Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination

Prescriptive Stereotype

A belief about what people should be like or what they should do Example: women should be nurturing

heterosexism

A bias based on an ideological system that denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes any nonheterosexual form of behavior, identity, relationship, or community

variable

A characteristic on which people differ and so takes on more than one value when it is measured in a group of people, is called

aversive prejudice

A form of prejudice in which people feel uncomfortable with interacting with members of minority groups and so try to ignore their existence and avoid contact with them, although they try to be polite and correct when they do have contact with members of minority groups, is called____?

benevolent prejudice

A form of prejudice that is expressed in terms of apparently positive beliefs and emotional responses to targets of prejudice, is called____?

Theory

A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data

prediction

A logical statement about what will happen if the hypothesis is correct.

internal consistency

A measure of reliability; the degree to which a test yields similar scores across its different parts, such as on odd versus even items.

convenience sampling

A method of recruiting people to participate in research that focuses on people from whom the researchers can easily collect data, is called____?

Hypothesis

A proposed relationship between two variables that is tested in research, is called a

field experiment

A research strategy in which an independent variable is manipulated in a natural setting but as much control as possible is maintained over the research situation, is called a

experimental research strategy

A research strategy in which researchers take control of the research situation to ensure that the criteria for determining whether one variable causes another are met. It is the only research method that can be used for determining causality, is called____?

self report

A research technique that relies on asking people to report their attitudes, opinions, and behaviors, is called____?

Scientific Method

A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

ethnographic research

A set of qualitative data collection techniques, including participating in events, observing behavior, and conducting interviews, that researchers use to understand how people experience and interpret events in their daily lives, is called

cognitive developmental theories

A set of theories that emphasize the ongoing interplay between children's mental development and their environments, accounting for social-cognitive processes such as prejudice in terms of both nature and nurture, is called____?

minimal group paradigm

A standard set of research procedures that creates artificial ingroups and outgroups based on bogus information given to research participants about minimally important differences between groups, is called____?

correlation

A statistic that represents the relationship between two variables, is called____?

correlational coefficient

A strategy used by researchers who measure two or more variables and look for relationships among them, is called____?

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

A technique for measuring prejudice that uses the principle of response competition to pit two responses (a habitual response and an opposing response) against one another. In assessing prejudice, the technique assumes that negative responses are more closely associated with outgroups than are positive responses, so prejudiced people's negative responses to stimuli associated with an outgroup will be faster than positive responses to the outgroup, is called

hostile prejudice

A traditional form of prejudice that is expressed in terms of negative beliefs about and emotional responses to targets of prejudice, is called____?

culture

A unique meaning and information system, shared by a group and transmitted across generations, that allows the group to meet basic needs of survival, pursue happiness and well-being, and derive meaning from life

individualism

A value system based on a strong emphasis on self-reliance and independence from others, is called____?

prejudice

An attitude directed toward people because they are members of a specific social group

common ingroup identity

An identity that is shared by members of two or more subgroups. For example, both African Americans and European Americans share a common identity as Americans, is called____?

category constancy

An understanding that a person's membership in a social category, such as gender or race, does not change across time or as a matter of superficial changes in appearance, is called____?

group privilege

An unearned favored state conferred simply because of one's membership in an advantaged social group

illusory correlation

Belief that incorrectly links two characteristics, such as race and a personality trait, is called____?

stereotype

Beliefs and opinions about the characteristics, attributes, and behaviors of members of various groups

basic social categories

Categories such as age, race, and gender, for which perceivers have a wealth of information available in memory, is called____?

subtypes

Categories that are subordinate to the more basic categories of gender, race, and age, are called____?

