Psychology midterm

The ____ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours A.meta B. circadian C. homeostatic D. pineal

B. circadian

______ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives. A. binocular B. cyclopean C. monocular D. trichromatic

A. binocular

Inattentional ________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention. A. blindness B. responsiveness C. transduction D. sublimination

A. blindness

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain? A. brocs area B. wernicks area C. thalamus D. hippocampus

A. brocs area

A ________ scan involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular sections of a persons body or brain A. computerized tomography (CT) scan B. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) C. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) D. positron emission tomography (PET)

A. computerized tomography (CT) scan

___________ is another term for malleus. A. hammer B. percussive C. nail D. drum

A. hammer

Which of the following is not an endocrine gland? A. hypothalmus B. pineal gland C. thyroid D. ovaries

A. hypothalmus

Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring _____ balance A. neurotransmitter B. emotional C. GABA D. serotonin

A. neurotransmitter

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. variable interval B. variable ratio C. fixed interval

A. variable interval

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? A. variable ratio B. fixed ratio C. variable interval d. fixed interval

A. variable ratio

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness? A. cognitive behavioral B. evolutionary C. Freudian D. dependent

B. evolutionary

What can you do to realign your biological clock with the external world when you work a rotating shift? A. surround yourself with darkness while working B. expose yourself to bright light while working C. take a break every hour to exercise for 5 minutes D. take regular naps throughout the day

B. expose yourself to bright light while working

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval d. variable ratio

B. fixed ratio

Mona lives in North Carolina. She takes an overnight flight to California to visit with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ________. A. parasomnia B. jet lag C. night terrors D. external circadian

B. jet lag

What is the main idea of social learning theory? A. behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior B. one can learn new behaviors by observing others C. fear is a conditioned response D. learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus

B. one can learn new behaviors by observing others

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light. A. fixed ratio map B. fixed interval map C. cognitive map D. latent map

C. cognitive map

The theory of _______ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environments will die off A. genetic mutation B. survivalism C. evolution by natural selection D. behavioral genetics

C. evolution by natural selection

Which statement about B.F. Skinner is correct? A. he placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward B. his experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn C. he is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning D. he worked with Tolman to prove fear is both and instinct and reflex

C. he is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning

Which of the following exemplifies the sense of audition? A. petting a cat B. smelling lilacs C. hearing a song on the radio D. tasting warm bread covered in pumpkin butter

C. hearing a song on the radio

Out vestibular sense contributes to our ability to_________. A. regulate body temperature B. feel pain C. maintain balance and body posture D. distinguish the fat content of food

C. maintain balance and body posture

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain? A. photo receptor B. cornea C. optic D. linear

C. optic

The _____ of a neuron contain ___ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system A. dendrites;synaptic vesicles B. dendrites; terminal buttons C. terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles D. terminal buttons; transport proteins

C. terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? " Pain that signals some type of tissue damage is known as neuropathic pain." A. the word "damage" should be changed to the word "destruction" B. the word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "congenital" C. the word "neuropathic" should be changed to the world "inflammatory" D. the word " tissue" should be changed to the word "biological"

C. the word "neuropathic" should be changed to the world "inflammatory"

Which part of the eye holds color? A. retina B. cornea C. lens D. Iris

D. Iris

Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content? A. Carl Jung B. Rosalind Cart C. Jane Hiatson D. Sigmund Freud

D. Sigmund Freud

__ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the terminal axons A. threshold of exitation B. hpolarization C. depolarization D. actoin potential

D. action potential

_____ is a transmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation A. GABA B. norepinephrine C. acetylcholine D. beta-endorphin

D. beta-endorphin

Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the use experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug A. a return to normal performance levels B. psychological stress C. psychological distress D. changes in normal bodily function

D. changes in normal bodily function

Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________. A. pulsing light; steady light B. light; darkness C. twilight; gloom D. darkness; light

D. darkness; light

Sleep apnea is defined by ________. A. unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep B. uncomfortable sensations in legs C. a series of panic in the sufferer screams D. episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

D. episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

A difference in ____ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives A. Evolution B. Behavior C. nurture D. genetics

D. genetics

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ______ learning. A. primary B. conditioned C. partial D. latent

D. latent

Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses? A. we cannot use these senses without the presence of specific chemicals in the body B. they are unrelated to biological senses c. they have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe D. neither one has sensory receptors

c. they have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe

Xi needs to stay awake another hour to study for his English final, so he drinks several cups of cola. When he's done studying, he finds that he can't sleep even though he wants to, he feels agitated, his muscles twitch, his heartbeat is irregular, and he feels nauseated. What is causing Xi to feel this way? A. caffeine B. insomnia C. sugar D. narcolepsy

A. caffeine

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________. A. consciousness B. consience C. unconsciousness D. REM sleep

A. consciousness

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ______ A. depression B. schizoprenia C. parkinsons disease D. obsessive-compulsive disorder

A. depression

Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite supression? A. dopamine; norepinephrine B. serotonin; glutamine C. serotonin; GABA D. dopamine; acetylcholine

A. dopamine; norepinephrine

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure? A. gestalt B. biometric C. somatosensory D pacinian

A. gestalt

What is described by the concept of perception? A. how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced B. the change in stimulus detection as a function of current mental state C. how interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experience, and thoughts D. what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor

A. how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________. A. increases B. is not affected C. decreases D. depends on the CS- UCS relationship

A. increases

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? A. learning B. conditioning C. reflexes D. instincts

A. learning

Nancy is aware that she is dreaming when she has a nightmare, so she concentrates and changes her dream from bad to good. This is a good example of ________ dreaming. A. lucid B. stage 1 C. internal D. external

