. a. crowd sample b. static sample c. random sample d. stratified sample
A
Some researchers consider the _________ to be the "executive center" of the brain, where decisions are made to keep information in working memory and to solve problems. a. prefrontal cortex b. corpus callosum c. cerebellum d. Thalamus
A
A carefully drawn biography that may be obtained through interviews, questionaries, and psychological tests.
Case study
_________ is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. a. Physiology b. Ecology c. Psychology d. Sociology
A
_________ psychologists are different from clinical psychologists in that their clients typically have adjustment problems such as trouble making academic or vocational decisions or making friends in college, but not serious psychological disorders. a. Counseling b. Developmental c. Organizational d. Personality
A
William James
Charles Darwin Evolution Maladaptive behavior drops out and the fittest survive HABITS
A microscopic rod-shaped body in the cell nucleus carrying genes that transmit hereditary traits from generation to generation; humans normally have 46 chromosomes
Chromosome
A cycle that is connected with the 24-hour period of the earth's rotation
Circadian rhythm
A simple form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response usually evoked by another stimulus by being paired repeatedly with the other stimulus
Classical conditioning
Which of the following statements is true about the different types of psychologists?
Clinical psychologists help clients resolve problems and change self-defeating behavior.
The oval window transmits vibrations into the inner ear, the bony tube called the__________.
Coachlea
The inner ear; the bony tube that contains the basilar membrane and the organ of Corti
Cochlea
Another term for a secondary reinforcer
Conditioned reinforcer
Democritus
Body and mind external stimulation Free will or choice
The view that learning occurs when stimuli provide information about the likelihood of the occurrence of other stimuli
Contingency theory
The tendency to perceive a series of points or line as having unity
Continuity
The view that the content of dreams tends to be consistent with previous cognitive activity
Continuity Hypothesis
A schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced
Continuous reinforcement
In experiments, groups whose members do not obtain the treatment, while other conditions are held constant.
Control groups
. One of the advantages of _________ is that by distributing questionnaires and analyzing answers with a computer, psychologists can study many thousands of people at a time. a. interviews b. simulation c. surveys d. case studies
C
A binocular cue for depth based on the inward movement of the eyes as they attempt to focus on an object that is drawing nearer
Convergence
Studies show that the _________ is connected with aggressive behavior in monkeys, cats, and other animals. a. Broca's area b. medulla c. amygdala d. Thalamus
C
Transparent tissue forming the outer surface of the eyeball
Cornea
A thick fiber bundle that connects the hemispheres of the cortex.
Corpus callosum
A number between +1.00 and -1.00 that expresses the strength and direction (+ or -) of the relationship between two variables.
Correlation coefficient
Adrenal gland
Corticosteroids Epinephrine
Psychologists that act like clinical, but not psychological disorders.
Counseling psychologists
_____ refers to the perception of objects that do not stimulate the known sensory organs.
Clairvoyance
Psychologists that help people with psychological disorders adjust to the demands of life.
Clinical psychologists
Having to do with mental processes such as sensation and perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought, and problem solving.
Cognitive
A mental representation of the layout of one's environment
Cognitive map
The tendency to perceive an object as being the same color even though lighting conditions change its appearance
Color constancy
The tendency to perceive elements that move together as belonging together
Common fate
Peter went out cycling one morning. He was not wearing a helmet. He fell off a ridge and fell into a steep valley. Apart from fracturing his arm and acquiring several bruises, Peter severely injured his head. The doctor noticed a swelling on the right side of his head and suspected that it was a blood clot. Which of the following did the doctor use to obtain a three-dimensional image of Peter's brain for further investigation?
Computerized axial tomography
A learned response to a conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because it has been paired repeatedly with a stimulus that already elicited that response
Conditioned stimulus
Cone shaped photoreceptors that transmit sensations of color
Cones
Sigmund Freud
Consulted with patients to help them discover an insight into their unconscious; developed psychoanalysis
Psychologists that study shoppers behavior.
Consumer Psychologists
The _________ refers to the fact that a neuron fires an impulse of the same strength whenever its action potential is triggered. a. resting potential b. refraction effect c. polarization effect d. all-or-none principle
D
What is the purpose of a split brain operation? a. To modify the language functions of the brain b. To enhance aesthetic and emotional responses c. To integrate the functions of both the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex d. To confine seizures to one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex
D
__________are different from clinical psychologists in that their clients typically have adjustment problems, such as trouble making academic or vocational decisions or making friends in college, but not serious psychological disorders.
Counseling psychologists
A way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence.
Critical thinking
A _____ is a complete group of interest to researchers, from which a sample is drawn. a. segment b. volunteer group c. stratified sample d. Population
D
Which of the following is a goal of psychology? a. To seek ways to make people do their bidding b. To establish behavioral and moral standards c. To affirm social norms and mores d. To explain behavior and mental processes
D
In the context of behavioral genetics, identify the correct statement. a. Heredity factors include environmental factors such as the social environment of an individual. b. Heredity does not play a role in substance abuse and self-esteem. c. Heredity refers to the transmission of nonbiological cultural factors from one generation to another. d. Heredity is apparently involved in psychological disorders ranging from anxiety and depression to personality disorders.
D
Shana is a young girl who met with a car accident a few years ago. Since her accident, Shana is only able to remember her family members and instances from her childhood. However, she is unable to remember people she met recently or events that are currently happening in her life. She is often introduced to the same people whom she has met earlier. She reads the same newspaper for several days without realizing that she has read it before. The accident has disabled Shana's ability to permanently store new information because she sustained an injury to her _____. a. corpus callosum b. hippocampus c. reticular formation d. cerebral cortex
B
The _________ minimizes leakage of the electrical current being carried along the axon, thereby allowing messages to be conducted more efficiently. a. glial cell column b. myelin sheath c. axon d. Dendrite
B
People with severe cases of epilepsy have split-brain operations in which much of the _________ is severed. a. reticular formation b. somatosensory cortex c. Wernicke's area d. corpus callosum
D
Which of the following causes Down syndrome? a. The presence of only 22 pairs of chromosomes b. The presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair c. The presence of an extra chromosome on the 23rd pair d. The presence of more than 23 pairs of chromosomes
B
Which of the following is a defining feature of psychoanalysis? a. The emphasis on the human capacity for self-worth b. The emphasis on unconscious ideas and impulses c. The focus on only observable behavior d. The role of perception in problem solving
B
Which of the following is a function of norepinephrine? a. It lowers arousal and induces inactivity. b. It acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. c. It is involved in general arousal and learning and memory. d. It slows down heartbeat.
B
Which of the following is a function of the reticular formation? a. It is vital in the functions of attention, sleep, and arousal. b. It receives messages from skin senses all over the body. c. It serves as a relay station for sensory stimulation. d. It is vital in the regulation of body temperature, motivation, and emotion.
B
Which of the following statements is true about the different types of psychologists? a. Counseling psychologists have clients with serious psychological disorders. b. Clinical psychologists help clients resolve problems and change self-defeating behavior. c. Health psychologists apply psychology to the criminal justice system. d. School psychologists focus on planning instructional methods for a school system rather than on individual children
B
Which of the following statements is true of functionalists? a. They attempt to break conscious experience down into objective sensations and subjective feelings. b. They focus on behavior as well as the mind or consciousness. c. They tend to perceive separate pieces of information as integrated wholes depending on the contexts in which they occur. d. They focus on learning observable behavior.
B
Which of these is a function of the medulla of the brain? a. It plays roles in sleeping, sneezing, and coughing. b. It serves as a relay station for sensory stimulation. c. It receives messages from skin senses all over the body. d. It handles the regulation of body temperature and concentration of fluids.
B
Sheena was describing a dream she had about her psychology class to a friend. "During the dream, I realized it was dream, and I didn't like the way the dream was going so I went back to the beginning of the dream and started it over," she explained to her astonished friend. What had Sheena experienced?
a lucid dream
Who among the following believed that the mind functions by combining objective and subjective elements of experience? a. Behaviorists b. Structuralists c. Psychoanalysts d. Functionalists
B
The school of psychology that defines psychology as the study of observable behavior and studies relationships between stimuli and responses.
Behaviorism
Sean believes that many of our unconscious ideas and impulses stem from our childhood conflicts. Based on his beliefs, it can be said that Sean is a _____. a. functionalist b. behaviorist c. structuralist d. psychoanalyst
D
Which of the following is true of behaviorism?
Behaviorists define psychology as the scientific study of behavior, not of behavior and mental processes.
The approach to psychology that seeks to understand the nature of the links between biological processes and structures such as the functioning of the brain, the endocrine system, and heredity, on the one hand, and behavior and mental processes, on the other.
Biological perspective
Sofia doesn't like eating vegetables. To ensure that Sofia eats vegetables, her mother offers her an extra helping of dessert every time Sofia finishes her vegetables. In the context of behaviorism, this is known as _____. a. psychoanalysis b. introspection c. catharsis d. Reinforcement
D
The _________ lies below the hypothalamus and is dubbed the "master gland." a. reticular formation b. limbic system c. corpus callosum d. pituitary gland
D
Which of the following best describes association areas? a. The left and right hemispheres of the brain that duplicate each other's functions b. The damage to Wernicke's area that leads to Wernicke's aphasia c. Stimulation of various areas of the hypothalamus that trigger instinctual d. Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not primarily involved in sensation or motor activity
D
Which of the following is a bulb-shaped structure at the end of axons? a. Pons b. Dendrites c. Glial cells d. Terminal buttons
D
Which of the following represents an interaction of one's nature and nurture? a. The phenotype b. The corpus callosum c. The action potential d. The genotype
D
Which of the following statements was proposed by the functionalists? a. The mind functions by combining objective and subjective elements of experience. b. Our lives are governed by unconscious ideas and impulses that originate in childhood conflicts. c. Remarkable combinations of behaviors can be taught by means of reinforcement. d. Adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained.
D
Which of the following theorists suggest that people can modify and create their environments? a. Gestalt psychologists b. Neoanalysts c. Humanists d. Social-cognitive theorists
D
Will was driving down a road one night. Suddenly, he noticed a man trying to cross the road just a little away from the car. Will felt an intense fear and immediately became alert and slammed the breaks down hard, missing the man by inches. Which hormone was responsible for this reaction? a. Thyroxin b. Melatonin c. Prolactin d. Epinephrine
D
With _________, psychologists and other scientists can observe behavior where it happens, or "in the field." a. controlled observation b. experimental observation c. introspective observation d. naturalistic observatioN
D
the substance that forms the basic material of chromosomes; it takes the form of a double helix and contains the genetic code
DNA
To explain the purposes and methods of a completed procedure to a participant.
Debrief
Strong, slow brain waves usually emitted during stage 4 sleep
Delta waves
A measure of an assumed effect of an independent variable.
Dependent variable
A neurotransmitter that affects the ability to perceive pleasure, voluntary movement, and learning and memory; it is involved in Parkinson's disease and appears to play a role in schizophrenia.
Dopamine
Psychologists that work with school systems.
Educational Psychologists
Will was driving down a road one night. Suddenly, a man appeared in front of his car. Will got scared and slammed the brakes hard, missing the man by inches. Which hormone was responsible for this reaction?
Epinephrine
Neoanalysts
Erik Erikson
The branch of psychology that studies the ways in which adaptation and natural selection are connected with mental processes and behavior.
Evolutionary psychology
Associationism
Experiences often remind us of similar past experiences
A scientific method that seeks to confirm cause and effect relationships by introducing independent variables and observing their effects on dependent variables.
