Psychology Test 1 Quizlet
33. Derris is a research assistant in Dr. Smith's psychology lab. When the participant asked him what the conditions of the study were, Derris replied, "I do not know." This is an example of a _______ study. a. blind b. double-blind c. correlational d. case
Answer: b. double-blind
17. Which of the following statements is true of Stage 4 sleep? a. It produces low-amplitude brain waves. b. It is the lightest stage of sleep. c. During Stage 4 sleep, the delta waves produced by the brain slow to about 0.5 to 2 cycles per second d. During Stage 4 sleep, the delta waves produced by the brain have a frequency of 8 to 13 cycles per second.
Answer: c. During Stage 4 sleep, the delta waves produced by the brain slow to about 0.5 to 2 cycles per second
27. The phrase, "You cannot see the forest for the trees" most exemplifies which psychological perspective? a. Structuralists b. Behaviorists c. Gestalt psychologists d. Cognitive psychologists
Answer: c. Gestalt psychologists
29. People with frequent nightmares: a. are likely to be suffering from insomnia. b. visualize vague and fleeting images c. are more likely than others to have anxiety and depression. d. have them during the first two sleep cycles of the night.
Answer: c. are more likely than others to have anxiety and depression.
7. The brain and the spinal cord make up the _____, which controls and commands bodily functions. a. peripheral nervous system b. somatic nervous system c. central nervous system d. autonomic nervous system
Answer: c. central nervous system
15.___________ can be used to help people become more aware of muscle tension in the forehead, fingers, and elsewhere and to learn to lower tension, thus decreasing the discomfort and incidence of muscle-tension headaches. a. Positron emission tomography b. The electroencephalogram c. Computed tomography d. The electromyograph
Answer: d. The electromyograph
71. Each kind of neurotransmitter has a unique chemical structure, and each can fit into a specifically tailored harbor, or ______, on the cell receiving a message.
a. receptor site
56. A number of people with sever cases of epilepsy have split-brain operations in which much of the _______ is severed.
a. the corpus callosum
50. Jakob is always too warm and perspires frequently. Which of the following structures is most responsible for being too warm?
b. Hypothalamus
67. _____________ refers to focusing one's consciousness on a particular stimulus.
b. Selective attention
83. The _____ is the body's system of ductless glands that secrete hormones and release them directly into the bloodstream.
b. endocrine system
84. Which of the following statements is true of the scientific method?
d. Psychologists are guided by principles of critical thinking as they try to draw conclusions from research evidence collected through the scientific method.
76. In 2017, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine stated that the use of marijuana benefited all of the following EXCEPT
d. treating vomiting associated with chemotherapy.
28. Chloe has been having a lot of difficulty paying attention at work and sleeping at night. Which of the following structures might be the cause of these issues? a. Reticular formation b. Hippocampus c. Cerebellum d. Parietal lobe
Answer: a. Reticular formation
45. When people are not aware of the cues that signal day or night, a. they experience strong symptoms of jet lag. b. they sleep twice as much compared to their typical night's sleep. c. emotional, intellectual, and physical biorhythms become closely synchronized with one another. d. they roughly have a 25-hour day.
Answer: a. they experience strong symptoms of jet lag.
38. Which of the following refers to a time when a neuron does not allow sodium to pass through the neuronal membrane and as a result, is insensitive to messages from other neurons and does not fire? a. A temporary threshold shift. b. A refractory period. c. The resting period. D. The resistance stage.
Answer: b. A refractory period.
93.__________ cannot be experienced through sensory awareness of direct inner awareness.
a. Nonconscious processes
51. Which of the following is a consequence of regular usage of opiates?
a. They stop the production of neurotransmitters in the brain.
86. As Donna is answering this very question, she is aware of her environment. This awareness is referred to as:
a. consciousness
79. The______ perspective is grounded in the work of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
a. humanistic-existential
61. Which of the following statements is true of insomnia?
b. Insomnia is a sleep disorder in which a person's air passages are obstructed when asleep.
