Psychology Midterm

Which of the following statements about the two hemispheres of the brain is TRUE? A) The right hemisphere of the brain controls language function B) The left hemisphere of the brain controls the left side of the body. C) The right hemisphere of the brain helps orchestrate our self-awareness. D) The left hemisphere of the brain excels in making inferences.

C) The right hemisphere of the brain helps orchestrate our self-awareness.

Which of the following is the BEST example of a flashbulb memory? A)You suddenly remember you need to buy bread while you're standing in the grocery store checkout line. B) You recall the name of a high school colleague while looking at his yearbook snapshot C) You remember to make an important phone call D) You remember exactly what you were doing when you heard about the 9/11 terrorist attack

D) You remember exactly what you were doing when you heard about the 9/11 terrorist attack

The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by:

Erikson's psychosocial development theory

______ is the tendency to respond in a similar manner to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS).

Generalization

This famous experiment by _____ involved raising monkeys with two artificial mothers.

Harry Harlow and Margaret Harlow

______ aids can be used to help remember things like speeches or lists of items. These aids often incorporate the use of vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Mnemonic

Employing the single word HOMES to remember the names of North America's five Great Lakes best illustrates the use of:

a mnemonic device

The broad term that refers to a condition in which a person feels compelled to take a specific drug despite negative consequences is:

addiction

_____ is the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.

adolescence

Jorge, who is terrified of snakes, is walking down the street when he sees a stick that looks somewhat like a snake. He immediately becomes fearful, despite knowing that what he sees is only a stick. An area of the brain called the _____ is responsible for Jorge's fear reaction.

amygdala

Chandra's father demands total obedience from his children. When he speaks, he expects his children to listen. There is no discussion and no arguing. He has zero tolerance for breaking the rules he has set forth. Chandra's father has which type of parenting style?

authoritarian

Garry's parents set firm rules, but they are responsive to his needs. They give him a chance to explain himself and also explain their position on why they cannot allow him to stay out past midnight, and so on. Garry's parents have which type of parenting style?

authoritative

Margaret Floy Washburn was the first woman to:

be granted a Ph.D. in psychology.

A focus on how we learn observable responses is most relevant to the ____________ perspective.

behavioral

A movie star was going on and on in an interview about how terrible it is that people use psychoactive drugs. She proudly announced that she had quit smoking, stopped drinking, and had never touched another drug in her life. While talking, she took periodic sips from a steaming cup on the table. what she did not realize was that the coffee in her cup contains _______. Which is a psychoactive drug

caffeine

This brain structure helps coordinate movement and enables nonverbal learning.

cerebellum

The regular daily fluctuation in temperature and wakefulness is called:

circadian rhythms

By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates:

classical conditioning

Awareness of ourselves and our environment is:

consciousness

Alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memory by

decreasing the amount of time spent in REM sleep

___________ transmit messages toward the cell body.

dendrites

Improved judgement, impulse control, and the ability to plan for the future develops during the late teens and early twenties, largely as a result of:

development of the frontal lobe of the brain.

Which of the following helps to retain information for the long-term?

distributed practice

Studying for your psychology test requires _______________. This means making attentive and conscious exertion, but it pays off with lasting and accessible memories.

effortful processing

The three consecutive steps in our memory information processing are:

encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control are called

endorphins

Claire is recalling the day of her college graduation. What type of memory is this an example of?

episodic

Karen is remembering what took place when her friends threw her a surprise birthday party. What type of memory is she using?

episodic

With continuous reinforced _____________.

every time the desired behavior occurs.

What was the conditioned response (CR) in Watson and Rayner's famous Little Albert study?

fear in response to the sight of the rat.

Sleep consolidates our memories by reactivating recent experiences stored in the _____ and then shifting them for permanent storage elsewhere in the cortex.

hippocampus

Sixteen-year-old Jake is trying out different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by his compination of shirts, pants, earrings, chains, and hair colors. His mother, on the other hand, just laughs. Jake is in the stage of development called:

identity versus role confusion

As Natalia was driving home from school, she stopped at an intersection. She looked to her left and right for oncoming cars and then made a left turn, pulling out right in front of a motorcycle. Even though she had looked in that direction, she failed to see the motorcycle, likely because she was looking only for cars. Her inability to see the motorcycle is a phenomenon known as:

inattentional blindness

One main difference between punishment and reinforcement is that the goal of reinforcement is to ________ a behavior.

increase

the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors is called:

learning

This is a relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of your memory system.

long-term memory.

