Psychology Review Final
Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ______.
social psychology
Agonist vs. Antagonist
agonist- mimic or enhance effects of NT antagonist- block or reduce effects of NT
Alcohol is considered a _______ because it tends to suppress CNS activity
depressant
what aspect of the scientific method occurs first?
hypothesis
_________ are the central building blocks of the nervous system
neurons
for a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be_____.
perceivable and measurable
scientific method
process of forming a hypothesis and testing it against the real world through observation and experimentation
In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.
rehearsal
the space between two neurons is called the ________.
synapse
In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus
unconditioned response
Advantages / Disadvantages of naturalistic observation
advantage: realistic disadvantage: difficult to set up, observer effect, observer bias
Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ______ cycles are aligned with the outside world
circadian
Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.
formal operational
psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring _______ balance
neurotransmitter
Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?
object permanence
Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called _______ learning
observational
people with _______ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts
obsessive-compulsive
What is the correct list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first?
structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism
Biopsychology
study of how the structure and function of the nervous system influences behavior
What is a procedural memory?
type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do skills and actions
The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain?
temporal
The central tenet of Gestalt psychology is that the _______ is different from the sum of its ________
whole; parts
Which principle underlies the effectiveness of systematic desensitization?
you can't be nervous and relaxed at the same time
The _______ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep
alpha
What part of the brain is most associated with deep fear and memories associated with that fear?
amygdala
The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to:
analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast
Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft are examples of ________.
antidepressants
The symptoms of schizophrenia may be treated with which of the following forms of psychopharmacology?
antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics
_______ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior
anxiety
Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?
The process was highly subjective
Magali and Jean-Gabriel have been asked to design a study investigating happiness across the lifespan. They decide their study will involve going to the mall and asking people of a variety of ages if they are happy or unhappy. What is the most serious flaw of this design?
They have not defined happiness or how it will be measured
Which of the following best exemplifies prosocial behavior? A. Tyler visits his aunt once a week to bring her groceries B. Avery forgets to call his grandmother on Mother's Day C. Mateo's mother provides child support because of a court order D. Jason is blackmailed
Tyler visits his aunt once a week to bring her groceries
Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now she cannot understand what people are saying to her. This is embarrassing for her, so she responds using vague language and tries to make it appear as though she understands. Which area of Rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke?
Wernicke's area
structuralism
Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind
The behavior of soldiers who abused prisoners at the Abu Ghraib facility during the Iraq war was predicted by the Stanford Prison Experiment that was overseen by social psychologist ___________.
Zimbardo
Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences
a person's unconsciousness
Which kind of therapy involves principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors?
behavioral therapy
The brain contains _______ of interconnected neurons and glia
billions
inattentional _________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention
blindness
Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for her personality?
borderline personality disorder
What occurs during stage 1 sleep?
both our respiration and heart beat slows down
Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on. Esther's body responds first: she eyes and smells the content of the skillet and her stomach churns. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry." What kind of processing is exemplified by the scenario?
bottom-up
A theta wave is a type of ________.
brain wave that dominates stage 2 sleep and is interrupted by sleep spindles and K-complexes
According to the attachment theory, what is not needed for healthy attachment?
caregiver must be responsive to a child's food preferences
Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.
case studies
The_______ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills
cerebellum
Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.
chunking
Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?
clinical psychology
Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.
confirmation bias
A ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship
confounding variable
Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.
consciousness
Reliability
consistency of measurement
Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines __________ as objectively as possible
his/her own conscious experience
Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use?
naturalistic observation
Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.
negative reinforcement
A negative correlation means ________.
one variable decreases as the other increases
A ______ is a description of how researchers will measure the variables of interest
operational definition
Morphine is considered a _____ drug because it decreases pain
opioid
The _______ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract
parasympathetic
What is NOT true of punishment?
punishment has no adverse effects or problems
A major advantage/disadvantage of case studies is
(+)=detailed information (-)=findings may not generalize to others
Which of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood? A. changing cultural expectations B. changes in the workforce C. taking longer to complete a college degree D. younger average age for marriage
younger average age for marriage
In _________ therapy, a therapist seeks to treat clients' fears or anxiety by presenting them with the object or situation that causes their problem, with the idea that they will eventually get used to it through extinction of the conditioned response
exposure
What is a good example of an episodic memory?
first day of school
What is an example of operant conditioning?
when a dog rolls over, she gets a treat and is more likely to roll over the next time she is given the command
What is an example of an autism spectrum disorder?
