Psychology Test 2: Ch 2, 4, 14
Which of the following statements would be most typical of someone in the preparation/determination stage of change?
"I'm going to do something about this problem, starting first thing next week."
Who among the following is most likely to have elevated levels of endorphins
Amy, a 30-year-old teacher, who is in shock after a car accident
Which body system in Seyle's general adaptation syndrome (GAS) model is responsible for regulating various body processes, including digestion, immune-system responses, emotion, and energy expenditure?
HPA Axis hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal
Which of the following is a significance of the brain-lesioning process?
It gives a sense of the functions of the damaged brain regions.
Which of the following statements about research on smoking cessation is true?
Lighter smokers have more success with "going cold turkey" than heavier smokers.
Which of the following statements about optimism is FALSE?
Optimism is something that you are born with, and it cannot be learned or cultivated.
Which of the following is true about coping strategies?
Problem-focused coping might involve coming up with goals and implementation intentions.
Which of the following statements is true of relapse during the maintenance stage of the stages of change model?
Relapse is considered normal by individuals who are experts in changing health behavior.
Which of the following is true about neurogenesis?
Researchers have documented neurogenesis in only two brain regions; the hippocampus and the olfactory bulb.
Which of the following statements is true of stress and the immune system?
The immune system and the central nervous system are similar in their modes of receiving, and integrating, stress signals from the external environment.
The _____ is linked with a higher incidence of heart disease, whereas _____ is linked with a lower incidence of heart disease.
Type A behavior pattern/the Type B behavior pattern
A number of studies have linked religious participation to
a longer and happier life
All of the following is a characteristic of hardiness EXCEPT
a perception of problems as threats hardiness: sense of control, commitment, and perception of problems as challenges
The theory of planned behavior includes the basic ideas of the theory of reasoned action but adds another important variable to the model. This variable is
a person's perception of control over the outcome
The brief wave of positive electrical charge that sweeps down the axon is
action potential
According to the stages of change model, during the _____ stage, individuals commit to making a real behavioral change and enact a plan for effective change.
action/ willpower
Mark has decided that it is finally time to quit smoking. He started using nicotine patches to help him control the craving to smoke. He is in the _____ stage of the change model.
action/willpower
_____ stress is the momentary stress that occurs in response to life experiences.
acute
Which of the following statements concerning the relationship between the immune system and stress is FALSE
acute stressors produce superior immune-system functioning
Stand-up comedians who improvise constantly while on stage are demonstrating their ability to change according to the environment. Which of the following characteristics of the nervous system is most likely playing a predominant role in their adaptability?
adaptability
You are listening to a lecture. Then the bell rings in the hallway. In order to hear this stimulus, _____ nerves must carry electrochemical messages from your ears to your brain.
afferent
An _____ is a drug that mimics or increases a neurotransmitter's effects, whereas an _____ is a drug that blocks a neurotransmitter's effects
agonist/antagonist
Emma is shocked when her teacher announced that there is a pop quiz on the reading material that was assigned the day before. Which of the following stages of the general adaptation syndrome will Emma be experiencing first?
alarm
The body's first reaction to a stressor, in the _____, is a temporary state of shock during which resistance to illness and stress falls below normal limits.
alarm stage
Which of the following accurately describes the sequence of the general adaptation syndrome?
alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
Discrimination of objects that are necessary for survival (such as appropriate food) as well as emotional awareness and expression involves the
amygdala
Michael has schizophrenia. His doctor prescribed a new drug that blocks or interferes with the activity of dopamine. Michael's doctor is using _____ to treat his disorder.
an antagonist
The _____ is sometimes referred to as the "master gland" because almost all of its hormones direct the activity of target glands elsewhere.
anterior pituitary gland
Katy was in a car accident and sustained serious brain damage. Since the accident Katy can speak only one word. This is an example of
aphasia
The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are components of the
autonomic nervous system
Dr. Cardinale is interested in the effects of heredity and environment on intelligence. She compares the similarity of IQ scores of identical twins to the similarity of IQ scores of fraternal twins. In this case, Dr. Cardinale is studying heredity's influence on behavior using
behavior genetics degree and nature of genetics on behavior
Although the concerns of behavioral medicine and health psychology overlap, behavioral medicine primarily focuses on _____ factors, whereas health psychology primarily focuses on _____ factors.
behavioral and biomedical/ behavioral and cognitive
The term plasticity refers to the
brain's special capacity for modification and change.