Experiment
In experiments, groups whose members obtain the treatment.
Experimental groups
_____ specialize in basic processes such as the nervous system, sensation and perception, learning and memory, thought, motivation, and emotion.
Experimental psychologists
The process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur; extinguished
Extinction
According to structuralists, maladaptive behavior patterns tend to drop out, and only the fittest behavior patterns survive.
False
Alia was just about to fall asleep when she heard something crash in the kitchen. The noise jolted her awake. This was due to the secretion of oxytocin.
False
Glen is an accomplished guitarist. He can play the guitar with his eyes closed. When he does this, he is quite aware of which frets his fingers are on. He does this with the aid of his vestibular sense.
False
Ravi is unable to choose the right career path after completing his college education. He plans to visit a psychologist who might help him find the right career. In this scenario, Ravi is most likely to visit a human factors psychologist.
False
The somatic nervous system controls activities such as heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and dilation of the pupils.
False
When a nerve impulse reaches a synapse, it jumps across the synaptic cleft like a spark because of its electrical nature.
False
Women seem less affected by alcohol than men because they have more of an enzyme called aldehyde dehydrogenase, which metabolizes alcohol in the stomach.
False
Valleys in the cortex
Fissure
Psychologists that apply psychology to criminal justice.
Forensic Psychologists
one of the features of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that interests psychologists
GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that may help calm anxiety reactions
An inhibitory neurotransmitter that apparently helps calm anxiety
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Melzack's view that neurons in the spine can simultaneously transmit only a limited amount of information, so that stimulation of neurons from many regions can limit the perception of pain in one region
Gate theory of pain
The culturally defined concepts of masculinity and femininity.
Gender
A basic unit of heredity, which is found at a specific point on a chromosome
Gene
In conditioning, the tendency for a CR to be evoked by stimuli that are similar tot eh stimulus to which the response was conditioned
Generalization
The area of biology that focuses on heredity
Genetics
The transmission of traits from parent to offspring by means of genes
Heredity
The color of light, as determined by its wavelength
Hue
An altered state of consciousness in which people are highly suggestible and behave as though they are in a trance
Hypnosis
_____ is an altered state of consciousness in which people are highly suggestible and behave as though they are in a trance.
Hypnosis
A bundle of nuclei below the thalamus involved in body temperature, motivation, and emotion.
Hypothalamus
In psychology, a specific statement about behavior or mental processes that is tested through research.
Hypothesis
John B. Watson
If psychology was to be a natural science then it must be limited to measurable events (behavior)
Sensations that give rise to misperceptions
Illusions
Psychodynamic Thinking
Individual's mind is unconscious and consists of conflicting impulses, urges, and wishes
Psychologists that focus on the relationships between people and work.
Industrial Psychologists
Industrial and organizational psychology
Industrial- focused on people and work; Organizational- study peoples' behaviors in a business atmosphere
A stereotyped pattern of behavior that is triggered by a particular stimulus and nearly identical among members of a species, even when they are reared in isolation
Instinct
Deliberate looking into one's own cognitive processes to examine one's thoughts and emotions.
Introspection
Which of the following is true of the humanistic-existential perspective?
It views people as free to choose and as being responsible for choosing their own behavior.
Shortly after Jamil began the ninth grade, he was sent to the principal's office several times for nodding off in his classes. His mother said that Jamil had recently started doing the same thing at home. When Jamil had to make a presentation in front of his geography class, he stood up, then collapsed to the floor. Which of the following explanations is most likely?
Jamil has narcolepsy
A transparent body behind the iris that focuses an image on the retina
Lens
Galvani and wife
Lightning rods and frogs Neural impulses
An imaging method that places a person in a magnetic field and uses radio active waves to cause the brain to emit signals that reveal shifts in the flow of blood, which, when the brain is being scanned, indicate brain activity.
MRI
Which of the following techniques relies on subtle shifts in blood flow to create a brain scan?
Magnetic resonance imagin
The dried vegetable matter of the Cannabis sativa plant
Marijuana
An oblong area of the hind-brain involved in regulation of heartbeat, blood pressure, movement, and respiration.
Medulla
Cognitive Activities
Mental processes (dreams, perceptions, thoughts, and memories) -cannot be measured
Introspection
Method of carefully examining our own thoughts and feelings ("looking within")
Cognitive focuses on ___.
Mind
Loftus
Mind is memories
Stimuli suggestive of depth that can be perceived with only one eye
Monocular cues
twins that develop from a single fertilized ovum that divides in two early in prenatal development, MZ twins thus share the same genetic code; also called identical twins
Monozygotic (MZ) twins
A monocular cue for depth based on the perception that nearby objects appear to move more rapidly in relation to our own motion
Motion parallex
Multiple Sclerosis
Myelin replaced with hard fibrous tissue that throws ff the timing of nerve impulses and disrupts muscular control
_____ is part of the maturation process that leads to a child's ability to crawl and walk during the first year.
Myelination
Neural impulse is electrical
NOT jump across synaptic cleft like a spark... DOES release chemicals into the synaptic cleft.
A "sleep attack" in which a person falls asleep suddenly and irresistibly
Narcolepsy
Drugs used to relieve pain and induce sleep; the term is usually reserved for opiates
Narcotics
The concept that holds that adaptive genetic variations among members of a species enable individuals with those variations to survive and reproduce
Natural selection
A scientific method in which organisms are observed in their natural environments.
Naturalistic observation
Axon terminal buttons contain sacs of chemicals called neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft where many of them bind to receptor sites of receiving neuron
__________is the agent that creates physiological dependence on tobacco products.
Nicotine
_____ cannot be experienced through sensory awareness or direct inner awareness.
Nonconscious processes
The acquisition of knowledge and skills through the observation of others (models) rather than by means of direct experience
Observational learning
A simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior because it is reinforced
Operant conditioning
Cells that respond to light
Photoreceptors
The highness or lowness of a sound, as determined by the frequency of the sound waves
Pitch
The gland that secretes growth hormone, prolactin, antidiuretic hormone, and other hormones.
Pituitary gland
A bogus treatment that has the appearance of being genuine.
Placebo
To ready a neuron for firing by creating an internal negative charge in relation to the body fluid outside the cell membrane.
Polarize
Referring to traits that are influenced by combinations of genes
Polygenic
A structure of the hindbrain involved in respiration, attention, and sleep and arousal.
Pons
A complete group of interest to researchers, from which a sample is drawn.
Population
An unlearned reinforcer whose effectiveness is based on the biological makeup of the organism and not on learning
Primary reinforcer
The school of psychology that emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and conflicts as determinants of human behavior.
Psychoanalysis
__________is associated with extrasensory perception.
Psychokinesis
Wilhelm wundt
Psychological laboratory in Leipzig Germany
The Goals of Psychology
Psychologists seek to 1. observe, 2. describe, 3. explain, 4. predict, and 5. control behavior to better understand and explain them
The black-looking opening in the center of the iris, through which light enters the eye
Pupil
to follow a response with stimulus that increases the frequency of the response
Reinforce
Scientific method
Research question (examine) Hypothesis (test) Evidence Drawing conclusions Theory construction New questions/hypothesis
The electrical potential across the neural membrane when it is not responding to other neurons.
Resting potential
rod-shaped photoreceptors that are sensitive only to the intensity of light
Rods
A theory that explains hypnotic events in terms of the person's ability to act as though he or she were hypnotized
Role theory
Value of color is its degree of brightness or darkness
Saturation how intense a color appears to us
Psychologists that are employed by school systems.
School Psychologists
An organized way of using experience and testing ideas to expand and refine knowledge.
Scientific Method
A procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the target behavior
Shaping
Founded psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
While conducting studies about the immune system's response to the Epstein-Barr virus during the stress of exams, it was found that students who were lonely showed greater suppression of the immune system than students who had more social support.
true
the hering-helmholtz illusion is a visual illusion. t/f
true
The sense that informs us about the positions and motion of parts of our bodies
kinesthesis
The deliberate, or concious, placing of certain ideas, impulses, or images out of awareness
Suppression
Receptor cells that are sensitive to taste
Taste cells
A monocular cue for depth based on the perception that closer objects appear to have rougher (more detailed) surfaces
Texture gradient
An area near the center of the brain involved in the relay of sensory information to the cortex and in the functions of sleep and attention.
Thalamus
Which of the following is a defining feature of psychoanalysis?
The emphasis on unconscious ideas and impulses that originate in childhood conflicts
Which of the following is one of Selye's three stages in the general adaptation syndrome?
The exhaustion stage
Lacey just started working the graveyard shift at a local factory, from 11:00 p.m. until 8 a.m. Which of the following factors makes it harder for her to adjust to her new schedule?
The exposure to the bright morning sunlight when driving home after working the night shift will make it harder for her to adjust.
Which of the following characterizes obstructive sleep apnea?
The sleeper repeatedly stops breathing during the night.
A set of hypothesized statements about the relationships among events.
Theory
Psychological Constructs
Tools used to talk about something we cannot see, touch, or measure directly (dreams, emotions)
A schedule in which a variable amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available
Variable-interval schedule
The sense of equilibrium that informs us about our bodies' positions relative to gravity
Vestibular sense
The part of the electromagnetic spectrum that stimulates the eye and produces visual sensations
Visible light
_____ was a founder of the school of functionalism.
William James
Forensic Psychology
Work with the criminal justice system and they testify about a defendant's competence
Every time a neuron fires, it transmits an impulse of the same strength. This occurrence is known as the__________.
all or none principle
Stimulants
amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, caffeine
describes the electrical impulse that provides the basis for the conduction of a neural impulse along an axon of a neuron
an action potential
Sam wants to be a clinical psychologist. He has been accepted at two different graduate schools. Both schools are equally prestigious and will provide him with an outstanding education. However, he is finding it difficult to choose between the two. According to Neal E. Miller, this type of conflict is known as a(n):
approach-approach conflict.
__________such as pathogens, injuries, age, gender, and a family history of disease may strike us as the most obvious causes of illness.
biological factors
psychologists with what kind of perspective primarily venture into the realm of mental processes such as sensation and perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought, and problem solving to understand human nature
cognitive
peter went out cycling one morning. he was not wearing a helmet. he fell off a ridge and fell into a steep valley. apart from fracturing his arm and acquiring several bruises, peter severely injured his head. the doctor noticed a swelling on the right side of his head and suspected that it was a blood clot. what did the doctor use to obtain a three-dimensional image of peters brain for further investigation?
computerized axial tomography
Sleep disorders involve:
consistently occurring abnormal sleep patterns that cause subjective distress and interfere with a person's daytime functioning.