Descriptive stereotype

Describing a person based on beliefs Example: women are nurturing

operational definition

Directly observable, concrete representation of a hypothetical construct, is called

institutional discrimination

Discrimination that occurs when beliefs about group superiority are sanctioned by institutions or governing bodies. It is rooted in the norms, policies, and practices associated with a social institution such as the family, religious institutions, the educational system, and the criminal justice system

ageism

Evaluative judgments about persons made simply due to their advanced age, is called____?

laboratory experiment

Experimental research that is carried out in a highly controlled environment, is called a____?

implicit bias

Implicit prejudices are reactions towards groups/individuals that occur automatically outside of conscious awareness. They are difficult to control and so can lead to biased evaluations and behaviors even if the person had no intention of acting that way.

independent variable

In research, the proposed cause in a hypothesized cause-and-effect relationship. In experimental research, it is also the term used for the variable the experimenter manipulates, is called

dependent variable

In research, the proposed effect in a hypothesized cause-and-effect relationship between two variables, is called the

individuating information

In the context of making judgements of others, information that is specific to the person, regardless of whether it is stereotypic to the person's group, is called____?

cognitive styles

Individual difference such as the need for cognition or causal uncertainty, that affect people's motivation to acquire and use stereotypes, are called____?

explicit prejudice

Intergroup attitudes and stereotypes that people intentionally retrieve from memory and so are willing to personally endorse and which lead to deliberate, intentional behavior

Librarian and waitress study

Listed features or a librarian or a waitress people remembered info that was more stereotypical of the role and for a longer time

self-fulfilling prophecy

Occurs when Person A's stereotype of Person B's group leads Person A to behave in ways that elicit stereotype-consistent behavior from Person B, is called____?

cultural discrimination

Occurs when one group within a culture retains the power to define cultural values as well as the form those values should take. This power results in discrimination and inequality built into literature, art, music, language, morals, customs, beliefs, and ideology to such a degree that they define a generally agreed-on way of life

interpersonal discrimination

One individual's unfair treatment of another based on the other person's group membership

Hannah study (Darley & Gross, 1983)

Participants watched a video of a girl taking a test in and/or received info she was from a "rich" environment vs. a "poor" environment. People who saw her take the test and knew her SES assumed along the stereotype, middle class better. People who just saw here SES didn't use stereotype.

entity theorists

People who implicitly believe that personality is fixed and that, regardless of situational factors, people will behave similarly, is called____?

ingroup bias

People's bias in favor of members of their own group, is called____?

symbolic prejudice

Prejudice based on the perception that outgroup values threaten the values of one's ingroup, is called____?

classism

Prejudice due to a person's position in the social hierarchy as indicated by wealth, degree of power, and/or membership in particular racial, religious, or status groups

proscribed prejudices

Prejudices that that are contrary to one's religious beliefs and so are not allowable under religious doctrine, are called____?

Surveys

Questionnaires and interviews that ask people directly about their experiences, attitudes, or opinions.

Attractiveness study

Research has indicated that people tend to have preferences for attractive individuals. M & F have a phone convo, men get attractive picture or unattractive, then another talking make first impression judgement M find attractive F in better light, in reciprocation Attractive F are nicer

unobtrusive measures

Subtle measures of prejudice that appear to have nothing to do with prejudice or that appear to be unrelated to the research study taking place, is called____?

Validity

The accuracy of a measure, assessed in terms of how well scores on the measure correlate with scores on measures of related traits and behaviors and the extent to which scores on the measure are uncorrelated with scores on measures of unrelated traits and behaviors, is called

everyday racism (cultural racism)

The assumption inherent in much of North American culture that the only correct social and cultural values are European Christian values, is called____?

ultimate attribution error

The assumption that one's own group's negative behavior can be explained by situational processes, but similar negative actions by members of other groups are due to their internal stable characteristics, is called the____?

Evolutionary theory

The belief that prejudice and intergroup conflict are inevitable, all behavior derives from psychological mechanisms that evolved to fulfill functions that promote the transmission of one's genes to future generations

Reliability

The consistency with which a measure provides essentially the same result each time it is used with the same person, is called____?

convergent validity

The degree to which scores on a measure correlate with scores on measures of the same or related characteristics and with behaviors that are related to the characteristic being measured, is called____?

naturalistic fallacy

The erroneous belief that because something has a biological basis, it is a natural, in-born, and unchangeable aspect of human nature, is called____?

discriminant validity

The extent to which a measure does not assess characteristics that it is not supposed to assess, is called____?