gemma exhibits deficits in social interactions by not initiating conversations with other children, and she turns her head away when spoken to
What is a semantic memory?
knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts
What defines antisocial personality disorder?
lack of regard for others' rights, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds
Elaborative rehearsal involves ___________.
thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
statistics show that _______ of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness
26%
The ______ group does not get the experimental treatment
control
Broca's Aphasia
difficulty in speaking
What is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis?
it is complex
according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ____________.
memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information
What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?
memory
A ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept
prototype
Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?
shaping
What is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?
taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4 PM
Janeka does poorly on her psychology final, so she picks on her mother's ability to cook. A frustration aggression theorist might explain this by focusing on ________.
the way Janeka's frustration with her exam led her to be aggressive toward her mother
Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that _________.
there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer
What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?
they were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience
Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________.
tolerance
Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "How nice. My friend is offering me fish. I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious; he responds with a smile and an extended hand. What kind of processing is exemplified by this scenario?
top-down
Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?
top-down
Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.
transduction
Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
trust vs mistrust
Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.
type of play; no play
independent variable
variable that is influenced/controlled
Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion.
Müller-Lyer
fluid intelligence
being able to think and reason abstractly
someone with an IQ above 130 would be considered:
gifted
A _______ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning
morpheme
People who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to:
only the right visual field
When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.
retrograde; anterograde
Egon can't pay attention in class. He is easily distracted, won't sit still, and displays poor impulse control. The school counselor suggested that his parents take him to a doctor to have him assessed for ________.
ADD/ ADHD
When a child works on a connect the dots puzzle, she can often see the completed work before she has finished all of the dots. Once there is enough visual information present, she's able to perceive the completed picture even though it is still incomplete. Which Gestalt principle does this demonstrate?
closure
Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect.
Asch
A ________ scan involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain
CT scan
Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary psychology?
Demonstrating that a trait, especially in humans, is naturally selected is extraordinarily difficult
Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the US?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
_______ is a technique often used in studies investigating sleep patterns. Researchers place electrodes at various locations on a person's head in order to record brainwaves
EEG
Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?
Erik Erikson
Which of the following does not influence perception? A. where we focus our attention B. Gestalt C. cultural background D. previous experiences
Gestalt
A series of dots is arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principles of ________.
Gestalt theory
The word _______ is both a morpheme and a phoneme
I
survey
a technique for assorting the reported attitudes, opinions or behaviors of people through a series of questions (+) = quick, easy (-) = people aren't always accurate
18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.
accommodation
_______ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals
action potential
Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________.
adaptation
Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?
adaptive/evolutionary
Svetlana admires her boss, Helga. One day Helga forgets her briefcase and Svetlana loses all admiration for Helga. Svetlana thinks that a boss is either always perfect or not worthy of admiration. What kind of cognitive distortion is this?
all-or-nothing thinking
A panic disorder is a type of ________ disorder characterized by panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks
anxiety
1 y/o Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because her family has a truck. When Ainsley sees cars driving on TV, she thinks they are trucks.
assimilation
An _______ is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically negative or positive
attitude
Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________.
availability heuristic
Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger-she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?
avoidant
Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?
cerebellum
________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgement, language, and memory
cognition
__________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity
cognitive
Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________.
cognitive dissonance
Rafael is in therapy, and one of his goals is to overcome his pessimistic attitude. His therapist helps him eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress. For example, he helps Rafael learn to not overgeneralize his likelihood of failing his sociology class based on doing poorly on his first exam. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
cognitive therapy
In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla's therapist works to change her cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors by helping her learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
cognitive-behavioral therapy
A psychological disorder is a _________.
condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________.
conditioned stimulus
Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?
cones
Which term refers to the fact that the therapist cannot disclose private communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so?
confidentiality
Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.
confirmation bias
Aversive conditioning is a______.
counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulus with an undesirable behavior
_________ intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it
crystallized
the ________ model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events
diathesis-stress
Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around, it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of _________.
diffusion of responsibility
sensory adaptation
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.
discontinuous
Mona works at a bank. When Luis, a Colombian man, arrives to drop off his paycheck she pretends to be busy and directs him to another teller. She does this whenever a non-White person wants assistance. This is an example of ________.
discrimination
__________ theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist
dissociative
Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who:
divided intelligence into two components: crystallized and fluid
Why do most psychiatric hospitals emphasize short-term care?