Which of the following essential body functions are under the control of the autonomic nervous system?
breathing, heart rate, and digestion
You just received a letter informing you that the college you really wanted to attend next semester has denied your application for enrollment. If you use the emotion-focused coping method you would
calm yourself and visit a friend
The brain and the spinal cord make up the
central nervous system
The immune system and the central nervous system both rely on _____ mediators for communication
chemical
In the human cell, threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs, one member of each pair originating from each parent, and that contain DNA are called
chromosomes
When the axons of healthy neurons adjacent to damaged cells grow new branches, _____ has occurred.
collateral sprouting
Ashley, a secretary at Plato Inc., is typing on her computer, talking on the phone, and handing some papers to her colleague simultaneously. Which of the following characteristics of the nervous system is best illustrated in this scenario?
complexity
Pauline is responsible and reliable. She likes structure and always sees a task through until it is completed. She exercises, eats healthy foods, and always wears her seatbelt. Pauline would score high on which of the following personality traits?
conscientiousness
During the _____ stage individuals acknowledge the problem but may not be ready to commit to change
contemplation
During the _____ stage individuals acknowledge the problem but may not be ready to commit to change.
contemplation
Suzanne wants to lose 20 pounds before her honeymoon to Hawaii. Although she realizes that being thinner will make her feel stronger and healthier, she has a weakness for ice cream. She's not sure that she will be able to give up the short-term pleasure of indulging in an ice-cream cone for dessert today in exchange for the long-term benefits of weight loss. Suzanne appears to be in which of the following stages of change?
contemplation
The function of sensory nerves of the somatic nervous system is to
convey information from the skin and muscles to the CNS about conditions such as pain and temperature.
Neurosurgeons can reduce the unbearable seizures some epileptics experience by severing the
corpus callosum
A key hormone shared by the central nervous system and the immune system is _____, which is produced in the hypothalamus and unites the stress and immune responses.
corticotropin-releasing hormone
The lecture you were listening to is over. The bell that rang in the hall signaled the end of class. You get up, pick up your things, and walk out the classroom door. Which kind of nerves sent the signals from your brain to your muscles to initiate your physical movements?
efferent
Your brain has instructed your body muscles to move so that you avoid burning your hand on a hot stove. Which type of nerves carried the information from your brain to your muscles so that you could avoid getting burned?
efferent
Information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles is sent through _____, thus enabling the body to move.
efferent nerves
Harry has been diagnosed with epilepsy by his neurologist. Which of the following should the neurologist use to assess Harry's epilepsy by studying his brain-wave activity?
electroencephalograph
Which of the following methods of studying the brain records the brain's electrical activity by placing electrodes on the scalp to detect brain-wave activity
electroencephalograph (EEG)
Maria's husband was diagnosed with an advanced stage of cancer. Instead of dealing with the threat of cancer, Maria decides to sign her and her husband up for a cruise. Maria is engaging in _____ coping.
emotion-focused
_____ entails responding to the stress that one is feeling without confronting the root problem.
emotion-focused coping
Andrea was just fired from a job she really loved. You are her best friend so you try to offer her all the support that she needs. In the context of benefits of social support, giving Andrea a hug when she is down and telling her that you will "be there for her" is an example of _____, whereas loaning her money and telling her that she can stay with you until she finds another job is an example of _____.
emotional/ tangible support
____ are secreted by the adrenal glands.
epinephrine and nonepinephrine
According to the general adaptation syndrome, serious, wear and tear takes a toll on the individual during the _____ stage.
exhaustion
According to the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), once the body's all-out effort to combat stress fails and the stress persists, the individual moves into
exhaustion stage
According to the general adaptation syndrome (GAS,) biological damage (e.g., weakened immune system, heart attack, or death) can occur during the
exhaustion stage
Which of the following is one of the functions of the sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight
When a neuron sends an action potential, it is commonly said to be
firing
In the context of the neural impulse, the membrane that encases the axon is called semipermeable because
fluids can sometimes flow into and out of it
The ____ are involved in personality, intelligence, and the control of voluntary muscles.
frontal lobes
The stages of change model describes the process by which individuals
give up bad habits and adopt healthier lifestyles
Which of the following is true with regard to the association cortex?
highest intellectual functions, thinking and problem solving
The chemical messengers produced by the endocrine system are
hormones
The _____ is a small forebrain structure that monitors pleasurable activities (e.g. eating, drinking, and sex), emotion, stress, and reward
hypothalamus
Which of the following characteristics of the nervous system best reflects the brain's ability to coordinate information from all five senses?
integration
Which of the following is a true statement about an axon?
it directs the manufacture of substances required for growth of neurons
Which of the following is true of the brain-imaging technique known as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?