58. Ned is feeling stressed because of his workload at the office. He is also experiencing insomnia with rapid weight loss. Ned's condition is an example of a ____________ correlation.
b. negative
80. Angelica is pregnant has just gone into labor. Her body is most likely flooded with ______.
b. oxytocin
95. in_________, a person cannot move during the transition from consciousness to sleep, and hallucinations occur.
b. sleep paralysis
64. Which of the following is true of functionalism?
c. It looks at how habits help one cope with common situations.
8. Nasreen and her brother Abdellah have a genetic overlap of ____ percent. a. 25 b. 50 c. 75 d. 100
Answer: b. 50
11. According to Freud, which of the following statements is true of dreams? a. Dreams are most likely vague and fleeting during rapid eye movement sleep. b. Dreams express impulses we would censor during the day. c. Nightmares, like most pleasant dreams, are products of non-rapid eye movement sleep. d. All dreams had something to do with one's childhood.
Answer: b. Dreams express impulses we would censor during the day. (Reflections of unconscious desires)
13. Identify the neoanalyst among the following. a. Aristotle b. Erik Erikson c. B.F. Skinner d. Carl Rogers
Answer: b. Erik Erikson
14. Which of the following represents your full genetic potential? a. Phenotype b. Genotype c. The resting potential d. The action potential
Answer: b. Genotype
6. The average amount of time it takes to complete each cycle through the stages of NREM sleep and REM sleep lasts about a. 30 minutes b. 1 hour c. 90 minutes d. 2 hours
Answer: c. 90 minutes
53. The _______ is a bulge in the hindbrain that lies forward of the medulla and transmits information about body movement.
a. cerebellum
57. Monozygotic twins share _______ of their genes.
d. 50 percent
92. Which of the following typically occurs during rapid eye movement sleep.
d. nightmares
35. _________ is the agent that creates physiological dependence on tobacco products. a. Nembutal b. Nicotine c. Mescaline d. Morphine
Answer: b. Nicotine
34. Older adults are more likely than younger adults to have insomnia because of a: a. higher chance of genetic mutation of neurons b. greater incidence of poor health and pain. c. higher number of beta waves in the brains of younger adults. d. lower frequency brain waves in older adults
Answer ?: b. greater incidence of poor health and pain.
12._________ is the school of psychology that argues that the mind consists of three basic elements-- sensations, feelings, and images--- that combine to form the experience. a. Structuralism b. Behaviorism c. Functionalism d. Existentialism
Answer: a. Structuralism
19. Which of the following structures contains the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which stimulates the pineal gland to decrease the output of melatonin in the human body. a. The hypothalamus b. The fornix c. The medulla d, the cerebellum
Answer: a. The hypothalamus
23. Mescaline is considered a(n)______. a. stimulant b. depressant c. opioid d. hallucinogenic
Answer: d. hallucinogenic
74. Dr. Kennett is a neurologist who is conducting research using brain scans. He wants to study pictures of his subjects' brains while they are speaking or using a language. These pictures will help Dr. Kennett understand the parts of the brain that are being used to speak and the other processes that occur simultaneously in the brain. Based on the nature of study, it would be most suitable for Dr. Kennett to use ______.
c. electroencephalography
60. Structuralists tended to ask, "What are the pieces that make up thinking and experience?" In contrast, ______ tended to ask, "How do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?"
c. functionalist (Focused on behavior in addition to the mind of consciousness)
62. You have always wanted to know how your friend performs so well on her college exams. To find out how she studies, you decide to study with her for your next exam. This approach is most similar to:
c. naturalistic observation (organisms studied in natural environment)
78. Adam, a sleep researcher, noticed that his sleeping patient had a high level of neurological arousal. The patient is most likely in ________ sleep.