Thyroxin deficiency in children can lead to _____________, which is a condition characterized by stunted growth and mental retardation.
cretinism
Thyroxin deficiency in children can lead to__________, which is a condition characterized by stunted growth and mental retardation.
cretinism
The knowledge of one's own thoughts, feelings, and memories without the use of sensory organs is known as _____.
direct inner awareness
According to the Focus on Neuroscience, "The Addicted Brain," heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, alcohol, and nicotine all affect levels of which of the following neurotransmitters?
dopamine
Nicotine, alcohol, and many other drugs are pleasurable because they heighten levels of _____.
dopamine
Which of the following is Hans Selye's term for stress that is healthful?
eustress
Derek is working on a thesis on the changes in social behavior in the context of finding partners. an important part of his study concerns the various practices followed by males and females over the course of generations and how they have gradually transformed into our current social norms. Derek can be called what kind of psychologist?
evolutionary
According to the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association, animals cannot be harmed under any circumstance while conducting research.
false
Biofeedback training (BFT) increases stress, tension, and anxiety in people.
false
Genetic components do not contribute to an individual's sensitivity to basic tastes.
false
Glen is an accomplished guitarist. He can play the guitar with his eyes closed. When he does this, he is quite aware of which frets his fingers are on. He does this with the aid of his vestibular sense.
false
In sensory memory, the memory traces of visual stimuli last many times longer than the traces of auditory stimuli.
false
In the approach-avoidance conflict, each of two goals is desirable, and both are within reach.
false
Operant conditioning is a simple form of learning in which organisms come to anticipate or associate events with one another.
false
Parents help children develop conditions of worth when they show them unconditional positive regard.
false
Postconventional reasoning emerges during a person's middle adulthood.
false
Psychoanalysis is the name of the theory of personality developed by Sigmund Freud but not the method of psychotherapy he had developed.
false
Psychological needs are always based on states of deprivation.
false
Regularization in problem solving refers to standing back from the problem for a while as some process within may continue to work on it.
false
Educational Psychology
focused on course planning and instructional methods for the whole school system
The Evolutionary Perspective
focuses on the evolution of behavior and mental processes
__________may treat psychologically ill offenders, consult with attorneys on matters such as picking a jury, and analyze offenders' behavior and mental processes.
forensic psychologists
when following the scientific method, psychologists usually begin study by
formulating a research question
Neurons whose axons form the optic nerve
ganglion cells
Progesterone stimulates
growth of reproductive organs uterus
Sleep before learning:
is important because the capacity to learn and form new memories is greatly reduced if you have had too little sleep or are completely sleep-deprived.
Which of the following statements is true of hue?
it is determined by the wavelength of visible light.
best defines the term preconscious
it refers to material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention
Which of the following is an altered state of consciousness?
meditation
The opiates:
mimic endorphins and occupy endorphin receptor sites in the brain.
substance classified as a barbiturate
nembutal
The _____ is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that restore the body's reserves of energy.
parasympathetic division
Traits such as sociability and aggressiveness are thought to be__________.
polygenic
The__________is a bulge in the hindbrain that lies forward of the medulla and transmits information about body movement.
pons
The__________is the final phase of the sexual response cycle.
resolution phase
Pioneers in Psychology
scientific approaches in the 15, 16, and 1700's led to the birth of modern psychology in the 1800's
Behaviorism
scientific study of observable behavior
A source of bias that may occur in research findings when participants are allowed to choose for themselves a certain treatment in a scientific study is called a _____.
selection factor
As part of a study in auditory perception, students were made to listen to a low-volume music track. When they first put on their headphones, they almost couldn't hear anything. But as they became more attentive, the sound gradually became clearer. This is an example of _____.
sensitization
as part of the study in auditory perception, students were made to listen to a low volume music track. when they first put on their headphones, they almost couldn't hear anything. but as they became more attentive, the sound gradually became clearer. this is an example of?
sensitization
Frightening, dreamlike experiences that occur during the deepest stage of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep are known as__________.
sleep terrors
labib has been having severe epileptic seizures since a very young age. his seizures have become less frequent since he underwent an operation. however, he has problems expressing what he feels. when he feels happy, his facial expressions often show anger. Labib has most likely undergone what kind of operation?
split-brain
For several weeks, Wayne has been taking increasing amounts of amphetamines to keep up with his college schedule, full time job, and other responsibilities. Wayne is running the risk of developing:
stimulant-induced psychosis.
tells us whether we are falling and provides cues to whether our body is changing speed
the vestibular sense
CAT scan
three dimensional bloodclots, tumors, and other
in positron emission tomography, to track the metabolism of glucose, a radioactive compound called a ________ is mixed with glucose and injected into the bloodstream
tracer
A person with normal color vision is labeled a _____.
trichromat
Active touching means continuously moving your hand along the surface of an object so that you continue to receive sensory input from the object.
true
Carl Rogers believed that we all have unique frames of reference.
true
Case studies are subject to inaccuracies.
true
In the case of cardiovascular problems and cancer, genes create predispositions toward the health problem.
true
In the context of stressors, Albert Ellis referred to situations such as losing a job as an activating event.
true
Jenna has not eaten in eight hours. She experiences hunger. According to the drive-reduction theory, Jenna is experiencing a primary drive.
true
Monozygotic twins are important in the study of the relative influences of nature and nurture because differences between monozygotic twins are the result of nurture.
true
Paulina is a kindergarten teacher. Every time one of her students answers correctly during her alphabet classes, she uses phrases like "Well done" and "Keep it up." Her behavior exemplifies reinforcement.
true
Physicians frequently prescribe stimulants in an effort to help hyperactive children control their behavior.
true
Selective optimization with compensation is the reshaping of a person's life to concentrate on what he or she finds to be important and meaningful in the face of physical decline and possible cognitive impairment.
true
Stress and pathogens interact to influence the immune system.
true
Stress elevates blood levels of cortisol and adrenaline (epinephrine) and heightens the probability that a dormant Epstein-Barr virus will be reactivated.
true
The Hering-Helmholtz illusion is a visual illusion.
true
The hippocampus does not become mature until we are about two years old.
true
The preconscious mind contains ideas that are out of awareness but can be made conscious by focusing on them.
true
the strength, or energy, of brain waves expressed in
volts
Memories of personally experienced events that tend to be consolidated during NREM slow
wave sleep are called:- episodic memories.
Use of pins to diminish pain, possible because of stimulation of release of endorphins and cortisol
Acupuncture
Which of the following was proposed by functionalists?
Adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained.
Epinerhine
Adrenaline Fear and anxiety
Which of the following pituitary hormones regulates the adrenal cortex?
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
The lingering visual impression made by a stimulus that has been removed
Afterimage
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding dreams?
All of these statements are true regarding dreams.
Prolactin
Maternal behavior Milk
A person who is sensitive to black and white only and hence color blind
Monochromat
The processes by which organisms become more sensitive to stimuli that are low in magnitude, and less sensitive to stimuli that are constant or ongoing in magnitude
Sensory adaptation
A junction between the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron
Synapse
Chemical substances involved in the transmission of neural impulses from one neuron to another.
Synapse neurotransmitters
A method of brain imaging that passes a narrow X-ray beam through the head and measures the structures that reflect the beams from various angles, enabling a computer to generate a three-dimensional image.
CAT scan
Environmental Psychology
Focused on the way people influence and are influenced by their physical environment
Pituitary gland
Below hypoth
_____ is defined as a cooperative social interaction in which one person responds to another person's suggestions with changes in perception, memory, and behavior.
Hypnosis
Altered states of consciousness
Hypnosis, meditation, biofeedback
A simple unlearned responseto a stimulus
Reflex
In psychodynamic theory, the automatic ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas, impulses, or images from awareness
Repression
Literary Digest Poll
Rich only had telephones
A language disorder characterized by difficulty comprehending the meaning of spoken language.
Wernicke's aphasia
Founded Gestalt Psychology
Wetheimer, Koffka, Kohler
A(n)__________is the lingering visual impression made by a stimulus that has been removed.
afterimage
Depressants
alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
A(n)__________rat is characterized by under eating
aphagic
Psychologists with a__________perspective are most likely to focus on the evolution of behavior.
biological
LSD:
can produce psychotic reactions, especially in people who are psychologically unstable.
psychologists with what kind of perspective are most likely to investigate the ways we perceive and mentally represent the world, how we learn, remember the past, plan for the future, solve problems, form judgments, make decisions, and use language
cognitive
what reveals deformities in shape and structure that are connected with blood clots, tumors, and other health problems
computerized axial tomography scan
The Humanistic Perspective
consciousness, self awareness, and the capacity to make choices
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
psychology
each kind of neurotransmitter has a unique chemical structure, and each can fit into a specifically tailored harbor, or _____, on the cell receiving a message
receptor site
Carl is conducting a study to determine the effects of the new technology-assisted learning methods among students. As part of this study, he has selected a group of university students, male and female, in the age group of 18 to 24 years. These students have been using the new methods of learning. In terms of research methodology, this group best describes a _____.
sample
in ________ ________, people tend to be more responsive to some pitches than others
sensorineural deafness
Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in emotional arousal and sleep?
serotonin
People with__________stop breathing periodically, up to several hundred times per night.
sleep apnea
sleep disorder similar to experiencing nightmares
sleep terrors
Somnambulism is also called:
sleepwalking.
In parietal lobe
somatosensory cortex
social-cognitive theorists
suggest that people can modify and create their environments
Primary taste
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
during puberty, ________ stokes the growth of muscle and bone and the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics in a male body
testosterone
During stage 4 NREM:
the sleeper's heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate drop to their lowest levels.
Left-brained people are primarily logical and intellectual.
true
Louis Thurstone's primary mental abilities contain the types of items measured on the most widely used intelligence tests today.
true
Men produce 7 to 10 times the testosterone produced by women.
true
On average, gay males tend to be somewhat feminine and lesbians to be somewhat masculine.
true
the iris is the muscle in the eye that controls the amount of light that passes through the cornea. t/f
true
The term circadian rhythm refers to the:
type of beat that is characteristic of most Latin music.
An unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
In psychodynamic theory, the term _____ is descriptive of ideas and feelings that are not available to awareness.
unconscious
Psychoanalysis
unconscious motives and internal conflicts
Sleep paralysis:
usually lasts for a few minutes.
The part of the electromagnetic spectrum that stimulates the eye and produces visual sensations is known as _____.
visible light
Occipital lobe
vision
In which of the following conditions do receptors for warmth fire?
when skin temp increases
According to the American Psychological Association's Handbooks of Ethics in Psychology, psychologists may use deception in their experiments:
when the participants are debriefed afterward.
According to the adaptive theory of sleep:
different animal species have developed distinct sleeping patterns as a way of adapting to and surviving in their natural environment.
during a guided meditation session, Rachel was asked to picture a green valley under a clear blue sky. she was asked to "feel" the wind against her face and "hear" the birds chirping around her. although none of these stimuli were actually present, Rachel was conscious of them. this scenario illustrates an aspect of consciousness called
direct inner awareness
According to the activation-synthesis model of dreaming:
dreams are meaningful insofar as they reflect how the dreamer imposes personal meaning on the images generated by his or her brain.