due to the very high cost of psychiatric hospitalization, insurance coverage often limits the length of time one can be hospitalized
What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?
emotion (fear/phobia) can be a conditioned response
humanism
emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans (Rogers & Maslow)
Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.
encoding failure
Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions? A. survey B. experimental C. quasi-experimental D. correlational
experimental
Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?
extinction
Illusory correlation
false correlations- people believe there is a relationship when there isn't
Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence.
fluid
Which type of persuasion involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor, only later to request a larger favor?
foot in the door
which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?
functional fixedness
Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a ________.
fundamental attribution error
Miguel worries excessively about things beyond his control, and his worries often interfere with his life. He avoids driving because he worries about car accidents. He calls his parents twice a day because he worries they are dead. He checks his credit card statement three times a day because he worries about identity theft. Miguel probably suffers from ________.
generalized anxiety disorder
What is an example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?
getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether
A benefit of ______ therapy is the possibility of decreasing a client's sense of shame and isolation about the problem they face, while also letting them offer support to others
group
Mescaline is considered a ______ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences
hallucinogenic
Which strategy is the most effective to reduce prejudice between people groups?
having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task
Which of the following is not true regarding patient H.M?
he experienced difficulty with implicit / non-declarative memory, caused by damage to his cerebellum
______ frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ______ frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds
high; low
What is described by the concept of perception?
how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced
Dr. Banner wants his clients to learn to articulate thoughts that keep them from achieving their goals. Therefore, Dr. Banner increases their self-awareness by focusing on their conscious thoughts. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation is he using?
humanistic therapy
Adolescents (12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
identity vs confusion
Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias.
in-group
Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.
independent; dependent
After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
integrity vs despair
In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, __________ intelligence and __________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence
interpersonal; intrapersonal
The _______ hypothesis is the ideology common in the US that people get the outcomes they deserve
just-world
Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?
kicking and punching while asleep
The concept of conservation refers to:
knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added
Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another?
language
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate is called ______ learning.
latent
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
learning
At the point of the optic chiasm, information from the right visual field is sent to the _______ side of the brain, and information from the left visual field is sent to the _______ side of the brain
left; right
Which of the following is NOT a benefit associated with adequate amounts of sleep? A. lower stress levels B. maintaining healthy weight C. improving mood D. less exposure to carcinogens
less exposure to carcinogens
Longer wavelengths will have ______ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ______ frequencies
lower; higher
Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing ________.
mania
operant conditioning
manipulating voluntary behavior by changing the consequences of behavior
Inter-Rater Reliability
measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event
What kind of symptoms involve reflecting noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives?
negative
In operant conditioning, _______ is when something is removed to increase the future likelihood of a behavior
negative reinforcement
After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?
night terrors
I provide Ralph with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something I like. I punish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something I don't like. I am applying the principles of _____ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior.
operant conditioning
_______ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; __________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor
perception; sensation
When it comes to social psychology, a script is a _________.
person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting
Yuri experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about heights. Yuri suffers from a(n) ________.
phobia
A ______ is a basic sound unit of a given language
phoneme
The ________ is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord
placenta
Harlow is eight years old. She sees Dr. Gardener every Friday at 11:00 a.m. Their sessions involve Dr. Gardener watching Harlow interact with stuffed animals and other toys. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
play therapy
In operant conditioning, what process describes adding something aversive to decrease the future likelihood of behavior?
positive punishment
Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring her. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing a ________ disorder.
post-traumatic stress
Elena is attending mandatory therapy sessions. Her doctor just wants her to talk about her childhood. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
psychodynamic
Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?
psychological dependence
Behaviorists all focus on
psychological responses that result in action
At the most basic level, schizophrenia is best conceptualized as a ________ disorder
psychotic
In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________.
random sampling and random group assignment
When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.
recognition
Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.
replication
Ilyada assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with their stereotypes of profs. This is an example of ____________.
representativeness bias
Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?
rods
_________ have over 85% of the 1669 federally designated mental health professional shortage areas
rural areas
________ are concepts that are used to help us categorize and interpret information
schemata
Which psychological disorder is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior?
schizophrenia
which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?
semantics
During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through what we can take in through our perceptual systems and how we can move our bodies
sensorimotor
What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?
sensory
In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: ____________, ___________, and _____________.
sensory memory; short-term memory; long-term memory
Electroconvulsive therapy is effective in alleviating symptoms for people with_______.
severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy
Who was Stanley Milgram?