d. rapid eye movement
20. Paul is a 55 year-old man who has been having some difficulty recalling important details. On visiting a doctor, he was told that he was in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. The deficiency of ______ is most likely to be linked to Paul's condition. a. prolactin b. acetylcholine c. serotonin d. gamma-aminobutyric acid
Answer: b. acetylcholine
37. A person has trouble adjusting with the new students in his classroom. He does not have any serious psychological disorders but has trouble making new friends. A(n) ______ would most likely be consulted to help the person. a. environmental psychologist b. human factors psychologist c. developmental psychologists d. counseling psychologist
Answer: b. human factors psychologist
16. Kendall is left-handed. Which of the following statements is true of her handedness? a. Being right-handed appears to provide a somewhat greater-than-average probability of health problems. b. Being right-handed appears to provide a somewhat greater-than-average probability of language problems. c. Being left-handed was once seen as a deficiency. d. Handedness is acquired by a person as a result of conditioning and is not hereditary
Answer: c. Being left-handed was once seen as a deficiency.
24. Which of the following is true of Aristotle's contribution to psychology? a. He held that people's behavior should be analyzed subjectively and not objectively b. He suggested that one could think of behavior in terms of a body and a mind. c. He argued that human behavior is subject to rules and laws. d. He pointed out that peoples behavior is solely influenced by external stimulation.
Answer: c. He argued that human behavior is subject to rules and laws.
41. _______ propose reasons for relationships among events and allow us to derive explanations and predictions. a. Norms b. Samples c. Theories d. Habits
Answer: c. Theories
18. ________ is the habituation to a drug, with the result that increasingly higher doses of the drug are needed to achieve similar effects. a. Biofeedback b. Abstinence syndrome c. Tolerance d. Free association
Answer: c. Tolerance
82. ________ psychologists believed that learning consisted of both overt behaviors and meaningful "wholes."
b. Behaviorists
48. The term_____ is used to describe the nucleotides found along just one of the rungs of a DNA double helix.
b. Genetic code
90. Allen was adopted at an early age by a Japanese American couple. As a result, he grew up speaking both Japanese and English fluently. In terms of genetics, this manifestation of Allen's ability to speak is an example of a(n)_______.
b. phenotype
Darren is on his way to his university to take an exam. He is disturbed by thoughts of failing because he is not prepared for the exam. However, he pushes away thoughts of failing and focuses on studying. In this scenario, Darren is using ______.
b. suppression
70. Esteban finds that he is often very anxious and not at ease. Which of the following neurotransmitters might help him the most?
c. Gamma-aminobutyric acid
66._______ is credited with establishing the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig Germany.
c. Wilhelm Wundt
68. Brandon is a psychologists who is studying the relationship between hereditary and mood disorders. He strongly believes that behavior and mental processes have a connection with the brain, hormones, hereditary, and evolution. Brandon's beliefs are most consistent with the _______ perspective.
c. biological
100. Psychologists with a(n) _______ perspective primarily venture into the realm of mental processes such as sensation with perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought, and problem solving to understand human nature.
c. cognitive
96. A neuron has a (n) ______ that extends like a trunk from a cell body.
c. dendrite
81. A neuron sends____ to relay its messages to another neuron.
d. electricity.
59. Traits such as sociability and aggressiveness are thought to be _______.
d. polygenic (one whose phenotype is influenced by more than one gene)
9. When a neural impulse reaches the axon terminal of a neuron, the vesicles release varying amounts of neurotransmitters into the ______. a. myelin sheath b. dendrite c. synaptic cleft d. nucleus
Answer: b. dendrite
99. The best individuals for hypnosis are people who _______.
a. are prone to fantasy
47_________ takes the form of a double helix and contains the genetic code of an organism.
c. Deoxyribonucleic acid
36. Sofia does not like eating vegetables. To ensure that she eats vegetables, her mother offers her an extra helping of dessert every time Sofia finishes her vegetables. In the context of behaviorism, this is known as ______. a. reinforcement b. introspection c. catharsis d. pscyhoanalysis
Answer: a. reinforcement
32. Social-cognitive theorists: a. suggest that people can modify and create their environments. b. primarily emphasize environmental influences and the learning of habits through repetition. c. primarily emphasize environmental influences and the learning of habits through reinforcement. d. suggest that people cannot engage in intentional learning.