The _____ is a thin membrane inside the ear that vibrates in response to sound waves
eardrum
according to the biological perspective of psychology, what interacts with inherited factors to determine specific behavior and mental processes
environmental factors
The construction of a factory near Valley Mont Elementary School adversely affected the concentration of the students in the school. In order to help the students cope with this problem, the principal of the school invited a(n) _____ who was experienced in dealing with humans and their interactions with their surroundings.
environmental psychologist
William James
established functionalism and studied relationships between experience and behavior
Sociocultural
ethnicity, gender, culture
According to Melissa Hines and her colleagues, human female embryos and fetuses who have been exposed prenatally to higher-than-typical concentrations of male sex hormones show reduced tendencies to display physically aggressive behavior.
false
At the postconventional level of adolescence, moral judgements are derived from authority figures.
false
Cross-cultural research reveals that people in the United States and many northern European nations tend to be collectivists.
false
In a study conducted to test the effect of a medicine, one group of participants is given the medicine while another group is not. The latter would be considered an experimental group.
false
In an experiment, the presence of dependent variables does not depend on the independent variables.
false
In male adolescents, ejaculatory ability is the evidence of reproductive capacity.
false
In retrograde amnesia, there are memory lapses for the period following a trauma such as a blow to the head, an electric shock, or an operation.
false
Irrational beliefs can lessen an individual's emotional reaction to loss and enhance coping ability.
false
Jane is working overtime to exceed her sales targets so that she gets a higher income. The higher income, in this scenario, is an intrinsic reward.
false
Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to attain spiritual enlightenment.
false
Neurons carry messages from the axon terminals through the axon to the dendrites.
false
Nicotine increases the appetite and reduces the metabolic rate of a person.
false
Personality psychologists are concerned with the nature and causes of individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behavior in social situations.
false
Positive reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed.
false
Psychophysicist Ernst Weber discovered that the threshold for perceiving differences in the intensity of light is about 10 percent of their intensity.
false
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and deep sleep hinder learning and memory.
false
Rewards and punishments are known by their effects, whereas reinforcers are more known by how they feel.
false
Spontaneous recovery of learned responses occurs only in operant conditioning.
false
Stimulus motives provide an evolutionary disadvantage.
false
Structuralists tended to ask, "How do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?"
false
Students who obtain higher grades are more likely to behave aggressively following exposure to violent video games.
false
Studies generally suggest that the heritability of intelligence is less than 20%.
false
The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of an objective test.
false
The embryonic stage of pregnancy lasts from the beginning of the third month until the birth of the baby.
false
The hippocampus is an area of the brain where memories are stored.
false
The method of savings is a measure of time taken for short-term memory to become long term.
false
The organ of Corti is a membrane that lies coiled within the cochlea.
false
Type B people are highly driven, competitive, impatient, hostile, and aggressive—so much so that they are prone to getting into auto accidents.
false
When the eyeball is too short, the images of nearby objects are focused in front of the retina, causing farsightedness.
false
With age, there are very large declines in memory function, and these changes can never be reversed.
false
Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to:
focus on the present
Within the eye, visual acuity is greatest at the__________.
fovea
within the eye, visual acuity is the greatest at the
fovea
The theory that the pitch of a sound is reflected in the frequency of the neural impulses that are generated in response to the sound
frequency theory
Which of the following is an example of a nonconscious process?
growing hair
A(n) _____ primarily focuses on the relationships between people and work.
industrial psychologists
Feeling lonely and being socially isolated are examples of _____.
inner concern hassles
In Gestalt psychology, learning, especially problem solving, is accomplished primarily by _____.
insight
in gestalt psychology, learning, especially problem solving, is accomplished primarily by
insight
The__________adjusts or accommodates to an image by changing its thickness.
lens
Hindbrain
medulla, pons, cerebellum
Pineal gland
melatonin
Functionalism
mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment
we learn to perceive objects that appear to move with us being at greater distances due to the phenomenon of
motion parallax
Which of the following substances is classified as a barbiturate?
nembutal
__________are specialized cells of the nervous system that receive and transmit messages
neurons
specialized cells of the nervous system that receive and transmit messages
neurons
highlights the relationship between dopamine and schizophrenia
people with schizophrenia may have more receptor sites for dopamine in an area of the brain that is involved in emotional responding
According to Sigmund Freud, what do hypnotized adults do?
permit themselves to return to childish modes of responding
_____ is a monocular cue for depth based on the coming together of parallel lines as they recede into the distance.
perspective
Which of the following represents an interaction of one's nature and nurture?
phenotype
complete group of interest to researchers, from which a sample is drawn for an experiment
population
Traits such as sociability and aggressiveness are thought to be _________. a. polygenic b. monogenic c. non-inherent d. Acquired
A
A social science vs. a false science
A social science is supported by provable facts and a false science (like astrology) doesn't rely on verifiable evidence
Rapid low-amplitude brain waves that have been linked to feelings of relaxation
Alpha waves
Stimulants derived from alpha-methyl-beta phenyl ethylamine a colorless liquid consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
Amphetamines
Behavior
Any action that people can observe or measure
The brain and spinal cord
CNS
Myelination
Child's ability to crawl and walk during the first year
The tendency to perceive a broken figure as being complete or whole
Closure
Which of the following substances is a stimulant?
Cocaine
Descriptive of colors of the spectrum that, when combined, produce white, or nearly white, light
Complementary
Social Psychology
Concerned with individuals' behavior in social situations; focused on the SOCIAL aspects of behavior
. Which of the following terms refers to contemporary psychologists who follow theories derived from Freud? a. Neoanalysts b. Ethologists c. Microanalysts d. Anthropologists
D
_________ stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making. a. Structuralism b. Functionalism c. Behaviorism d. Humanism
D
Psychologists that study the changes throughout a life span .
Developmental Psychologists
__________primarily study the changes—physical, cognitive, social, and emotional—that occur throughout the life span.
Developmental psychologists
A person who sensitive to black white and either red green or blue yellow and hence is partially color blind
Dichromat
In conditioning, the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a CS and similar stimuli that do not forecast a USC
Discrimination
In operant conditioning, a stimulus that indicates that reinforcement is available
Discriminative Stimulus
Twins that develop from two fertilized ova and who are thus as closely related as brothers and sisters in general; also called fraternal twin
Dizygotic (DZ) twins
A study in which neither the subjects nor the observers know who has received the treatment.
Double-blind study
An instrument that measures muscle tension
Electromyograph (EMG)
Split brain operations
Epilepsy
Temporary disturbances of brain functions that involve sudden neural discharges.
Epilepsy
__________intensifies most emotions and is central to the experience of fear and anxiety.
Epinephrine
A schedule in which a fixed amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available
Fixed-interval schedule
An area near the center of the retina that is dense with cones, and where vision is, consequently, most acute
Fovea
A muscular membrane whose dilation regulates the amount of light that enters the eye
Iris
Which of the following statements is true of psychoanalysis?
It aims to help patients find socially acceptable ways of expressing wishes and gratifying needs.
Which of these is a function of prolactin?
It regulates maternal behavior in lower mammals.
Founded Behaviorism
John Watson
Chimpanzee
Kohler Flash of insight
The section of cortex that lies in the frontal lobe, just across the central fissure from the sensory cortex; neural impulses in the motor cortex are linked to muscular responses throughout the body.
Motor cortex
A sudden variation in an inheritable characteristic, as distinguished from a variation that results from generations of gradual selection
Mutation
A fatty substance that encases and insulates axons, facilitating transmission of neural impulses.
Myelin
The inborn, innate character of an organism
Nature
Calkin
No degree
The branch of the ans that is most active during processes (such as digestion) that restore the body's reserves of energy.
Parasympathetic division
Dompamine
Parkinsons disease Schizophrenia
__________has been characterized as research for its own sake.
Pure research
Primary sex characteristics
Size of penis Sperm ability
Programmed learning
Skinner Operant Does not punish errors
Temporary absence or cessation of breathing while sleeping
Sleep apnea
An environmental condition that elicits a response
Stimulus
A sample drawn so that identified subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample.
Stratified sample
A visual illusion in which the perception of motion is generated by a series of stationary images presented in rapid succession
Stroboscopic motion
Consumer Psychology
Study and predict shoppers' behavior
Experimental Psychology
Study relationships between biological factors and psychological changes; explore psychological reasons for cognitive behavior
Developmental Psychology
Study the changes that occur over a person's whole life (physical, emotional, cognitive, social)
According to the Focus on Neuroscience box, "The Addicted Brain," what is the biological basis for drug tolerance?
The brain's dopamine system adapts to the high levels of dopamine produced by use of the addictive drug.
Which of the following is contained in the middle ear?
The eardrum
Counseling Psychology
Use interviews and tests to identify their client's problems and help with adjustment problems or meeting goals
A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a variable number of correct responses
Variable ratio schedule
A source of bias or error in research reflecting the prospect that people who offer to participate in research studies differ systematically from people who do not.
Volunteer bias
founded functionalism
William James
according to the _________, acetylcholine and the pons stimulate responses that lead to dreaming
activation-synthesis model
likely a consequence of low thyroxin secretion in adults
adults who secrete too little thyroxin may feel tired and sluggish and may put on weight
hich of the following best describes a myoclonic jerk?
as a person is going to sleep, an involuntary muscle spasm that jolts the person awake
A neuron has a(n) _____ that extends like a trunk from the cell body.
axon
Insomnia is a sleep disorder in which the air passages are obstructed.
false
Research shows that apes are very reliable in their sequencing of signs, suggesting that they comprehend the rules of grammar.
false
Research suggests that brain levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine tend to be higher in introverts than in extraverts.
false
Split-brain operations are primarily aimed at curing botulism.
false
The pineal gland secretes prolactin.
false
instinctive behavior is absent in an individual who is reared in isolation from others of its kind. t/f
false
psychoanalysis is the name of the theory of personality developed by Sigmund Freud but not the method of psychotherapy he had developed. t/f
false
when the eyeball is too short, the images of nearby objects are focused in front of the retina, causing farsightedness. t/f
false
the surface of the cerebrum, the cerebral cortex, is wrinkled, or convoluted, with ridges and valleys. these valleys are known as
fissures
People who have higher self-efficacy expectations are more prone to be disturbed by adverse events.
flase
The _____ perspective is grounded in the work of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
humanistic-existential
Stewart is a chain smoker and a nicotine addict. Due to excessive cigarette smoking, he has developed lung cancer. In this scenario, which of the following chemical compounds is likely to have caused lung cancer?
hydrocarbons
The__________is an oblong area of the hindbrain involved in regulation of heartbeat, blood pressure, movement, and respiration.
medulla
__________is best defined as a sudden variation in an inheritable characteristic, as distinguished from a variation that results from generations of gradual selection.
mutation
________ refers to a sleep attack in which a person falls asleep suddenly and irresistibly
narcolepsy
opiates are a group of _________ derived from the opium poppy that provide a euphoric rush and depress the nervous system
narcotics
With__________, psychologists and other scientists can observe behavior where it happens, or "in the field."
naturalistic observation
Some researchers consider the__________to be the "executive center" of the brain, where decisions are made to keep information in working memory and to solve problems.
prefrontal cortex
One of the main concerns in REM sleep behavior disorder is:
protecting both the dreamer and his sleeping partner from episodes of violent behavior.
According to the law of__________, there is a perceptual tendency to group together objects that are near one another.
proximity
On a bright, sunny day, Manny leaves a dimly-lit movie theater and goes out into the street. The _____ in his eyes adjust to the sudden increase in light.
pupils
on a bright, sunny day, Manny leaves a dimly-lit movie theater and goes into the street. The _________ in his eyes adjust to the sudden increase in light
pupils
has been characterized as research for its own sake
pure research
as we enter ____________, our brain waves slowdown from the alpha rhythm and enter a pattern of theta waves.
stage 1 sleep
A parasomnia called sleep terrors typically occurs during:
stage 3 or 4 NREM sleep .
in the context of altering consciousness through drugs, ___________ is a problem characterized by loss of control over consumption, social impairment, risky use, and tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
substance use disorder
Many case studies are clinical; that is, they are descriptions of a person's psychological problems and how a psychologist treated them.
ture
Odors trigger firing of receptor neurons in the olfactory membrane high in each nostril.
ture
high-frequency brain waves are associated with
wakefulness
_________ psychologists may treat psychologically ill offenders, consult with attorneys on matters such as picking a jury, and analyze offenders' behavior and mental processes. a. Health b. Forensic c. Industrial d. Personality
B
Stimuli suggestive of depth that involve simultaneous perception by both eyes
Binocular cues
Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to attain spiritual enlightenment.
False
Neurons in the sensory cortex that fire in response to specific features of sensory information such as line or edges of objects.
Feature detectors
A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a variable number of correct responses
Fixed ratio schedule
Which of the following is a function of the reticular formation?