it examines neuronal function following brain-injuring events
In which of the following ways does functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) detect the functioning of the brain?
it exploits changes in blood O2 that occur in association with brain activity
Which of the following statements is true of nicotine?
it has a pain- reducing effect
In the context of neurotransmitters, which of the following best describes the effect of norepinephrine stimulation?
it helps control the level of alertness
Which of the following is an effect of nicotine?
it leads to a pleasurable and reinforcing experience
Which of the following is an advantage of the stages of change model?
it refers more to attitudes that chan ge than to behaviors
Which of the following is a criticism of the stages of change model?
it refers more to attitudes that change than to behaviors
Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?
low dopamine- Parkinson's disease
When Wendy first started trying to eat healthier it felt like she was a "dieter." She was constantly thinking about how to eat healthy. After several months of successfully opting to eat nutritious food as opposed to her old fast-food favorites, Wendy does not feel like a dieter anymore. She no longer has to consciously think about trying to eat healthy foods; rather, her new lifestyle has become a part of who she is. Wendy is in which of the following stages of change?
maintenance
Bob decided that he was a bit overweight and in order to do something about it, he created a new exercise program, something he'd never tried before. Though he initially had some difficulty setting it up and sticking with it, he has consistently done his exercise workout for the last eight months. Though it is becoming more habitual, the program is still not yet automatic for him and he reinforces himself with new CDs each month if he has successfully completed his workouts. According to the stages of change model, Bob would most likely be in the
maintenance stage
Genes
manufacture the proteins that are necessary for maintaining life.
Which part of the nervous system regulates breathing and heart rate?
medulla
The _____ relays information between the brain and the eyes and ears
midbrain
A powerful surge of oxytocin is released in a
mother who just gave birth
The _____ is the part of the cerebral cortex that processes information about voluntary muscle movement.
motor cortex
Which of the following statements is true of effective coping with stress?
multiple strategies
Marshall's cerebellum was damaged in a car accident. Marshal is likely to have problems with
muscle coordination and balance
In multiple sclerosis, identify the part of a neuron that typically hardens and disrupts the flow of information through neurons
myelin sheath used for speed and conduction
Cancer patients show _____ activity in the blood.
natural killer cells
Which of the following types of cells in the nervous system handle the information-processing function?
nerves
The _____ system is the body's electrochemical communication circuitry.
nervous
_____ are chemical substances that are stored in very tiny sacs within the neuron's terminal buttons and involved in transmitting information across a synaptic gap to the next neuron.
neurotransmitters
Which of the following is an active drug in cigarettes?
nicotine
Steven was in a serious automobile accident that caused a severe injury to his hippocampus. What type of problem is Steven likely to experience as a result of this brain injury?
no new conscious memories
_____ inhibits the firing of neurons in the central nervous system, but it excites the heart muscle, intestines, and urogenital trac
norepinephrine
According to Lazarus, in _____ individuals evaluate their resources and determine how effectively they can be marshaled to cope with the event.
not sure
Which of the following statements is true of the types of coping?
not sure
As a result of a brain injury after an accident, James lost his vision. Which of the following regions of James's cerebral cortex is most likely to be damaged
occipital lobe respond to visual stimuli
According to the all-or-nothing principle
once the electrical signal reaches threshold it fires and moves all the way to completion. IPSP or EPSP
After finishing a psychology test, you try to relax by engaging in some meditation techniques. Doing these exercises should increase the response of the _____ nervous system, which results in a slower heart and respiration rate and less muscular tension.
parasympathetic
Which of the following are correctly matched?
parietal- spatial location, attention, and motor control occipital- visual stimuli temporal- hearing, language, memory prefrontal- higher cognitive thoughts, reasoning, self control
The somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system are components of the
peripheral nervous system
_____ is a term used to describe the influences of multiple genes on behavior.
polygenic inheritance
Stern Tyler, a neuroscientist who is collecting data for a new research study, uses techniques for monitoring the amount of glucose in various areas of the brain. Which of the following methods is Stern Tyler using in this study?
positron emission tomography (PET scan)
An alcoholic who believes that he is just being a typical college student and does not think his drinking is a problem is most likely to be classified as being in the _____ stage of change.
precontemplation
Claire is a chain smoker. Since she is unaware of her problem, her friends plan to inform her about the dangers of continuing her unhealthy behavior. According to the stages of the change model, Claire is in which of the following stages?
precontemplation
During the _____ stage, individuals are not yet genuinely thinking about changing.
precontemplation
Raising one's consciousness about a problem is the key component of which of the following stages of change?