Studies in which the same people are restudies and retested over long periods of time is called:

longitudinal studies

someone is being treated with chemo and it is making them nauseous so the doctor recommends they take what drug to help with that?

marijuana

_______refers to our tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with our current emotional state. In other words, if you aren't feeling well, you will be more likely to have negative associations.

mood-congruent memory

Professor Frank has asked students to create a study to examine the behavior of coyotes in a nearby nature preserve. If they are only interested in observing and recording behavior, and not exploring cause and effect for those behaviors, which method would they choose?

naturalistic observation

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:

observable behavior (learning)

After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates:

observational learning

Which lobes of the cerebral cortex are most directly involved in vision?

occipital lobes

A dog learns that if she sits, her owner will give her a treat. The dog likes treats, so she will repeat the sitting behavior often in order to get a treat. This example best illustrates:

operant conditioning (rewards and punishments)

Terry is worried that she will become addicted to the drug she has been taking to relieve her pain. She is most likely taking a(n):

opiate

Lucy is excited about her wedding this Sunday. She's read that half of all marriages end in divorce but knows that she and Steve will be happy for the rest of their lives. This tendency to make predictions about one's life so self-assuredly is called:

overconfidence

Unlike short-term memory, long-term memory is:

permanent

Leon's parents divorced when he was 5. His father has moved out of state, and his mother is kept busy with trying to keep a roof over their heads. Leon is now 13 and has been getting into some minor troubles at school and with the law. Despite this, his mother still allows Leon to come and go as he pleases, she rarely if ever punishes him, and she gives in to whatever he wants. She feels guilty about the divorce and the fact that Leon doesn't have much contact with his father. Leon's mother has which type of parenting style?

permissive

Which field of study examined the bumps on the skull and believed they could reveal a person's mental abilities and character traits?

phrenology

The brain's ability to change function and structure is referred to as:

plasticity

Those in this stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral thinking would be likely to say something like, "People have a right to live."

postconventional morality

Those in this stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral thinking believe that people should obey rules to avoid punishment.

preconventional morality

______ are those aspects of the body that make sexual reproduction possible.

primary sex characteristics

The term ______ means "mind manifesting" and refers to a class of drugs that create profound perceptual distortions, alter mood, and affect thinking.

psychedelics

Dr. Jamison prefers to give his students all essay and fill-in-the-blank questions in order to fully test their:

recall

A fill in the blank test is a good example of a __________ memory task.

recall.

Your teacher gives the first exam in your psychology course. You notice that all of the questions are multiple choice. What are they testing you on?

recognition

Classical conditioning focuses on ________ behavior.

respondent

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus is called the:

response (Conditioned Response)

A scientist who begins by doubting and who analyzes all scientific claims while asking "how does it work?" is exemplifying which scientific attitude?

skepticism

Psychologists persistently ask two questions ("What do you mean?" and "How do you know?") because they approach the world of behavior with a curious:

skepticism

Axons are to _____ as dendrites are to _____.

speaking

What we learn in one state may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state:

state-dependent memory

Any event or situation that evokes a response is a(n):

stimulus

Exposure to sunlight and other bright light:

suppresses the production of melatonin.

Which of the following plays a role in the manufacture of melatonin?

suprachiasmatic nucleus

This technique, when done scientifically, gathers self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people by questioning them randomly and representatively.

survey

Stan's wife wakes him from a peaceful slumber to tell him that she heard a noise. As he slowly gets up to investigate, his heart begins to race, his mouth gets dry, and he begins to sweat. Clearly, Stan's _____________ has been activated.

sympathetic nervous system

Behaviorism emphasized which of the following ideas?

the scientific study of observable behaviors in humans and animals

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement is known as:

the social clock

In response to bright morning light:

the suprachiasmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to decrease production of melatonin.

When a person needs a gradual increase in the amount of a psychoactive drug to produce the desired effect, _____ has occurred.

tolerance