It is vital in the functions of attention, sleep, and arousal.
A group of narcotics derived from the opium poppy that provide a euphoric rush and depress the nervous system
Opiates
Chemicals that act on opiate receptors but are not derived from the opium poppy
Opioids
The nerve that transmits sensory information from the eye to the brain
Optic nerve
Hypothalamus
Overeat
A method of brain imaging that injects a radioactive tracer into the bloodstream and assesses activity of parts of the brain according to the amount of glucose they metabolize.
PET scan
In psychodynamic theory, descriptive of material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention
Preconscious
A condition characterized by brittleness of the lens
Presbyopia
Behaviors which are progressively closer to a target behavior
Successive approximations
In the context of auditory perception, which of the following statements is true?
The frequency theory appears to account only for pitch perception between 20 and a few hundred cycles per second.
When we sleep, our brain waves become identical to those emitted when we are conscious.
false
according to ethical guidelines of the American psychological association, animals cannot be harmed under any circumstance while conducting research. t/f
false
In contrast to structuralists, Gestalt psychologists claimed that one cannot explain human perceptions, emotions, or thought processes in terms of basic units.
ture
In the 1940s and 1950s, psychodynamic theory dominated the practice of psychotherapy
ture
A monocular cue for depth based on the convergence (coming together) of parallel lines as they recede into the distance
Perspective
A sample drawn so that each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate.
Random sample
Sensory stimulation below a person's absolute threshold for conscious perception.
Subliminal stimulation
The sensory organs for taste; they contain taste cells and are located mostly on the tongue
Taste buds
What is the purpose of a split-brain operation?
To confine epileptic seizures to one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex
Which of the following is a function of the middle ear?
To increase the pressure of the air entering the ear
Habituation to a drug, with the result that increasingly higher doses of the drug are needed to achieve similar effects
Tolerance
A person with normal color vision
Trichromat
____________ can be used to help people become more awake of muscle tension in the forehead, fingers, and elsewhere and to learn to lower tension, thus decreasing the discomfort and incidence of muscle tension headaches
the electromyograph
Thyroid gland
thyroxin - metabolism Hypothyroidism - too litte thyroxin Cretinism stunted growth Hyperthyroidism insomnia and weight loss
The theory that color vision is made possible by three types of cones, some of which respond to red light, some to green, and some to blue
Trichromatic theory
Active touching means continuously moving your hand along the surface of an object so that you continue to receive sensory input from the object.
True
Sacs called synaptic vesicles in the axon terminals contain neurotransmitters.
True
The iris is the muscle in the eye that controls the amount of light that passes through the cornea.
True
The state of consciousness called the hypnotic trance can be induced by asking people to narrow their attention to a small light.
True
Insomnia is characterized as:
complaints about the quality or duration of sleep, the difficulty in going to sleep or staying asleep, or the waking before it is time to get up.
Behavior modification
extinguish misbehavior by ignoring it
According to the linguistic-relativity hypothesis, language does not affect the way we perceive the world.
false
Acetylcholine is excitatory at the heart but inhibitory at synapses between nerves and muscles that involve voluntary movement.
false
Alcohol enhances cognitive functioning.
false
Cochlear implants contain microphones that sense sounds and electronic equipment that transmits sounds past damaged hair cells to stimulate the auditory nerve.
true
growth hormone
Children
The Cognitive Perspective
determining behavior
Identical twins
100%
An addictive depressant used to relieve anxiety or induce sleep
Barbiturate
A unit expressing the loudness of a sound
Decibels
Pavlov
Dog experiment
MRI scan
Magnetic Shifts in bloodflow indicate brain activity
The first four stages of sleep
Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep
New basic taste
Umami - savory, meaty
Epinephrine
adrenaline
Secondary Sex characteristics
beard voice
A neuron has a(n) _____ that extends like a trunk from the cell body.
Axon
PET scan
Bloodstream, glucose Tracer
A part of the hindbrain involved in muscle coordination and balance.
Cerebellum
The wrinkled surface area (gray matter) of the cerebrum
Cerebral cortex
A substance that causes hallucinations
Hallucinogenics
Psychologists that study the effect of stress on health problems.
Health Psychologists
A condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that its effects may be observed.
Independent variable
The same as an operant behavior
Operant
The loudness of a sound is expressed in decibels.
The pitch of a sound is measured in hertz
Slow brain waves produced during the hypnagogic state
Theta waves
Which of the following is true of corticosteroids?
They combat allergic reactions.
Sharpness of vision
Visual acuity
Founded structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt
Gustav Theodor Fechner, in his book Elements of Psychophysics, showed:
how physical events are related to psychological sensation and perception.
__________relatives have a genetic overlap of about 50 percent.
1st degree
Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in emotional arousal and sleep? a. Serotonin b. Gamma-aminobutyric acid c. Acetylcholine d. Norepinephrine
A
The Biological Perspective
Emphasizes the influence of biology on our behavior
The body's system of ductless glands that secrete hormones and release them directly into the bloodstream
Endocrine system
Weber's constant for WEIGHT
1/53
_____ was a founder of the school of functionalism. a. Wilhelm Wundt b. William James c. B. F. Skinner d. Kurt Koffka
A
_________ attempted to break conscious experience down into objective sensations, such as sight or taste, and subjective feelings, such as emotional responses, and mental images such as memories or dreams. a. Structuralism b. Existentialism c. Behaviorism d. Functionalism
A
Which of the following statements is true of neurotransmitters?
"Loose" neurotransmitters are either broken down or reabsorbed by the axon terminal.
The goal of the psychologist, like other scientist, is to describe, explain, predict, and control the events he or she studies.
(Behavior and mental processes)
2 Describe (synthesize) the different ways that behaviorists, Gestalt psychologists, and social-learning theorists think people learn
-Behaviorists study observable behavior; Watson firmly believed that no matter who we think we are we are all influenced by external events, that our belief of individual choice is an illusion. -Gestalt Psychology was developed as an alternative to structuralism and behaviorism. Psychologists in this field focus on how context influences peoples' interpretation of information. -Social learning theorists study the effects of experience on behavior; that what happens to us effects what we do in the future when confronted with a similar situation. -Behaviorists think people learn by things that happen to us; similar to the learning perspective. This is very similar to how social learning theorists think people learn- by experiences -Gestalt Psychology focuses largely upon the belief that our perceptions of objects are more than the sums of their parts; believed that the reorganization of perceptions enables an individual to solve a problem themselves and learn from that problem.
First cousin
12.5%
Second cousin
6.25%
Angela has trouble falling asleep at night, hates getting up in the morning, and takes a long time to feel alert once she does get up. According to the Application section, which of the following strategies might help Angela deal with her sleep problems?
All these strategies could help Angela.
The fact that a neuron fires an impulse of the same strength whenever its action potential is triggered.
All-or-none principle
The axon bundle that transmits neural impulses from the organ of Corti to the brain
Auditory nerve
_____ defines one's nature, which is based on biological structures and processes. _____ defines one's nature, which is based on biological structures and processes._____ defines one's nature, which is based on biological structures and processes. a. Environment b. Heredity c. Culture d. Nurturing
B
A membrane that lies coiled within the cochlea
Basilar membrane
Place theory
Bekesy at least 4000 Hz
Identify the theoretical perspectives from which today's psychologists view behavior and mental processes.
Biological perspective seek to understand the relationships between the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution, on the one hand, and behavior and mental processes on the other. Cognitive perspective investigate how we perceive and mentally represent the world by learning, memory, planning, problem solving, decision making, and language. Humanistic-existential perspective is cognitive in flavor, yet emphasizes the role of subjective (personal) experience more. Neoanalysts with a psychodynamic perspective focus less on the unconscious was done in Freud's day- and more on conscious choice and self-direction. Behaviorists emphasize environmental influences and the learning of habits through repetition and reinforcement. Social-cognitive theorists, in contrast, suggest that people can modify and create their environments, and engage in intentional learning by observing others. Sociocultural perspective studies the influences of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status on behavior and mental processes.
AN unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus
Orienting reflex
Between dendrites and recieving neuron
Synaptic cleft
Every time a neuron fires, it transmits an impulse of the same strength. This occurrence is known as the__________.
all-or-none principle
The term preconscious is descriptive of bodily processes of which we cannot become conscious.
false
hallucinogen derived from the resin of the cannabis sativa plant
hashish
Vasopressin
production of urine
1/50th of a second
toe to brain
People with frequent nightmares are more likely than others to have anxiety, depression, and other psychological problems.
true
Neural impulses
2-225 miles per hour
grandparent uncle aunt nephew half brother
25%
On the average, each complete cycle through the stages of NREM sleep and REM sleep lasts about:
90 minutes.
A(n) _____ psychologist focuses on the relationship between people and their work. a. industrial b. forensic c. clinical d. Consumer
A
Wilhelm Wundt and his students founded the school of psychology called _____. a. functionalism b. structuralism c. behaviorism d. Psychoanalysis
A
_________ is a neurotransmitter that controls muscle contractions. a. norepinephrine b. serotonin c. dopamine d. Thyroxin
A
_________ is defined as a way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence. a. Introspection b. Structuralism c. Critical thinking d. Reinforcement
A
Modern hypnosis evolves from the ideas of _____.
Franz Mesmer
The school of psychology that emphasizes the uses or functions of the mind rather than the elements of experience.
Functionalism
One's genetic makeup, based on the sequencing of the nucleotides we term A, C, G, and T
Genotype
The school of psychology that emphasizes the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns.
Gestalt Psychology
An organ that secretes one or more chemical substances such as hormones, saliva, or milk.
Gland
The nerve that transmits information concerning odors from olfactory receptors to the brain
Olfactory nerve
Which of the following is a defining characteristic of biologically oriented psychologists?
They study the role of heredity in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking.
__________are rapid, low-amplitude brain waves that have been linked to feelings of relaxation.
alpha waves
In the context of processes of memory, storage modifies information so that it can be placed in memory.
false
A form of MRI that enables researchers to observe the brain "while it works" by taking repeated scans.
functional MRI
After returning from work, Greg contemplates whether he should stay at home or exercise at the gym. He wants to stay at home because he likes to relax, but feels guilty about not getting enough exercise. He knows that if he goes to the gym, he will be glad that he is exercising but unhappy because he does not enjoy the activity. According to Neal E. Miller, this is an example of a(n) _____.
multiple approach-avoidance conflict
Larry, a 26 year old man, often falls asleep suddenly. during these sleep attacks, he falls asleep for around 15 minutes and wakes up feeling refreshed. he also hallucinates that a person is sitting on his chest. in this scenario, Larry is likely suffering from?
narcolepsy
Opiates are a group of__________derived from the opium poppy that provide a euphoric rush and depress the nervous system.
narcotics
Ned is feeling stressed because of his workload in office. He is also experiencing insomnia with rapid weight loss. Ned's condition is an example of a__________correlation.
negative
When Anna moved to her new apartment, she found it very difficult to sleep because of the traffic noise in the neighborhood. However, she gradually became accustomed to the sound of the vehicles as days progressed, and now the noise outside no longer disturbs her sleep. This scenario illustrates an instance of _____.
negative adaptation
Shawna is in her mid-fifties. Her college-going son lives in a separate apartment in the same city while her parents live with her. She cooks meals for her son regularly and does his laundry. At the same time, she looks after her parents, who are dependent on her. Shawna is facing the difficulties _____.
of the sandwich generation
what conducts sensory input into the brain, where it is relayed to the visual area of the occipital lobe
optic nerve
According to Piaget, the__________is the second stage of cognitive development in children.
preoperational stage
REM is an acronym that stands for:
rapid eye movements.
