Psychology Modules - Chapter 7

What is intellectual disability? (a) a condition of limited mental ability in which the individual has an IQ of 70 or below (b) the quality of having a particular talent for the things that one does in a particular domain (c) having an IQ of 130 or higher (d) the proportion of the IQ differences in a population that is attributed to genetic differences

(a) a condition of limited mental ability in which the individual has an IQ of 70 or below

What is normal distribution? (a) a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve; a majority of the scores fall in the middle of the range, and few scores appear toward the extremes (b) an individuals mental age divided by an individuals chronological age multiplied by 100 (c) the extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance (d) developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, as well as creating norms for the test.

(a) a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve; a majority of the scores fall in the middle of the range, and few scores appear toward the extremes

Thinking that a plane crash is more likely than a car crash because you can easily remember dramatic images of plane crashes on TV is an example of what cognitive shortcut? (a) availability heuristic (b) representativeness heuristic (c) algorithms (d) endowment effect

(a) availability heuristic

__________ __________ is evaluating alternatives and making choices among them. (a) decision making (b) availability heuristic (c) hindsight bias (d) confirmation bias

(a) decision making

Every child that Marco has ever seen loved crayons, so when he goes to babysit a child he has never met before, he is sure to bring paper and a big box of crayons with him. Marco is using __________. (a) deductive reasoning (b) confirmation bias (c) inductive reasoning (d) functional fixedness

(a) deductive reasoning

Lewis Terman conducted a study of 1,500 gifted children. Which of the following is a correct conclusion from that study? (a) gifted children typically became experts in a well-established domain (b) gifted children did not go on to be experts in any particular domain (c) gifted children were not any more likely to be successful than non gifted children (d) gifted children became major creatures of new domains or revolutionized old domains

(a) gifted children typically became experts in a well-established domain

Psychological research, which uses a sample of participants in order to draw conclusions about the population from which the sample is drawn, is an example of __________. (a) inductive reasoning (b) deductive reasoning (c) confirmation bias (d) functional fixedness

(a) inductive reasoning

Algorithms and heuristic both _________. (a) provide solutions to problems (b) enable the development of new concepts (c) guarantee solutions (d) assist in the development of categories

(a) provide solutions to problems

Sarah sees an older lady who is wearing glasses and has her hair styled in a bun. Sarah guesses that the lady is her school's librarian because she fits Sarah's librarian stereotype, even though there are way more teachers than librarians at her school. What has Sarah fallen prey to? (a) representativeness heuristic (b) endowment effect (c) confirmation bias (d) availability heuristic

(a) representativeness heuristic

What is bodily-kinesthetic intelligence? (a) the ability to manipulate objects and be physically adept (b) the ability to observe patterns in nature and understand natural and human-made systems (c) the ability to understand and interact effectively with others (d) the ability to think in words and use language to express meaning

(a) the ability to manipulate objects and be physically adept

What is hindsight bias? (a) the tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an outcome (b) the tendency to search for and use information that supports, rather than refutes, our ideas (c) a prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events (d) evaluating alternatives and making choices among them

(a) the tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an outcome

Tom is trying to make a decision, but he is in a negative mood. Which of the following is true about the effect of his mood on his decision-making abilities? (a) tom is most likely to engage in narrow, analytical thinking due to his negative mood (b) tom is likely to use heuristic shortcuts and make fewer errors (c) tom is most likely to use heuristic shortcuts and make more errors (d) tom is likely to make his decision faster due to his bad mood

(a) tom is most likely to engage in narrow, analytical thinking due to his negative mood

Which of the following is an example of divergent thinking? (a) using a brick as a doorstop (b) using wood to build a desk (c) using wood to build a house (d) using a brick to build a house

(a) using a brick as a doorstop

The __________ is an intelligence test that can be administered to children or adults because the questions vary depending on the test taker's age. (a) Binet test for adults and children (b) Stanford-Binet (c) Wechsler intelligence scale for children (WISC) (d) Wechsler intelligence scale for adults (WAIS)

(b) Standford-Binet

What are some traits of those who are intellectually gifted? Select all that apply (a) socially awkward (b) higher than normal IQ (c) introverted (d) well-adjusted (e) conservative

(b) and (d)

__________ are mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics. (a) heuristics (b) concepts (c) algorithms (d) solutions

(b) concepts

According to Sternberg, the ability to generate novel ideas is related to __________ intelligence. (a) linguistic (b) creative (c) fluid