stereotype endorsement

The extent to which a person agrees with the social stereotype of a group, is called____?

stereotype activation

The extent to which a stereotype is accessible in one's mind, is called____?

stereotype application

The extent to which one uses a stereotype to judge a member of the stereotyped group, is called____?

shooter bias

The findings that people (a) are more likely to misperceive a harmless object, such as a pair of pliers, as a gun if the person holding the object is Black, and (b) are more likely to correctly identify an object as a gun if the object is held by a Black person, is called____?

linguistic intergroup bias

The hypothesis that positive descriptions of ingroups and negative descriptions of outgroups tend to be made in abstract terms and that negative ingroup and positive outgroup actions tend to be described in concrete terms, is called____?

double standard of aging

The idea that aging occurs at an earlier age and has more serious consequences for women than for men, is called____?

intersectionality

The idea that people belong to many social groups at once, such as Black and woman or man and gay

scientific racism

The interpretation (and frequently misinterpretation) of research results to show minority groups in a negative light

organizational discrimination

The manifestation of institutional discrimination in the context of a particular organization

comprehension goals

The need to form accurate impressions of others or to understand why events happen. These goals allow people to determine how to act effectively to avoid problems and to achieve desired ends, is called____?

social identity

The part of a person's self-concept that derives from membership in groups that are important to the person, is called____?

Generalizability

The principle that the results of research on a hypothesis should be similar regardless of how a study is conducted. That is, the hypothesis should be supported generally, not just in one specific study, is called

Categorization

The process of simplifying our environment by creating categories on the basis of characteristics (such as hair color or athletic ability) that a particular set of people appear to have in common, is called____?

social adjustment motives

The proposition that people automatically alter their behavior to fit into situations and adhere to the norms or rules of behavior for that setting, is called____?

outgroup homogeneity effect

The proposition that people tend to see members of their own group as very different from one another and, at the same time, tend to underestimate the differences between members of other groups, is called____?

self-stereotyping

The proposition that, when group members view themselves in terms of the (usually positive) stereotypes they have of their group, the self becomes one with the group and the positive view of the group is reflected in a positive view of the self, is called____?

social role theory

The proposition that, when we observe others, we pay attention to the social roles they occupy and, in doing so, come to associate the characteristics of the role with the individuals who occupy it, is called the____?

operational definition

The restatement of a hypothesis in terms of operational definitions, is called a

category preference

The tendency for children to prefer to interact with members of one social category over another, is called____?

Homosociality

The tendency to interact socially only with members of one's own sex, is called____?

ingroup overexclusion

The tendency to misclassify ingroup members as outgroup members (even though it means excluding some ingroup members) rather than to misclassify outgroup members as part of the ingroup, is called____?

discrimination

Treating a person differently from others based solely or primarily on the person's membership in a social group

cognitive busyness

When people are busy with one social task, it affects their ability to complete another. This disrupts stereotype activation but facilitates stereotype application, is called____?

self-enhancement goals

When people need to see themselves in a positive light, so they stereotype others to make themselves look better by comparison, is called____?

concentrated disconfirmation

When perceivers encounter one or two people who have characteristics that are quite inconsistent with the group stereotype, is called____?

dispersed disconfirmation

When perceivers encounter several people who have characteristics that are quite inconsistent with the group stereotype and, as a result, change their stereotype, is called____?

test-retest reliability

a method for determining the reliability of a test by comparing a test taker's scores on the same test taken on separate occasions

Constructs

internal attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly observed but are useful for describing and explaining behavior

response bias

tendency of subjects to systematically respond to a stimulus in a particular way due to nonsensory factors

book keeping model

that change occurs slowly as people add and subtract information from their stereotypes.

Priming

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response

Social power

the capacity to alter the actions of others

Causality

the notion that a change in one factor results in a corresponding change in another

ego-defensive function

the role prejudice plays in protecting individuals' sense of self-worth

social desirability bias

the tendency to respond to questions in a socially desirable manner

incremental theorists

those who believe that traits are subject to change and improvement