Most dreams:
reflect the daily concerns of the dreamer.
Exposure to very loud sounds can lead to damage of the auditory nerve or hair cells, resulting in__________.
sensorineural deafness
Which of the following statements is true of amphetamines?
they provide a euphoric rush when consumed in high doses.
Root-like structures, attached to the cell body of a neuron, that receive impulses, or incoming messages, from other neurons.
Dendrites
To reduce the resting potential of a cell membrane from about 70 millivolts toward zero.
Depolarize
A drug that lowers the rate of activity of the nervous system
Depressant
The type of sensory adaptation in which we become less sensitive to constant stimuli. Negative adaptation.
Desensitization
Knowledge of one's own thoughts, feelings, and memories without the use of sensory organs
Direct inner awareness
A condition caused by an extra chromosome on the 21st pair and characterized by mental deficiency, a broad face, and slanting eyes
Down syndrome
Neurons that transmit messages from sensory receptors to the spinal cord and brain; also called sensory neurons
Efferent Neurons
A method of detecting brain waves by means of measuring the current between electrodes placed on the scalp.
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
Limbic system fringe along the inner edge of the cerebrum
Limbis system Thalamus Hippocampus Amygdala Hypothalamus
A hallucinogen derived from the mescal cactus
Mescaline
A reinforcer that when removed increases the frequency of an operant
Negative reinforcer
The receptor for hearing that lies on the basilar membrane in the cochlea
Organ of Corti
Psychologists that study the behavior of people in organizations like buisnesses.
Organizational Psychologists
The part of the nervous system consisting of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic
PNS
One of several reinforcement schedules in which not every correct response id reinforced
Partial reinforcement
Weber's constant for LIGHT
1/60
Which of the following fractions is known as Weber's constant for light?
1/60th
Brains weigh
1/60th of our body
_________ psychologists are particularly concerned with issues such as anxiety, aggression, and gender roles. a. Personality b. Industrial c. Developmental d. Forensic
A
A part of the limbic system that apparently facilitates stereotypical aggressive responses.
Amygdala
Caroline is a psychologist who studies how stress induces ailments such as heart problems and headaches. Some of her clients are smokers, and she is helping them quit smoking. She also suggests lifestyle changes that help her clients reduce and cope with stress. Caroline can best be described as a(n) _____. a. educational psychologist b. health psychologist c. forensic psychologist d. experimental psychologist
B
Axon bundles that carry messages to and from the brain
White matter
The cycles of NREM sleep and REM sleep begin:
during fetal development.
A child looks at rain and thunder and says that they are caused by the change in weather. In the sensorimotor stage, this is termed as artificialism.
false
A feature of crystallized intelligence is that it does not increase throughout the life span.
false
According to Arne Öhman and Susan Mineka, humans are not biologically prepared by evolutionary forces to develop fears of any kind.
false
According to Freud, moderate gratification in any stage could lead to fixation in that stage and to the development of traits that are characteristic of the stage.
false
According to research, intelligence quotient (IQ) scores tend to increase during the summer vacation.
false
According to the general adaptation syndrome, in the resistance stage, levels of endocrine and sympathetic activity are higher than in the alarm reaction stage.
false
People share similar psychological needs because people's biological makeups are similar.
false
Sociocultural psychologists study those things we refer to as the mind.
false
Suppression and nonconscious processes are Freudian concepts, whereas repression is a non-Freudian concept.
false
The amygdala is connected to the mother by blood vessels in the uterine wall.
false
Temporal lobe
hearing
A(n)__________rat is characterized by excessive eating.
hyperphagic
Sujay is conducting a research on a group of factory machinists as part of a study on workplace stress and heart disease. Before conducting his study, he explains the objective of the study to the subjects and tells them what they would need to do. He gives them the opportunity to choose if they want to participate or not. In other words, Sujay is seeking__________.
informed consent
Depressant drugs:
inhibit the activity of the central nervous system.
A(n)__________is a stereotyped pattern of behavior that is triggered in a specific situation.
instinct
In the context of altering consciousness through drugs,__________is a problem characterized by loss of control over consumption, social impairment, risky use, and tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.
substance use disorder
Introspection:
was a verbal self-report method used by the first psychologists to study the "structure" of conscious experiences.
1.) define structuralism and functionalism and explain (evaluate) their similarities and differences
-Structuralism is the field concerned with discovering the basic elements of consciousness and... -Functionalism is the field concerned with how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment. -Wilhelm Wundt established structuralism; he broke down consciousness into its two basic elements- subjective feelings and objective sensations. -William James established functionalism; James disagreed with the functionalists and believed that consciousness couldn't be broken down as structuralists believed because it was a continuous stream of consciousness. -Similarities are that subjective feelings and objective sensations are included in a continuous stream of consciousness as well as many other things. Organisms can adapt to their environment by using their subjective feelings and objective sensations and thoughts in order to solve problems that occur in their environment.
Volley principle
1 and 4,000 cycle per second Alternating firing
Weber's constant for PITCH
1/333
Resting potential
70 millivolts
A _________ is a statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research. a. hypothesis b. stratified sample c. correlation d. selection factor
A
Alicia recently had a bad car accident. Since then, she cannot recall events that occurred after the accident. However, she can recall events that took place before the accident. She recognizes her family and friends and important dates, such as her birthday and her marriage anniversary, but has to be constantly reintroduced to new people in her life. Alicia has most likely sustained damage to her _____. a. hippocampus b. somatosensory cortex c. hypothalamus d. Medulla
A
Bobby was standing in line to purchase a movie ticket. All of a sudden, the man in front of him took a few steps back and stepped on Bobby's foot. Bobby had an immediate sensation of pain. This sensation was transmitted via the spinal cord to the brain through _____. a. afferent neurons b. receptor site c. spinal reflexes d. efferent neurons
A
Emily suffers from insomnia. When she went to see a doctor, she was told that her sleeplessness was caused by the deficiency of a particular hormone. The doctor then gave her sleeping pills containing the same. Which is the hormone in question? a. Melatonin b. Thyroxin c. Oxytocin d. Vasopressin
A
Erica is part of a research group that is studying a group of software executives. She is trying to determine the relationship between work stress and cancer. As part of the same study, she also advises her subjects on ways to counter work stress. Erica's job is that of a _________ psychologist. a. developmental b. health c. forensic d. Personality
A
Julie's research work requires her to interview a sample of 200 people within two months. She needs a quick method of observation by which she can consolidate the data from her questionnaires without taking too much time. Which of the following methods should be recommended for Julie? a. Naturalistic observation method b. The case study method c. Field experiments d. The survey method
A
On his first day as a school psychologist, Daniel took a trip to the school ground and quietly sat in the corner watching the children play. He noticed several patterns in the way children behaved with each other, especially when they were playing games. Occasionally one of the children would look up to see him, but he would smile and encourage the child to carry on with his or her activities. The term that best describes what Daniel's study methods is _________. a. naturalistic observation b. correlation c. introspection d. Reinforcement
A
Paul is a fifty-five-year-old man who has been having some difficulty recalling important details. On visiting a doctor, he was told that he was in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. The deficiency of _________ is most likely to be linked to Paul's condition. a. acetylcholine b. gamma-aminobutyric acid c. Serotonin d. Prolactin
A
Sara is a pregnant woman who is well past her due date, which was three weeks ago. The doctors decide that they must induce labor in Sara and inject her with the hormone _____. a. oxytocin b. vasopressin c. thyroxin d. Melatonin
A
Which of the following diseases stems from food poisoning and prevents the release of acetylcholine? a. Colitis b. Botulism c. Anemia d. Multiple sclerosis
A
Which of the following is a function of oxytocin? a. It stimulates labor in pregnant women. b. It helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle. c. It inhibits production of urine when the body's fluid levels are low. d. It affects the rate at which the body uses oxygen and produces energy.
A
Which of the following is true of biologically oriented psychologists? a. They study the role of heredity in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking. b. They study the influences of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status on behavior and mental processes. c. They believe that self-awareness, experience, and choice permit us to invent ourselves and our ways of relating to the world as we progress through life. d. They investigate the ways we perceive and mentally represent the world, remember the past, plan for the future, solve problems, form judgments, make decisions, and use language.
A
Which of the following structures in the brain is known to be connected with vigilance? a. The amygdala b. The cerebral cortex c. The hypothalamus d. The fornix
A
Which of the following terms describes the electrical impulse that provides the basis for the conduction of a neural impulse along an axon of a neuron? a. The action potential b. The all-or-none principle c. A receptor site d. A refractory period
A
Which of these is a function of prolactin? a. It regulates the growth of muscles, bones, and glands. b. It regulates the rate at which the body uses oxygen and produces energy. c. It regulates the sleep-wake cycle and may affect the onset of puberty. d. It regulates maternal behavior in lower mammals such as rats.
A
_________ remove dead neurons and waste products from the nervous system, nourish and insulate neurons, and form myelin. a. Glial cells b. White blood cells c. Red blood cells d. Neurotransmitters
A
A characteristic cluster of withdrawal symptoms that results from sudden decease in an addictive drug's level of usage
Abstinence syndrome
A two-year-old child's family has a pet rabbit. When the family visits the zoo, the child sees a hamster for the first time and calls it a rabbit because of the physical features that are common to a rabbit and a hamster. According to Piaget, which cognitive process will most likely modify the child's understanding?
Accommodation
The electrical impulse that provides the basis for the conduction of a neural impulse along an axon of a neuron.
Action potential
The view that dreams reflect activation of cognitive activity by the reticular formation and synthesis of this activity into a pattern
Activation-synthesis model
Gestalt Psychology
An alternative to behaviorism and structuralism
Describe the origins of psychology and discuss people who have made significant contributions to the field.
An ancient contributor to the modern field of psychology, Aristotle argued that human behavior, like the movements of the stars and the seas, is subject to rules and laws. Today, as then, the subject matter of the study of human behavior includes the study of personality, sensation and perception, thought, intelligence, needs and motives, feelings and emotion, and memory. the following is a list of the historic schools of psychology and the major proponents of each: Structuralism: Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism: William James Behaviorism: Watson and Skinner Gestalt Psychology: Wetheimer, Koffka, Kohler Psychoanalysis: Freud, Jung, Adler, Horney, and Erikson.
A disruption in the ability to understand or produce language.
Aphasia
The division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates glands and activities such as heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and dilation of the pupils.
Autonomic nervous system
A long, thin part of a neuron that transmits impulses to other neurons from bulb-shaped structures called axon terminals or terminal buttons.
Axon
A neuron relays its message to another neuron across a junction called a(n) _________. a. stem b. synapse c. nucleus d. myelin sheath
B
A(n) _____ is a stereotyped pattern of behavior that is triggered in a specific situation. a. intuition b. instinct c. perception d. Cognition
B
In positron emission tomography, to trace the metabolism of glucose, a radioactive compound called a(n) _____ is mixed with glucose and injected into the bloodstream. a. synapse b. tracer c. interneuron d. antidiuretic hormone
B
Phoebe recently suffered a major fall in which she sustained brain injuries. Since then, she has had immense difficulty in communicating with others. She appears to understand what is said to her, but her responses are slow and laborious. Her sentences are always incomplete with important grammatical words missing. Which of the following conditions best reflects Phoebe's case? a. Epilepsy b. Broca's aphasia c. Wernicke's aphasia d. Retrograde amnesia
B
Psychologists with a _________ perspective focus on the evolution of behavior and mental processes. a. cognitive b. biological c. functionalist d. Behaviorist
B
Ralph conducted a study to determine the effects of certain visual stimuli on individuals. For his study, he used two groups of students. The first group watched a violent war film, while the other group did not. Later, both groups were asked to write an essay on war. It was found that the essays written by the first group were more strongly opinionated against war. In this scenario, the first group would be considered a(n) _____. a. control group b. experimental group c. static group d. independent group
B
Which of the following statements is true of structuralism? a. Structuralism focuses on how experience helps people function more adaptively in their environments. b. Structuralism argues that the mind consists of three basic elements: sensations, feelings, and images. c. Structuralists focus on perception and how perception influences thinking and problem solving. d. Structuralism focuses on the study of observable behavior.