(b) creative

A child with a chronological age of 6 and a mental age of 12 would have an intelligence quotient (IQ) score __________. (a) lower than 100 (b) that could only be computed with more information (c) right around 100 (d) higher than 100

(b) higher than 100

A child is given an intelligence test. What does his score on the test correspond to? (a) normal distribution (b) his mental age (c) his interpersonal intelligence (d) his chronological age

(b) his mental age

Problem-solving skills and the ability to adapt to and learn from life's everyday experiences is known as __________. (a) creativity (b) intelligence (c) mindfulness (d) expertise

(b) intelligence

The acronym IQ stands for which of the following? (a) intellect quantifier (b) intelligence quotient (c) intelligence quorum (d) intellect quota

(b) intelligence quotient

Laura has the chance to take an optional final exam. If she doesn't take it, her course grade stays as it is. If she does choose to take it, her final course grade could improve or decline, depending on her performance. Laura's decision to keep her grade as is is best explained by the idea of __________. (a) base rate neglect (b) loss aversion (c) confirmation bias (d) hindsight bias

(b) loss aversion

Deductive reasoning is which of the following? (a) the mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions (b) reasoning from the general to the specific (c) evaluating alternatives and making choices among them (d) reasoning from the specific to the general

(b) reasoning from the general to the specific

The __________ is an intelligence test given to individuals from the age of 2 through adulthood that includes a wide variety of items, some requiring verbal responses. (a) binet intelligence (b) stanford-binet (c) binet-stanford (d) stanford intelligence

(b) stanford-binet

According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, the ability to think in words and use language to express meaning is known as __________ intelligence (a) naturalist (b) verbal (c) musical (d) spatial

(b) verbal

Which of the following are traits of intellectually gifted people? Select all that apply (a) socially maladjusted (b) IQ of 130 or above (c) major creators of new domains of expertise (d) socially well-adjusted (e) superior talent in a particular area (f) academically advanced

(b), (d), (e), and (f)

The average 8 year old gets 30 questions right on an intelligence test, whereas the average 12 year old gets 50 questions right. What is the mental age of an 8 year old who gets 50 questions right? (a) 50 (b) 8 (c) 12 (d) 10

(c) 12

What is the primary difference between an algorithm and a heuristic? (a) an algorithm is a cognitive shortcut; a heuristic is not (b) a heuristic is a cognitive shortcut; an algorithm is not (c) an algorithm guarantees a solution; a heuristic does not (d) a heuristic guarantees a solution; an algorithm does not

(c) an algorithm guarantees a solution; a heuristic does not

The ability to judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast is known as __________ intelligence (a) creative (b) practical (c) analytical (d) spatial

(c) analytical

Two levels of reasoning and decision making are __________. (a) autonomic and somatic (b) effortless and hard (c) automatic and controlled (d) fast and slow

(c) automatic and controlled

If you avoid talking with people who disagree with you on various issues but discuss those same topics with people who agree with you, you are displaying a __________ bias. (a) humanitarian (b) representativeness (c) confirmation (d) availability

(c) confirmation

If a test asks the question "What is the best way to grow soybeans for ethanol?", what type of bias is being exhibited? (a) intelligence bias (b) reliability bias (c) cultural bias (d) validity bias

(c) cultural bias

Individuals with intellectual disabilities who have no evidence of organic brain damage or genetic disorders are diagnosed with __________. (a) down syndrome (b) organic intellectual disability (c) cultural-familial intellectual disability (d) inorganic intellectual ability

(c) cultural-familial intellectual disability

What type of test purposefully uses only questions that are familiar to people from all socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds or uses no verbal questions at all? (a) standardized test (b) aptitude test (c) culture-fair test (d) reliable test

(c) culture-fair test

Scientists, engineers, and accountants are people who are likely to have a high level of __________ intelligence (a) intrapersonal (b) bodily-kinesthetic (c) mathematical (d) interpersonal

(c) mathematical

__________ are created so that tests are applicable to individuals from diverse groups. (a) rules (b) bell curves (c) norms (d) reliability standards

(c) norms

All of the following are aspects of thinking, EXCEPT __________. (a) forming concepts (b) making decisions (c) physically manipulating objects (d) reflecting critically or creatively

(c) physically manipulating objects

A researcher creates a new intelligence test. She gives the same test to a subject on three separate occasions. The subject gets the same score every time he takes it, but the researcher realizes that the test isn't measuring intelligence, it is measuring personality. What is the researcher's new test? (a) neither reliable nor valid (b) valid but not reliable (c) reliable but not valid (d) reliable and valid