Answer: a. suggest that people can modify and create their environments.
22. Which of the following structures of the limbic system is connected with vigilance? a. The cerebral cortex b. The amygdala c. The fornix d. The hypothalamus
Answer: b. The amygdala
26. In the context of the brain's language functions, identify the correct statement. a. The right hemisphere of the brain contains language functions for nearly all right-handed people. b. Broca's area responds mainly to auditory information. c. People with Wernicke's aphasia usually speak freely and with proper syntax. d. Retrograde amnesia impairs people's abilities to comprehend speech and to think of the proper words to express their own thoughts.
Answer: c. People with Wernicke's aphasia usually speak freely and with proper syntax.
30. ____________ is the simplified form of meditation brought to the United States by the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and is used as a method for coping with stress. a. Mindfulness meditation b. Zen meditation c. Transcendental meditation d. Acem meditation
Answer: c. Transcendental meditation
10. Alicia was recently in a car accident. Since then, she cannot retain memories of events that occurred after the accident. However, she can recall events that took place before the accident. She recognizes her family and friends and important dates, such as her birthday and her marriage anniversary, but has to be constantly reintroduced to new people in her life. Alicia has most likely sustained damage top her ______. a. hypothalamus b. somatosensory cortex c. hippocampus d. medulla
Answer: c. hippocampus (leaning)
39. Kira, an eight-year-old girl, sometimes walks in her sleep. She also responds to questions while she is up and about. However, when she wakes up in the morning, she does not remember the incident. In the context of sleep disorders, Kira is exhibiting symptoms of _______. a. sleep apnea b. sleep terror c. somnambulism d. insomnia
Answer: c. somnambulism
1. Which of the following is a typical characteristic of biologically-oriented psychologists? a. They believe that self-awareness, experience, and choice permit us to invent ourselves and our ways of relating to the world as we progress through life. b. They study the influences of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status on behavior and mental processes. c. They investigate the ways we perceive and mentally represent the world, remember the past, plan for the future, solve problems, form judgements, make decisions, and use language. d. They study the role of hereditary in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking.
Answer: d. They study the role of hereditary in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking.
31. The _____ uses oxygen and nutrients to generate the energy needed to carry out the work of a neuron cell. a. axon b. dendrite c. myelin sheath d. nucleus
Answer: d. nucleus
42. While returning from the grocery store, Bob was held at gunpoint by two men who wanted to rob him of his belongings. Bob had never been in a fight before, yet he could feel his heartbeat rapidly rise, along with a sudden urge to fight the two men. This involuntary increase in Bob's heartbeat and his immediate urge to fight the men are controlled by the _______. a. somatic nervous system b. parasympathetic nervous system c. central nervous system d. sympathetic nervous system
Answer: d. sympathetic nervous system
5. Which of the following is a drawback of case studies? a. Interviewers may influence participants to give responses that suit their expectations b. Case studies are not descriptive and hence do not offer substantial information about participants c. Interviewers are required to disclose personal information about clients. d. Case studies do not collect information about small groups
Answer: a. Interviewers may influence participants to give responses that suit their expectations
40. Claire, who is 11 months old, is just starting to crawl and walk. Which of the following is heavily involved in this new found ability? a. Myelination b. Natural selection c. Depolarization d. Reticular formation
Answer: a. Myelination
2. Famous neoanalysts such as Karen Horney and Erik Erikson differ from earlier psychodynamic practitioners in that they: a. Emphasized on environmental influences and the learning habits through repetition. b. Focused less on unconscious processes and more on conscious choice and self direction. c. focused on the evolution of behavior in order to understand the human psyche d. believed that people perceive separate pieces of information as integrated wholes.
Answer: b. Focused less on unconscious processes and more on conscious choice and self direction.
25. In the context of behavioral genetics, identify the correct statement. a. Hereditary refers to the transmission of non-biological cultural factors from one generation to another. b. Hereditary is apparently involved in psychological disorders ranging from anxiety and depression to personality disorders. c. Hereditary does not play a role in substance abuse and self-esteem. d. Hereditary factors include environmental factors such as social environment of an individual.