social psychology professor at Yale who wanted to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis
What is the main point of the Stanford Prison Experiment?
social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior
Shoresh suggests that Ted cluck like a chicken during the hypnosis not because he is experiencing an altered state of consciousness but because he is playing the role of a hypnotized person. This is a good example of the ________ theory of hypnotism.
social-cognitive
The CNS consists of the brain and the:
spinal cord
In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?
stage 2
Fatima generalizes that all men are irresponsible players, cheaters, and liars. When it comes to men, Fatima may be applying ________: negative beliefs about individuals based solely on their membership in a group.
stereotypes
Cocaine is considered a _______ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity
stimulant
subliminal message
stimuli that is below the absolute threshold for conscious awareness
The _______ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration
sympathetic
bottom-up processing
system in which perceptions are built from sensory input; attention captured and make sense
hypothesis
tentative and testable statement about the relationship b/w two or more variables
A ________ is any environmental agent that causes damage
teratogen
the _______ of a neuron contain _______ that house neurotransmitters
terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles
What is comorbidity?
the co-occurence of two or more disorders in a single individual
object permanence
the knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight
absolute threshold
the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time
What is the Flynn effect?
the observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation
Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge
the scientific method
Labratory Observation
the study of behavior in a controlled situation (+) = specialized equipment (-) = artificial situation may result in artificial behavior
What does etiology mean?
the study of causes of the disorders
Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct? A. reliable for events that don't involve crime B. never reliable C. vulnerable to the power of suggestion D. always reliable
vulnerable to the power of suggestion
The difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli
just noticeable
Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become
thoughts
Cognitive psychology focuses on studying________.
thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions
Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction? A. +0.4 B. -0.5 C. +0.7 D. -0.2
-0.5
The purpose of glial cells is to:
-provide scaffolding, help neurons line up closely to allow communication, and provide insulation/transport nutrients
What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
the two major divisions of the nervous system are the ____ and the ________
CNS; PNS
Which principle underlies cognitive therapy?
How you think determines how you feel and act
How is behavior therapy different than psychoanalysis?
In behavior therapy, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while psychoanalysis involves digging into one's unconscious
What conclusion can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident?
Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors
functionalism
James's approach to mental processes, emphasizing the functions and purposes of the mind and behavior in the individual's adaptation to the environment
What type of long-term memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?
explicit memories
What is an example of a diathesis-stress model?
Ozzie has a genetic predisposition for depression, but he did not experience depression until his parents died
What is the main point of the quizmaster study?
People will overlook obvious situational influences on behavior
Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.
REM
Which of the following illustrates conservation? A. Joseph saves his energy by brushing his teeth in the shower B. Rebekah recycles her glass bottles but not her cell phone batteries C. Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into 2 slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into 3 slices D. Deidre believes that 5 pennies have more value than 2 nickels
Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into 2 slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into 3 slices
Validity
accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure
What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?
afterimage
Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks him what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox. This illustrates the role that ______ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.
attention
Harrison et al. are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus non-depressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose car breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (e.g., sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants' responses. In this example, negative emotions are the ________.
dependent variable
Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ____ psychology.
developmental
Wernicke's Aphasia
difficulty in comprehending language
Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting?
hypothalamus
Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents' hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for ________ memories.
limbic system; emotional
_________ is a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity to create strong memories. It involves dendrite formation, increased neurotransmitters, and repeated synapse stimulation among neurons
long-term potentiation
A group of preschool aged children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a ________ design.
longitudinal
What hormone does the pineal gland release?
melatonin
Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patters of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of _________.
personality
Erikah has just arrived at the funeral for her friend's father. Even though Erikah is usually very outspoken and jovial, she keeps her voice down, expresses her sympathy to the family members, and sits quietly and respectfully during the religious service. Erikah is following the _________ of how to behave in this particular situation
script
Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?
secure
What are the two components of declarative memory?
semantic and episodic
If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy book being dropped would represent ________.
stimulus discrimination
________ occurs when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
stimulus generalization
Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by:
studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes (Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner)
positive correlation
two variables change in the same direction
Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
Which schedule of reinforcement is the most powerful and resistant to extinction?
variable ratio
dependent variable
variable that is affected by the independent
Which of the following statements about algorithms is false? A. frequently used by computer programmers B. cannot be used in daily life C. a problem-solving strategy D. involve step-by-step problem-solving formula
cannot be used in daily life
What is an example of olfaction?
smelling cookies in the oven