(c) reliable but not valid

The ability to think three-dimensionally is known as __________ intelligence (a) bodily-kinesthetic (b) naturalist (c) spatial (d) mathematical

(c) spacial

Marie's dorm room is a total mess, and Marie is so overwhelmed, she doesn't know how to fix it. Marie's older sister tells her to start by putting dirty clothes in the hamper and folding the clean ones, and then to move on to putting away books and papers. Marie's sister is using __________ to help Marie solve her problem. (a) heuristics (b) prototypes (c) subgoals (d) algorithms

(c) subgoals

What is reasoning? (a) moving from the specific to the general or from the bottom up (b) evaluating alternatives and making choices among them (c) the mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions (d) moving from the general to the specific

(c) the mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions

What is the primary purpose of algorithms and heuristics? (a) they guarantee solutions (b) they provide a concept with which to understand new information (c) they provide a way for problems to be solved (d) they assist in language development

(c) they provide a way for problems to be solved

Which of the following are sources of bias in intelligence testing? Select all that apply (a) testing errors (b) genetics (c) ethnicity (d) socioeconomic status (e) culture

(c), (d), and (e)

Open-mindedness is which of the following? (a) thinking that produces one correct answer (b) thinking that produces diverse answers to the same question (c) being alert and mentally present for everyday activities (d) being receptive to the possibility of other ways of looking at things

(d) being receptive to the possibility of other ways of looking at things

Mathematical intelligence is the ability to __________. (a) think three-dimensionally (b) observe patterns in nature (c) manipulate objects (d) carry out calculations

(d) carry out calculations

Monique is without a pencil as she is working in her woodshop. She is using a screwdriver to mark wood for cutting, displaying all but which of the following? (a) divergent thinking (b) creativity (c) problem solving (d) convergent thinking

(d) convergent thinking

The ability to design, invent, originate, and imagine is known as __________ intelligence. (a) analytical (b) interpersonal (c) practical (d) creative

(d) creative

Alexis is moving furniture, and she can't get a big armchair outside. She keeps trying to put the chair through the doorway the same way that she moved a smaller chair, but this strategy isn't working. Alexis is experiencing __________. (a) inductive reasoning (b) subgoals (c) confirmation bias (d) fixation

(d) fixation

Which of the following is an example of the confirmation bias? (a) using a matchbook to light a candle (b) if you are liberal, avoiding discussing serious issues with other liberals (c) considering a prototype when attempting to categorize a new item (d) if you are liberal, avoiding discussing serious issues with people who are conservative

(d) if you are liberal, avoiding discussing serious issues with people who are conservative

Reasoning from the specific to the general or from the bottom up is known as __________. (a) deductive reasoning (b) functional fixedness (c) decision making (d) inductive reasoning

(d) inductive reasoning

Down syndrome is an example of what kind of intellectual disability? (a) biosocial (b) cultural-familial (c) bioelectrical (d) organic

(d) organic

A type of intellectual disability caused by a genetic disorder or by brain damage is known as which of the following? (a) inorganic intellectual disability (b) cultural-familial intellectual disability (c) social intellectual disability (d) organic intellectual disability

(d) organic intellectual disability

What type of test is based exclusively on norms? (a) achievement test (b) aptitude test (c) intelligence test (d) standardized test

(d) standardized test

What is infinite generativity? (a) the meanings of words and sentences in a particular language (b) a form of communication, whether spoken, written, or signed, that is based on a system of symbols (c) a languages rules for word formation (d) the ability to produce an infinite number of sentences using a relatively limited set of rules

(d) the ability to produce an infinite number of sentences using a relatively limited set of rules

What is practical intelligence? (a) the ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast (b) the ability to create, design, invent, originate, and imagine (c) the ability to think three-dimensionally (d) the ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into action

(d) the ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into action

What is validity? (a) the development of uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test (b) the extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance (c) an individual's level of mental development relative to that of others (d) the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure

(d) the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure

Cognitive psychology is the study of __________. (a) how people think (b) the mistakes made when people use logic to solve problems (c) feelings and emotions (d) thought, language, memory and reasoning

(d) thought, language, memory and reasoning

True or False: The heritability of intelligence is static across the lifespan

False

True or False: When participants were asked to quickly rate the popularity of snippets of songs, their ratings were significantly less accurate than those who were given more time for reflection

False

True or False: Intuitive processing may have an important role in decision making

True

Deficits in __________ behavior are now included in the definition of intellectual disability, which means that two individuals, both classified with mild intellectual disability, may be drastically different in some aspects of behavior and performance.