B.
The systematic feeding back to an organism information about a bodily function so that the organism can gain control of that function
Biofeedback training (BFT)
A person appears to have certain adjustment issues with new people in his classroom. He does not have any serious psychological disorders but seems to be have trouble making new friends. The psychologist most likely to be called upon to help the person would be a _____ psychologist. a. counseling b. developmental c. social d. human factors
C
Dr. Kennett is a neurologist who is conducting research using brain imaging techniques. He wants to study pictures of his subjects' brain while they are speaking or using a language. The pictures will help Dr. Kennett understand the parts of the brain that are being used to speak and other processes that occur simultaneously in the brain. Based on the nature of study, the most suitable technique for Dr. Kennett's research would be to use _____. a. positron emission tomography b. computerized axial tomography c. functional magnetic resonance imaging d. Electroencephalograph
C
In the context of the brain's language functions, identify the correct statement. a. The right hemisphere contains language functions for nearly all right-handed people. b. Retrograde amnesia impairs people's abilities to comprehend speech and to think of the proper words to express their own thoughts. c. Those with Wernicke's aphasia usually speak freely and with proper syntax. d. Broca's area responds mainly to auditory information.
C
Peter took his bicycle for a ride one morning. He was not wearing a helmet and fell off a ridge, into a steep valley. Apart from fracturing his arm and acquiring several bruises, Peter severely injured his head. The doctor noticed a swelling on the right side of his head and suspected it to be a blood clot. He advised Peter to get a(n) _____ done to further investigate his injuries. a. computerized axial tomography scan b. electroencephalography c. positron emission tomography scan d. Electrocardiography
C
Structuralists tended to ask, "What are the pieces that make up thinking and experience?" In contrast, _________ tended to ask, "How do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?" a. cognitive psychologists b. psychoanalysts c. functionalists d. Behaviorists
C
The _____ perspective is grounded in the work of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. a. Behaviorist b. Functionalist c. Humanistic-existential d. Structuralist
C
The _____ perspective works on the assumption that thoughts, fantasies, and dreams—and the inborn or instinctive behavior patterns of various species—are made possible by the nervous system and especially by the brain. a. cognitive b. psychodynamic c. biological d. humanistic-existential
C
A to T
C to G
A concept with many meanings, including sensory awareness of the world outside, direct inner awareness of one's thoughts and feelings, personal unity, and the waking state
Conciousness
An association or relationship among variables, as we might find between height and weight, or between study habits and school grades.
Correlation
A mathematical method of determining whether one variable decreases or increases as another variable increases or decreases.
Correlational method
A fear reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with fear-evoking stimuli so that the fear evoking stimuli lose the aversive qualities
Counterconditioning
Which of the following is true of the humanistic-existential perspective? a. It investigates the ways we perceive and mentally represent the world. b. It assumes that the inborn behavior patterns of various species are made possible by the brain. c. It views people as free to choose and as being responsible for choosing their own behavior. d. It focuses less on unconscious processes and more on conscious choice and self-direction.
D
The minimal difference in intensity required between two sources of energy so that they will be perceived as being different
Difference threshold
Inhibitory neurotransmitters that occur naturally in the brain and in the bloodstream and are similar to the narcotic morphine in their functions and effects
Endorphins
Psychologists that study the ways that people and the environment influence one another.
Environmental Psychologists
Wilhelm Wundt
Established structuralism and broke down consciousness into subjective feelings and objective sensations
Health Psychology
Examine the ways in which behavior and mental processes are related in physical health
Perception of objects or events through means other than the recognized sensory organs
Extrasensory perception
According to Jeffrey Arnett, the age of self-focus is characterized by adults experimenting with careers and romantic possibilities.
False
Structuralists emphasized the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns.
False
The pineal gland secretes prolactin.
False
Distorted perceptions or hallucinations that occur days or weeks after LSD usage, but mimic the LSD experience
Flashbacks
A complex quality of food, and other substances that is based on their odor, texture, and temperature as well their taste
Flavor
A behavioral fear-reduction technique based on principles of classical conditioning; fear-evoking stimuli (CSs) are presented continuously in the absence of actual harm so that fear responses (CRs) are extinguished
Flooding
Which of the following statements is true of dreams?
Freud argued that dreams express impulses we would censor during the day.
A classical conditioning procedure in which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response brought forth by a CS by being paired repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus
Higher order conditioning
Psychologists that deal with technical systems like machines and parts.
Human Factors Psychologists
Chemical compounds consisting of hydrogen and carbon
Hydrocarbons
Personality Psychology
Identify human traits (shyness, friendliness)
The Gestalt School
Influenced by the ways context influences people's interpretation of information; influenced by sudden insight
A participant's agreement to participate in research after receiving information about the purposes of the study and the nature of the treatments.
Informed consents
Socrate
Introspection and rational thought
Which of the following best defines the term preconscious?
It refers to material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention.
Which of the following best describes psychokinesis?
It refers to the ability to mentally manipulate or move objects.
Which of the following is true of estrogen production in females?
It stimulates the growth of tissue in the hips.
Thorndike's view that pleasant events stamp in responses, and unpleasant events stamp them out
Law of effect
According to behaviorists, a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience; according to cognitive theorists, the process by which organisms make relatively permanent changes in the way they represent the environment because of experience
Learning
A group of structures involved in memory, motivation, and emotion that forms a fringe along the inner edge of the cerebrum.
Limbic system
A form of meditation that provides clients with techniques they can use to focus on the present moment rather than ruminate about problems.
Mindfulness Meditation (MM)
Complementary colors: Red-green Blue-yellow
Mix them into grey
An organism that engages in a response that is then imitated by another organism
Model
Neurons and body fluids contain ions
Negative state, Negative Chloride are plentiful
A bundle of axons from many neurons
Nerves
The electrochemical discharge of a nerve cell or neuron.
Neural Impulse
A specialized cell of the nervous and transmits messages.
Neuron
descriptive of bodily processes, such as the growing of hair, of which we cannot become conscious; we may "recognize" that our hair is growing, but we cannot directly experience the biological process
Non conscious
A neurotransmitter whose action is similar to that of the hormone epinephrine and that may play a role in depression.
Norepinephrine
The sum total of the environmental factors that affect an organism from conception onward
Nurture
Which of the following statements is true of insomnia?
Older adults are more likely than younger adults to have insomnia.
Behavior that operates on, or manipulates, the environment
Operant behavior
The theory that color vision is made possible by three types of cones, some of which respond to red or green light, some to blue or yellow, and some to the intensity of light
Opponent-process theory
Which of the following statements is true of hypnosis?
People who are easily hypnotized are said to have hypnotic suggestibility.
The process by which sensations are organized into an inner representation of the world
Perception
The tendency to integrate perceptual elements into meaningful patterns
Perceptual organization
Psychologists that identify and measure human traits and determine influences on human thought processes, feelings, and behavior.
Personality Psychologists
Perception of pain apparently "in" limbs that have been amputated, often because of activism of nerves in the stump of the missing limb
Phantom limb pain
Another hallucinogen whose name is an acronym for its chemical structure
Phencyclidine (PCP)
One's actual development and appearance, as based on one's genotype and environmental influences
Phenotype
Skinner
Pigeon Box for rat watching
The theory that the pitch of a sound is determined by the section of the basilar membrane that vibrates in response to the sound
Place theory
Nearness; the perceptual tendency to group together objects that are near one another
Proximity
Drugs that have psychological effects such as stimulation or distortion of perceptions
Psychoactive substances
For several nights in a row, a sleep researcher wakes you up whenever you show signs of entering REM sleep. On the first night that you are allowed to sleep uninterrupted, you will most likely experience:
REM rebound.
Dreaming usually takes place during _____ sleep and is typically accompanied by _____.
REM; physiological arousal, brain activity, and rapid movement of the eyes
A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, which have been linked to dreaming
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
A location on a dendrite of a receiving neuron tailored to receive a neurotransmitter
Receptor site
A phase following firing during which a neuron is less sensitive to messages from other neurons and will not fire.
Refractory period
ESP
Rhine Parapsychological - alongside psychology telepathy - direct transmission of thoughts clairvoyance - do not stimulate known organs
Part of a population.
Sample
A stimulus that gains reinforcement value through association with established reinforcers
Secondary reinforcer
Smoke from the tobacco products and exhalations of other people; passive smoking
Secondhand smoke
The focus of one's consciousness on a particular stimulus
Selective attention
The stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information to the cns
Sensation
Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in emotional arousal and sleep?
Serotonin
the 23rd pair of chromosomes, whose genetic material determines the sex of the individual
Sex chromosomes
The tendency to perceive an object as being the same shape although the retinal image varies in shape as it rotates
Shape constancy
Professor Behrens studies circadian rhythms. How does Professor Behrens create "free-running conditions" in her research?
She arranges for volunteers to spend several weeks in isolation units without exposure to sunlight, clocks, or other time cues.
The view that the perception of sensory stimuli involves the interaction of physical, biological, and psychological factors
Signal-detection theory
The perceptual tendency to group together objects that are similar in appearance
Similarity
The view that focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in behavior and mental processes.
Sociocultural perspective
The division of the peripheral nervous system that connects the cns with sensory receptors, skeletal muscles, and the surface of the body.
Somatic nervous system
The section of the cortex in which sensory stimulation is projected. It lies just behind the central fissure in the parietal lobe.
Somatosensory cortex
A column of nerves within the spine that transmits messages from sensory recpetors to the brain and from the brain to the muscles and glands throughout the body.
Spinal cord
The reoccurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time
Spontaneous recovery
Psychologists that help athletes.
Sports Psychologists
A drug that increases activity of the nervous system
Stimulant
The school of psychology that argues that the mind consists of three basic elements - sensations, feelings, and images - that combine to form experience.
Structuralism
_____ were the first to believe that the mind functions by combining objective and subjective elements of experience.
Structuralists
The humanistic-existential perspective is cognitive flavor, yet it emphasizes the role of ____.
Subjective experience.
A problem characterized by loss of control over usage, social impairment, risky use, and tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
Substance use disorder
A method of scientific investigation in which a large sample of people answer questions about their attitudes or behavior.
Survey
The branch of the ans that is most active during emotional responses, such as fear and anxiety, that spend the body's reserves of energy
Sympathetic division
A behavioral fear reduction technique in which a hierarchy of fear evoking stimuli is presented while the person remains relaxed
Systematic Desensitization
Which of the following statements is true of rod cells in the retina of the eye?
They are sensitive only to the intensity of light.
Identify a true statement about forensic psychologists.
They deal with legal matters and evaluate eyewitness testimonies.
Identify a true statement about social-cognitive theorists.
They note that people engage in intentional learning by observing others.
Which of the following statements is true of amphetamines?
They provide a euphoric rush when consumed in high doses.