A. lucid

In classical conditioning the association that is learned between a _________. A. neutral stimulus and an unconditional stimulus B. neutral stimulus and a neutral response C. neutral response and a conditioned response D. conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response

A. neutral stimulus and an unconditional stimulus

NREM sleep is a period of sleep ________. A. outside periods of REM sleep B. associated with lucid dreaming C. that always occurs immediately after REM sleep D. that overlaps REM sleep

A. outside periods of REM sleep

The ______ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract A. parasympathetic B. autonomic C. somatic D. sympathetic

A. parasympathetic

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor. A. perception; sensation B. sensation; perception C. perception; reception D. perception; postception

A. perception; sensation

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction? A. smelling cookies in the oven B. feeling the warmth of the sun C. tasting white chocolate fudge D. hearing an airplane fly overhead

A. smelling cookies in the oven

Sensory and motor neurons of the _______ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary A. somatic B. sympathetic C. parasympathetic D. autonomic

A. somatic

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity. A. stimulant B. depressant C. hallucinogen D. antipsychotic

A. stimulant

The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain? A. temporal B. parietal C. occipital D. frontal

A. temporal

Which statement about Edward C. Toleman is incorrect? A. he placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward B. he found that emotions can be a conditioned response C. his experiments demonstrated organisms can learn D. he disagreed with Watson and Skinner

B. he found that emotions can be a conditioned response

In operant conditioning what describes adding something to decreased the likelihood of behavior? A. acquisition B. punishment C. recovery D. extinction

B. punishment

Sleepwalking is also referred to as _______. A. hypersomnia B. somnambulism C. restless leg syndrome D. night terror

B. somnambulism

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ___________ A. brainstem B. spinal cord C. peripheral nerve D. internal organs

B. spinal cord

The space between two neurons is called the ________. A. vesicle B. synapse C. soma D. terminal button

B. synapse

Which of the following exemplifies gustation? A. feeling a piece of wood B. tasting fresh caught salmon C. hearing a cat purr D. smelling fresh mint in a garden

B. tasting fresh caught salmon

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing __________ A. language, such as speech B. temperature, touch, and pain C. motor information to body areas, such as arms, legs, and face D. cognition and emotion

B. temperature, touch, and pain

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment? A. rods B. lens C. cones D. fovea

C. cones

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? A. boys display fear differently from girls B. boys display more fear than girls C. emotion can be a conditioned response D. fear cannot be a conditioned response

C. emotion can be a conditioned response

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________. A. learning B. reflexes C. instincts D. conditioning

C. instincts

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment. A. Little Albert was older than reported B. Watson did not have consent from Albert's mother C. it is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child since it is harmful to induce fear D. Watson falsified most of his data

C. it is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child since it is harmful to induce fear

Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false? A. it refers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a regular basis B. it can result in sleeping problems C. it will probably lead to substance abuse D. it renders the maintenance of a normal circadian rhythm difficult

C. it will probably lead to substance abuse

Which term describes the perception of the body's movement through space? A. neurasthenia B. nociception C. kinesthesia D. dimensionality

C. kinesthesia

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false? A. sleep deprivation can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive functions B. sleep deprivation is associated with obesity C. sleep deprivation often results in ADHD D. sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms

C. sleep deprivation often results in ADHD

Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences. A. opioid B. depressant C. stimulant D. hallucinogenic

D. hallucinogenic

The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as_________ A.factors B. proteins C. neurotransmitters D. hormones

D. hormones

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? A. reward a boy for finishing his vegetables B. blindfolding someone and timing him C. determining how long it takes a person to learn D. knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt every day there is an exam

D. knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt every day there is an exam

In operant conditioning __________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihodd of behavior. A. punishment reinforcement B. positive reinforcement C. punishment D. negative reinforcement

D. negative reinforcement

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning. A. vicarious B. pavlovian C. latent D. observational

D. observational

Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children? A. they decrease neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control B. they increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control C. they increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with emotions D. they decrease neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with hyperactivity

B. they increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts? A.signal detection B. top-down C. subliminal D. absolute threshold

B. top-down

Although B.F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ____________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning. A. Rosalie Rayner B. Little Albert C. Edward C. Tolman D. Ivan Pavlov

C. Edward C. Tolman

If the principals of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior __________. A. after dreaming they were on television B. after seeing a tv character being punished for taking violent action C. after seeing a tv character receive a reward for taking violent action D. after dreaming about having a fight with their parents

C. after seeing a tv character receive a reward for taking violent action

The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we ___________. A. cant see without sunlight B. cant see C. can see D. can see only in the dark

C. can see

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the _____ and the ______ A. parasympahtetic; sympathetic nervous systems B. autonomic; somatic nervous systems C. central; peripheral nervous system D. autonomic; sympathetic nervous systems

C. central; peripheral nervous system

Several studies have suggested that non- black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a black person. What does this imply about perception? A. perception is laboratory settings are inaccurate B. perceptions of weapons are influenced by our race C. perceptions are influenced by our ethnic background D. perceptions are influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes

D. perceptions are influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes

Which state is marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest while awake? A. circadian rythm B. jet lag C. consciousnesss D. sleep

D. sleep

The ___ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration A. autonomic B. somatic C. parasympathetic D. sympathetic

D. sympathetic

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________. A. psychological independence B. withdrawal C. physical dependence D. tolerance

D. tolerance

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________. A. top-down processing B. subliminal messaging C. just noticeable difference D. transduction

D. transduction