adaptive

Two individuals with intellectual disability may both be classified with mild intellectual disability, but one may hold a job and be married, while the other may need to be cared for by others in a care facility. This is one reason that deficits in __________ behavior are now included in the definition of intellectual disability.

adaptive

__________ intelligence is the ability to judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast.

analytical

The __________ system of reasoning is more associated with intuitive processing.

automatic

Allen and Dave are each trying to solve the same brain teaser problem. Allen goes with his immediate hunch to solve the problem, so he is likely using the __________ system of information processing. Dave is very slow and analytical in his attempt to solve the problem, so he is likely using the __________ system of information processing

automatic ; controlled

The __________ heuristic is a shortcut in which the probability of something is judged based on how easily one can recall similar events.

availability

Thinking, language, memory, and reasoning are all part of __________ psychology.

cognitive

When it comes to categorizing new information, our brains use several techniques; for example, the mental category that is used to group objects and events is called a(n) __________.

concept

The tendency to focus only on information that supports your opinion is called the __________ bias.

confirmation

You ignore or forget all information that is inconsistent with your point of view. In doing so, you display __________ bias.

confirmation

Maggie is always coming up with different ideas and unique ways to solve problems. Because of her divergent type of thinking, many people call her __________.

creative

__________ is the ability to generate unique ideas and novel solutions.

creativity

One type of __________-__________ test would contain no verbal questions

culture-fair

Evaluating alternatives and making choices among these alternatives is known as __________ __________.

decision making

Diego has heard that everyone at a nearby high school loves to play soccer, so when Diego meets Samuel, who is a student at the high school, Diego concludes that Samuel must be a soccer fan. Diego is using __________ reasoning.

deductive

__________ involves using a prior strategy and failing to look at a problem from a fresh, new perspective

fixation

Estimates of __________ can change over time and across different groups; estimates for intelligence may differ with changes in nutrition, quality of school, neighborhood stability, and other factors

heritability

Estimates of __________ can change over time and across different groups; estimates for intelligence may differ with changes in nutrition, quality of school, neighborhood stability, and other factors.

heritability

Rhea is preparing the family home for her uncle, who is coming to visit. Rhea has only met him one time, but on that occasion, he was annoyed that the radio was playing loudly. Now, Rhea assumes he doesn't like music at all and puts her own radio in the closet. This is an example of __________ reasoning.

inductive

__________ reasoning is reasoning from the specific to the general.

inductive

__________ disability is a condition of limited mental ability in which the individual has a low IQ, usually below 70, has difficulty adapting to everyday life, and has an onset of these characteristics in the so-called developmental period.

intellectual

Many people think of __________ in terms of reasoning and thinking skills, but a broader definition is that it is an all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience.

intelligence

__________ is a communication system that follows rules of syntax and grammar.

language

Michael could gamble four quarters in a carnival game, with the potential to win as many as 20 quarters. However, the possibility that he might end up with no quarters at all leads Michael to choose not to play. Michael's decision illustrates __________ __________.

loss aversion

To have an IQ score greater than 100, a child's __________ age must be above his or her __________ age.

mental ; chronological

__________ is being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities.

mindfulness

A sensitivity to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone is known as __________ intelligence

musical

Tom is trying to make a decision, and he is engaging in narrow, analytical thinking. Based on this information, Tom might be in a __________ mood.

negative

Cultural-familial intellectual disability is a mental deficit in which no evidence of __________ brain damage can be found

organic

__________ intellectual disability is a type of intellectual disability caused by a genetic disorder or brain damage.

organic

__________-___________ is the ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into practice

practical intelligence

The mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions is known as __________. This activity is involved in problem solving and decision making.

reasoning

__________ is the extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance.

reliability

If an IQ test produces similar scores for people over repeated testing, it is considered __________.

reliable

On Monday when you asked your friend if you should dump the person you're dating, she said yes. Now on Wednesday, she says no. Since you asked her twice and got two different answers, in terms of validity and reliability, her advice is not __________.

reliable

The __________ heuristic is the tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group, rather than on available base rate information.

representativeness

Gary has decided to relandscape his front yard. He's set some deadlines for himself: by Tuesday, he wants to have the weeds pulled, and by Friday, he wants to have the new plants in. Gary is using __________ in reaching his goal of a new front yard.

subgoals

__________ involves manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting in a critical or creative manner.

thinking

An IQ test is considered __________ if it actually tests cognitive ability.

valid

According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, __________ intelligence is the ability to think in words and use language to express meaning.

verbal