precontemplation
Dan has a problem with smoking. If Dan were in the _____ stage of change, the best stage-matched intervention would be to inform him about the dangers of continuing this unhealthy behavior. However, if he were in the _____ stage, you would do well to provide him with training in specific skills that can help him to actually stop smoking.
precontemplation/ preparation
Self-belief and especially beliefs about one's ability to "see it through" is characteristic of which of the following stages of change model?
preparation/ determination
Melissa just landed her dream job. The only problem is that her workplace is far from her home. She spends about three hours commuting in the car every day. Traffic is normally quite heavy and Melissa is experiencing a great deal of stress. If Melissa moved closer to her place of employment in order to decrease her commute time, this would be an example of
problem- focused coping
_____ is the cognitive strategy of squarely facing one's troubles and trying to solve them.
problem-focused coping
Although many individuals use both problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies, over the long term,
problem-focused coping rather than emotion-focused coping usually works best.
Rosemary is interested in studying the relationships among emotion, the nervous system, and the immune system. Given these interests, she will probably want to pursue future study in the field of
psychoneuroimmunology
Which of the following is true of the neurotransmitter serotonin?
regulates mood and attention
One challenge during the maintenance stage is to avoid
relapse
Normally, when a neuron is not transmitting information and a slight negative charge is present on the inside of the cell membrane, it is said to be
resting
Kenny has been diagnosed with Parkinson disease and has been prescribed medication to manage some of his symptoms. The medication elevates the levels of dopamine in his system. If the levels of dopamine in his system become excessive, Kenny is most likely to exhibit symptoms associated with
schizophrenia pleasure-dopamine
According to Lazarus, in _____ individuals evaluate their resources and determine how effectively they can be marshaled to cope with the event.
secondary appraisal
Leslie, a first-grade teacher, recently received a pink-slip notice informing her that she would be laid off next year. She has had some time to think about how this change will impact her life, and now she is actively evaluating her resources and trying to come up with a "game plan." According to Lazarus's model, Leslie is now engaging in
secondary appraisal
_____ is a genetic method in which organisms are chosen for reproduction based on how much of a particular trait they display.
selective breeding
Depression is associated with low levels of which neurotransmitter?
serotonin
Sarah is a chain smoker and she wants to quit smoking by using a substitute source. Which of the following is Sarah likely to do in order to quit smoking?
she is likely to use a nicotine inhaler
Madison is addicted to drugs. According to the stages of the change model, if she is in the contemplation stage of changing her habit, which of the following will occur during this stage?
she will re-evaluate the role of this addiction in her life
Turning to others who act as a sounding board or a willing ear is referred to as
social sharing
Which of the following is a function of the myelin sheath?
speed up the transmission of nerve impulses
The reticular formation of the midbrain is involved in
stereotyped patterns of behavior such as walking, sleeping, or turning to attend to a sudden noise.
Which of the following statements is true of the preliminary hypotheses about the interaction that causes vulnerability to disease?
stressful situations make individuals more susceptible to diseases
A using substitute source of nicotine to quit smoking works by
supplying small amounts of nicotine to diminsh the intensity of withdrawal
Which of the following is an example of a sexually transmitted infection (STI)?
syphilis
Amber shifted to a new apartment. She is finding it difficult to adapt to the new place, so her friends help her out by arranging all her furniture. This makes Amber feel less stressful. This scenario exemplifies which type of benefit of social support?
tangible assistance
Structures in the cerebral cortex that are involved in hearing, language processing, and memory are called
temporal lobes
Which of these is an accurate conclusion concerning the relationship of stress to the immune system and cancer?
the physiological effects of stress inhibit immune responses to cancer
According to _____, effective change requires individuals to have specific intentions about their behaviors, as well as positive attitudes about a new behavior, and to perceive that their social group looks positively on the new behavior as well.
the theory of reasoned action
Which of the following is a true statement about dendrites?
they are treelike projections extending from a neuron
In the context of brain-tissue implants, what is unique about stem cells?
they can develop into most types of human cells
Which of the following statements is true of individuals who exhibit hardiness?
they have a sense of commitment
According to the stages of change model, when conscious attention is no longer required to maintain the new, healthy behaviors and such behaviors simply are part of the individual's lifestyle, _____ has been achieved. This occurs during the _____ stage of change.
transcendence/ maintenance
dendrites are
treelike fibers which receive information and orient it toward the neuron's cell body
Twenty-year-old Lily has been smoking since she was 12 and wants to quit. While no method is foolproof, the most successful avenue for breaking the addiction involves
using a combination of methods
Which of the following approaches to quit smoking involves using a nicotine patch?
using a substitute source