Which of the following is true of feature detectors?
They refer to neurons that fire in response to specific features of sensory stimuli.
_____ is the habituation to a drug, with the result that increasingly higher doses of the drug are needed to achieve similar effects.
Tolerance
The use of contextual information or knowledge of a pattern in order to organize parts of the pattern
Top-down processing
The simplified form of medication brought to the US by the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, and used as a method for coping with stress
Transcendental Meditation (TM)
Case studies are subject to inaccuracies
True
Humans can detect the odor of 1 one-millionth of a milligram of vanilla in a liter of air.
True
In the context of psychological researches, debriefing is the process of explaining the purposes and methods of a completed procedure to a participant.
True
Paulina is a kindergarten teacher. Every time one of her students answers correctly during her alphabet classes, she uses phrases like "Well done" and "Keep it up." Her behavior exemplifies reinforcement.
True
Physicians frequently prescribe stimulants in an effort to help hyperactive children control their behavior.
True
Which of the following is a new basic taste that was recently added to the primary taste qualities?
Umami
In psychodynamic theory, descriptive of ideas and feelings that are not available to awareness; also: without conciousness
Unconcious
A stimulus that elicits a response from an organism prior to conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
The fraction of the intensity by which a source of physical energy must be increased or decreased so that a difference in intensity will be percieved
Weber's constant
Brandon is a psychologist who is studying the relationship between heredity and mood disorders. He strongly believes that behavior and mental processes have a connection with the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution. Brandon's beliefs are most consistent with the _____ perspective.
biological
The _____ perspective works on the assumption that thoughts, fantasies, and dreams—and the inborn or instinctive behavior patterns of various species—are made possible by the nervous system and especially by the brain.
biological
Jane Goodall
chimpanzees
alternating periods of wakefulness and sleep reflect an internally generated
circadian rhythm
If you are like most people, you experience daily fluctuations in many bodily processes, such as blood pressure, the secretion of hormones, and so on. These daily variations in biological and psychological processes are called:
circadian rhythms.
The process of adjusting to conditions of lower lightning by increasing the sensitivity of rods and cones
dark adaptation
People withdrawing from chronic alcohol use may experience__________with heavy sweating, restlessness, disorientation, and frightening hallucinations.
delirium tremens
_________ are strong, slow brain waves usually emitted during stage 4 sleep
delta waves
The measured results, or outcomes, in an experiment are called__________.
dependent variables
generally acts by slowing the activity of the central nervous system
depressant drugs
PET and fMRI scans have revealed that the brain's activity during REM sleep is:
distinctly different from its activity during either wakefulness or NREM slow-wave sleep.
why do the two lines in the muller-lyer illusion appear to be of different lengths even though they are the same length?
due to the principles of perceptual organization
The Learning Perspective
effects of experience on behavior
B.F. Skinner
established reinforcement; showed that lab animals demonstrated they're capable of learning complex behavior
The Sociocultural Perspective
ethnicity, gender, culture, and socio-economic status
Media violence and aggressive video games decrease viewers' level of emotional arousal.
fa.se
Alia was just about to fall asleep when she heard something crash in the kitchen. The noise jolted her awake. This was due to the secretion of oxytocin.
false
Emotional intelligence does not involve self-insight.
false
Emotions do not involve behavioral tendencies.
false
Erik Erikson focused more on unconscious processes and less on conscious choice and self-direction.
false
Erik Erikson is credited with developing the psychosexual stages of development.
false
Hallucinogens are known to create physiological dependence.
false
In a stratified sample, each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate.
false
In counterconditioning, an organism learns to respond to a stimulus in a way that is completely compatible with a response that was conditioned earlier.
false
In the context of hypnosis, a positive response to each suggestion of the hypnotist sets the stage in which the subject is less likely to follow further suggestions.
false
In the context of stress, predictability is of greater benefit to externals—that is, to people who wish to exercise control over their situations—than to internals.
false
Increasing hypertension and LDL (harmful) serum cholesterol, through medicine if necessary, reduces the risk of coronary heart disease.
false
The somatic nervous system controls activities such as heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and dilation of the pupils.
false
Top-down processing involves the organization of the parts of a pattern to recognize, or form an image of, the pattern they compose.
false
Women who smoke show increased bone density.
false
according to structuralists, maladaptive behavior patterns tend to drop out, and only the fittest behavior patterns survive. t/f
false
dizygotic twin are formed when a zygote divides into two cells that share the same genetic code. t/f
false
When problems assault us, irrational beliefs help diminish their effect.
flase
Some lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) users have__________, which are distorted perceptions or hallucinations that mimic the LSD "trip" but occur days, weeks, or longer after usage.
flashbacks
Famous neoanalysts such as Karen Horney and Erik Erikson differ from earlier psychodynamic practitioners in that they:
focused less on unconscious processes and more on conscious choice and self-direction.
When following the scientific method, psychologists usually begin a study by:
formulating a research question.
showed that people tend to perceive separate pieces of information as integrated wholes depending on the contexts in which they occur
gestalt psychologists
Memory consolidation is the:
gradual process of converting a new memory, through the simple passage of time, into a long-term, relatively permanent form.
true of William James's contribution to psychology
he argued that the stream of consciousness was fluid and continuous
Alicia was recently in a car accident. Since then, she cannot retain memories of events that occurred after the accident. However, she can recall events that took place before the accident. She recognizes her family and friends and important dates, such as her birthday and her marriage anniversary, but has to be constantly reintroduced to the new people in her life. Alicia has most likely sustained damage to her _____.
hippocampus
The__________is a pea-sized structure in the brain that is involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger.
hypothalamus
Psychological research
ideas are tested through surveys and experimentation
drawback of case studies
interviewers may influence participants to give responses that suit their expectations
Which of the following statements is true of alcohol?
it dilates blood vessels
statement true of alcohol
it dilates blood vessels
true of applied research
it is designed to find solutions to specific personal or social problems
best describes psychokinesis
it refers to the ability to mentally manipulate or move objects
Oxytocin
labor induce labor stimulate
Color coded MRI scans of chronic methamphetamine users showed that they had:
lost up to 10 percent of their brain tissue in limbic system areas involved in emotion and reward.
Clinical Psychologists
majority of psychologists
Emily suffers from insomnia. When she went to see a doctor, she was told that her sleeplessness was caused by the deficiency of a particular hormone. The doctor then gave her sleeping pills containing the deficient hormone. Emily has _____ deficiency.
melatonin
Which of the following is a risk factor for coronary heart disease?
overeating
Scientific research has documented that hypnosis is effective for:
pain relief.
statement true of sleep
people need more sleep when they are under stress
function of the iris
regulating the amount of light that enters into the eye
exposure to very loud sounds can lead to damage of the auditory nerve or hair cells, resulting in
sensorineural deafness
Dyssomnias are:
sleep disorders involving disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep.
Parasomnias are:
sleep disorders involving undesirable physical arousal, behaviors, or events during sleep or sleep transitions and include sleep terrors, sleepsex, sleepwalking, sleep-related eating disorder, and REM-sleep behavior disorder.
When Scott was about 12 years old, he got out of bed and walked to the kitchen with slow but automatic movements and began to fumble with the lock on the back door. When his younger sister tried to stop him, he grabbed her and threw her across the room. Scott has had a number of such _____ episodes and rarely remembers anything about them in the morning.
sleepwalking
Susan was taking a nap after her afternoon meal. About 20 minutes after she went to sleep, her father woke her up. During her short nap, she experienced vivid dreamlike images. However, she claimed that she was not sleeping at all. In this scenario, Susan was likely in _____.
stage 1 sleep
The hearing or auditory area of the cortex lies in the _____ lobe along the lateral fissure of the cerebral cortex.
temporal
Which of the following changes CANNOT be produced through hypnosis?
temporary moments of superhuman strength
In boys, pituitary hormones stimulate the testes to increase the output of__________, which in turn causes enlargement of the penis and testes and the appearance of body hair.
testosterone
Which of the following Freudian psychic structures is present in a person at birth?
the ID
According to _____, dreaming is our subjective awareness of the brain's internally generated signals that occur repeatedly throughout the process of a night's sleep.
the activation-synthesis model of dreaming
a number of people with severe cases of epilepsy have split-brain operations in which much of _______ is severed
the corpus callosum
in the context of auditory perception, what statement is true?
the frequency theory that appears to account only for pitch perception between 20 and a few hundred cycles per second
difference between the thalamus and hypothalamus
the thalamus, as a relay station for sensory stimulation, whereas the hypothalamus controls the regulation of body temperature, concentration of fluids, storage of nutrients, and motivation and emotion
What is the sense of equilibrium that informs us about our bodies positions relative to gravity
the vestibular sense
statement true of hormones
they are secreted directly into the bloodstream
In the context of behaviorism, observable behaviors are considered public behaviors because:
they can be measured easily and different observers would agree about their existence and features.
true statement about social-cognitive theorists
they note that people engage in intentional learning by observing others
true of feature detectors
they refer to neurons that fire in response to specific features of sensory simuli
In positron emission tomography, to track the metabolism of glucose, a radioactive compound called a(n) _____ is mixed with glucose and injected into the bloodstream
tracer
As opposed to a dependent variable, an independent variable is manipulated by the experimenters so that its effects may be determined.
true
Direct artificial stimulation of the occipital lobe produces visual sensations.
true
Experimentation is the gold standard for research in psychology.
true
Freud believed that children encounter conflict during each stage of psychosexual development.
true
Hassles and life changes can predict physical health problems such as heart disease and cancer, and even athletic injuries.
true
Humans can detect the odor of 1 one-millionth of a milligram of vanilla in a liter of air.
true
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, achievement, prestige, and status are included under esteem needs.
true
In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, salivation of the dog in response to the meat powder is an unlearned or unconditioned response.
true
In the context of classical conditioning, the cognitive focus is on the information learned by the organism.
true
In the context of psychological researches, debriefing is the process of explaining the purposes and methods of a completed procedure to a participant.
true
Positive events such as learning that the person we love also loves us can raise our level of happiness at a particular moment.
true
Psychological states such as anxiety and depression can impair the functioning of the immune system.
true
The state of consciousness called the hypnotic trance can be induced by asking people to narrow their attention to a small light.
true
When you are given a new phone number and you write it down or immediately dial the number, you are retaining the number in your short-term memory.
true
With well-known information such as our names and occupations, retrieval is effortless and rapid.
true
in contrast to structuralists , gestalt psychologists claimed that one cannot explain human perceptions, emotions, or thought processes in terms of basic units. t/f
true
many case studies are clinical; that is, they are descriptions of a person's psychological problems and how a psychologist treated them. t/f
true
Andy is a professional skydiver. During his freefall, he is able to automatically sense his body's position in relation to the earth's gravity without really having to look around him. This allows him to adjust his position appropriately during his fall to regulate his momentum. The sense that is illustrated in this scenario is the _____.
vestibular sense
andy is a professional skydiver. during his freefall, he is able to automatically sense his body's position in relation to the earths gravity without really having to look around him. this allows him to adjust his position appropriately during his fall to regulate his momentum. the sense that is illustrated in this scenario is the
vestibular sense
what states that in response to sound waves of frequencies between a few hundred and 4,000 cycles per second, groups of neurons take turns firing to transmit sensory information about pitches
volley principle
The large mass of the fore-brain, which consists of two hemispheres.
Cerebrum
Which of the following terms is related to one's genotype? a. Atmosphere b. Culture c. Environment d. Nature
D
A simple, unlearned response to a stimulus that may involve only two neurons.
Spinal reflex
