Psychology Test 3

Sigmund Freud was the first to develop the _____ of personality. a. humanistic theories b. behavioral theories c. psychodynamic theories d. cognitive theories

c

The seeds of individualism and collectivism are found in the _________ in which a person grows up. a. traits b. behavior c. culture d. geographical location

c

Tracy had taken tennis lessons when she was very young and was a good tennis player in her school. However, she had not played tennis for years when she decided to enroll in a tennis class at college. At the tennis class, a moment after she picked up her racket, Tracy realized that she had shifted it to the correct forehand grip without even thinking. Tracy's _____ made this possible. a. semantic memory b. psychomotor memory c. implicit memory d. episodic memory

c

According to Freud, the ego is guided by the _____. a. reality principle b. pleasure principle c. moral principle d. reasoning principle

a

According to Jung, which of the following refers to the primitive images contained in the collective unconscious? a. Archetypes b. Traits c. Libido d. Memory traces

a

Karen Horney believed that the view that girls feel inferior to boys was based on _____. a. Western cultural prejudice b. girls' inferiority complex c. the theory of psychosocial development d. scientific evidence

a

Katie is a very skilled in-line skater and a tap dancer. Her skills are a part of her _____. a. semantic memory b. retrograde memory c. implicit memory d. episodic memory

a

Lauren is obsessed with the cleanliness of her room. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, she is fixated at the _____. a. anal stage b. phallic stage c. genital stage d. oral stage

a

A(n) _________ is an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus. a. icon b. memory trace c. schema d. eidetic image

b

According to Carl Rogers, _________ refer(s) to the mental images of what we are capable of becoming. a. self-esteem b. self-ideals c. self-concept d. self-efficacy

b

According to Erikson, which of the following is the goal of adolescence? a. Genital sexuality b. Ego identity c. Latency d. Sexual maturity

b

Alfred Adler's individual psychology focuses on: a. personality characteristics that were generally presumed to be embedded in the nervous system. b. feelings of inferiority and the creative self. c. learning by observation and on the cognitive processes that underlie personal differences. d. the collective unconscious and archetypes.

b

In Freud's psychodynamic theory, _________ is the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness. a. eidetic imagery b. repression c. serial-positioning d. rehearsal

b

A(n) _________ is a way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or an expectation, which can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations. a. schema b. chunk c. icon d. echo

a

Ludwig, a cellist, is memorizing a musical composition just by listening to it, without referring to the sheet music. He most likely is using a(n) _____. a. acoustic code b. visual code c. memory trace d. subliminal stimulation

a

Once we have learned the multiplication tables, the recall of six times six is relatively automatic due to _____. a. priming b. positioning c. highlighting d. implying

a

Steve has just completed a personality assessment in which he was shown a series of cards one at a time and asked to make up stories about them. Which of the following tests is he most likely to have taken? a. The Thematic Apperception Test b. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory c. An Objective Test d. The Rorschach Inkblot Test

a

The Electra complex involves: a. a girl longing for her father and resenting her mother. b. a girl wanting to kill her father and possess her mother. c. a boy longing for his father and resenting his mother. d. a boy wanting to kill his father and possess his mother.

a

The _________ mind contains primitive instincts such as sex and aggression. a. unconscious b. preconscious c. metaconscious d. conscious

a

To remember the names of all the countries in Asia, Jennifer is mentally repeating all the country names several times. This scenario illustrates _____. a. maintenance rehearsal b. serial positioning c. repression d. elaborative rehearsal

a

Which of the following did Karen Horney's views emphasize? a. Unconscious sexual impulses are less important than social relationships in childhood. b. Young girls experience penis envy when they discover that boys have a penis. c. There are only four stages of sexual development in the psychological development of human beings. d. Women should remain at home and care for children.

a

_________ is the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli. a. Prospective memory b. Echoic memory c. Elaborative memory d. Iconic memory

b

Which of the following is a focus of the psychodynamic theory? a. The role of psychodrama as a therapeutic tool b. The idea that group dynamics have therapeutic effects c. The far-reaching effects of childhood events d. The concept of reward and punishment

c

Using the phrase "Elvis's Guitar Broke Down on Friday" to remember the lines (EGBDF) in a musical treble clef is an example of _____. a. retrospective memory b. metamemory c. maintenance rehearsal d. elaborative rehearsal

d

Which of the following is a shortcoming of Freud's psychoanalytic theory? a. It failed to recognize the significance of repression. b. It ignored the role of id, ego, and superego. c. It dismissed the profound effects of childhood events. d. Its clinical method of gathering evidence is suspect.

d

A psychology professor argues that the nature of the mother-infant relationship and social relationships are more crucial determinants of personality than sexual urges. In addition, she argues that we are conscious architects of our own personality. The professor's views are closest to those of _____. a. Erik Erikson b. Carl Jung c. Karen Horney d. Alfred Adler

a

Abe and Rose, who have been married for 13 years, are discussing the events that led to their very first date. Rose distinctly remembers giving Abe her telephone number at a party, but Abe is certain that he got her number from her best friend, Linda. Abe and Rose have different _____ of the event. a. episodic memories b. procedural memories c. prospective memories d. semantic memories

a

According to Freud, the id follows the _____. a. pleasure principle b. reality principle c. moral principle d. reasoning principle

a

If an image of Abraham Lincoln's face was flashed on a screen, the viewer could hold the visual impression in their sensory register as a(n) _____. a. memory trace b. implicit memory c. acoustic code d. echoic memory

a

In infancy, Brian did not have the good fortune to have an affectionate mother. His mother suffered from alcoholism and abused drugs. She was always emotionally unavailable to him. As a result, he now has difficulty in his relationships with others and cannot trust people easily. This situation supports the views of the _____. a. psychosocial development theory b. psychosexual theory c. analytic psychology d. sociocultural perspective

a

In psychological testing, _________ refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure. a. validity b. reliability c. scores d. variability

a

The _________ is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series. a. serial-position effect b. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon c. latency effect d. recency effect

a

Which of the following is a focus of Erikson's theory? a. Social relationships b. Self-actualization c. Sexual development d. Rewards and punishment

a

Which of the following is true of Carl Jung's analytical psychology theory? a. It emphasizes the collective unconscious and archetypes. b. It focuses on personality characteristics that were generally presumed to be embedded in the nervous system. c. It focuses on learning by observation and on the cognitive processes that underlie personal differences. d. It emphasizes the feelings of inferiority and the creative self.