Answer: b. Hereditary is apparently involved in psychological disorders ranging from anxiety and depression to personality disorders.
43. Identify a true statement about social-cognitive theorists. a. They believe that people are typically good and are predisposed to exhibit ethical conduct. b. They note that people engage in intentional learning by observing others. c. They define psychology as the scientific study of behavior, not of behavior and mental processes. d. They believe that human social behavior isn solely based on hereditary principles.
Answer: b. They note that people engage in intentional learning by observing others.
21. Gustave Theodore Fechner, in his book Elements of Psychophysics, showed: a. that conscious experience can be broken down into objective sensations and mental images b. how people are social creatures who influence one another. c. that maladaptive behavior patterns tend to drop out and only the fittest behavior patterns survive. d. how physical events are related to psychological sensation and perception
Answer: d. how physical events are related to psychological sensation and perception
44. Kohler's pioneering work with chimpanzees revealed: a. that sometimes learning occurs suddenly b. that they are unable to problem solve. c. a slow and methodical approach to problem solving d. that they need to see every step involved in the problem-solving process
Answers: c. a slow and methodical approach to problem solving
3. Sara is a pregnant woman who is well past her due date, which was three weeks ago. The doctors decide that they must induce labor in Sara and inject her with _____ a. oxycotin b. vasopressin c. melatonin d. thyroxin
Answers: a. oxycotin
4. which following is a difference between repression and suppression? a. Repression is a nonconscious process, whereas suppression is a unconscious process b. Repression is an unconscious process, whereas suppression is a conscious process. c. Repression is a non-Freudian concept, whereas suppression is a Freudian concept. d. Repression is a deliberate task, whereas suppression is an automatic task.
Answers: b. Repression is an unconscious process, whereas suppression is a conscious process.
73. _______ is an altered state of consciousness in which people are highly suggestible and behave as though they are in a trance.
b. Hypnosis
97. When you are taking a test, you are awake and alert. This means that your brain is currently generating ______.
b. beta wave (dominant during normal state of consciousness.
85. The electroencephalograph is a method of:
b. detecting brain waves by means of measuring the current between electrodes placed on the scalp.
65. The knowledge of one's own thoughts, feelings, and memories, without the use of sensory organs is known as_______.
b. direct inner awareness
88. The surface of the cerebrum-the cerebral cortex- is wrinkled, or convoluted, with ridges and valleys. These valleys are known as ______.
b. fissures
63. People practice_________ by concentrating on words or sounds that are claimed to help the person achieve an altered state of consciousness.
b. mindfulness meditation
52. Which of the following statements is true of nicotine?
c. It stimulates the release of neurotransmitters.
49. Which of the following techniques relies on subtle shifts in blood flow to create a brain scan?
c. Magnetic resonance imaging
54. Which if the following is an altered state of consciousness?
c. Meditation
The _______ minimizes leakage of the electrical current being carried along the axon, thereby allowing messages to be conducted more efficiently.
c. Myelin sheath
87. Which of the following statements highlights the relationship between dopamine and schizophrenia?
c. Schizophrenia manifests as a result of an imbalance in dopamine levels between two adjoining neurons with conflicting electrical charges.
72. Functionalism was influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution which:
c. believed adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained.
89. A(n) _________ expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables.
c. correlation coefficient
69. Nicotine, alcohol, and many other drugs are pleasurable because they heighten levels of _____________.
c. dopamine
94. During which of the following are you most likely to experience hypnagogic hallucinations
c. non-rapid eye movement sleep.
77. A _____ is a complete group of interest to researchers, from which a sample is drawn for an experiment.
c. population
91. One potential reason why women and certain ethnic groups are significantly affected by alcohol is because of
c. they produce less aldehyde dehydrogenase than other groups.
55. Which of these is a function of prolactin?
d. It regulates maternal behavior in lower mammals.
75. Circulation of blood is an example of a____________.
d. unconscious process