a

Dana can only remember a few of the first and last items on her grocery list. Which of the following is this an example of? a. The recency effect b. The serial-position effect c. The latency effect d. The srimacy effect

b

Eysenck focused on the relationships between two personality traits: _________ and emotional stability-instability. a. agreeableness-disagreeableness b. introversion-extraversion c. openness-shallowness d. conscientious-careless

b

If the __________ is damaged, a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories. a. limbic system b. hippocampus c. thalamus d. optic nerve

b

Skinner believed that the effects of _________ on behavior should be emphasized. a. reinforcement b. choice c. personal freedom d. self-direction

b

The ----_____ is the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved. a. flashbulb phenomenon b. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon c. nonsense syllables effect d. serial-position effect

b

The Electra complex develops in the _________ of psychosexual development. a. anal stage b. phallic stage c. oral stage d. genital stage

b

When is the id first present in the mind? a. At 9 months b. At 12 months c. At birth d. At 2 years

c

Which of the following statements is true about a schema? a. It is a way of displacing information in the short-term memory by adding new information. b. It is a way of retrieving accurate information from the long-term memory. c. It is a way of mentally representing the world that can influence perceptions. d. It is a way of ejecting anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness.

c

Which of the following statements is true about retroactive interference? a. It is the interference of flashbulb memories with the recollection of paired associates. b. It is the interference of older learning with the capacity to retrieve more recently learned material. c. It is the interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously. d. It is interference of emotions with the capacity to retrieve semantic memory.

c

Which of the following theorists believed that personality is not something people have but rather something they create to give meaning and direction to their lives? a. Freudian theorists b. Cognitive theorists c. Humanistic theorists d. Sociocultural theorists

c

While watching a comedy show, Amanda remembered many funny incidents from her own college life. This is an example of _____. a. echoic memory b. prospective memory c. state-dependent memory d. implicit memory

c

_________ is the type or stage of memory that is first encountered by a stimulus. a. Explicit memory b. Semantic memory c. Sensory memory d. Implicit memory

c

Parents can help children develop self-esteem when they show them _________ regard, or when they accept them as having intrinsic merit regardless of their behavior at the moment. a. unconditional positive b. unconditional negative c. conditional positive d. conditional negative

a

Sarah remembers that she has to pack her suitcase and has to lock all the windows and doors before she leaves for her vacation the next day. Her memory about activities that need to be performed in the future would be known as _____. a. prospective memory b. implicit memory c. episodic memory d. semantic memory

a

The enhanced efficiency in a synapse after brief rapid stimulation that makes up learning is called _____. a. long-term potentiation b. synaptic degradation c. subliminal stimulation d. priming

a

The social cognitive theory is criticized because _________. a. it pays less attention to genetic variation in explaining individual differences in behavior b. it tends to be more descriptive than explanatory c. it gives less attention to person variables such as values and expectancies d. it subdues the importance of publicly observable variables or behaviors

a

_________ are beliefs that we can accomplish certain things. a. Self-efficacy expectations b. Self-actualization expectations c. Self-concept expectations d. Self-esteem expectations

a

_________ in part reflects the horrors of mass destruction of human life through war and genocide, frequent events in the 20th century. a. Existentialism b. Behaviorism c. Individualism d. Humanism

a

_________ is the memory to perform an act in the future, as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs. a. Prospective memory b. Episodic memory c. Retrospective memory d. Semantic memory

a

_________ refers to the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another. a. Personality b. Cognition c. Motivation d. Liability

a

A(n) _________ is a stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information. a. schema b. chunk c. code d. echo

b

Sarah was required to learn a list of 20 numbers in order. Initially, she took 15 repetitions to learn the list. After five days, she had forgotten the list of numbers and had to re-learn it. This time, she only took eight tries to re-learn the numbers. The difference between the number of repetitions she originally took to learn the numbers and the number of repetitions she took to re-learn the numbers is known as _____. a. displacement b. savings c. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon d. paired associates

b

The term _________ in memory theory, means to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information. a. chunk b. displace c. retrieve d. repress

b

Which of the following is true about maintenance rehearsal? a. It involves encoding a list of letters by relating it to something already known. b. It involves mentally repeating a list or saying the information to oneself. c. It involves storing a list of letters or numbers on an electronic storage device for later use. d. It involves trying to remember a long list of letters or numbers that has been read once.

b

Which of the following represents the correct developmental sequence of Sigmund Freud's stages of psychosexual development? a. Oral, phallic, anal, genital, and latency b. Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital c. Phallic, oral, genital, latency, and anal d. Anal, oral, phallic, latency, and genital

b

Which of the following statements is true about explicit memory? a. It is also known as procedural or skill memory. b. It is the memory of things that are clearly stated or explained. c. It is the memory of how to perform a task. d. It is the memory associated with things planned for the future.

b

Which one of the following is a criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory? a. It failed to recognize the importance of repression. b. It was too vague to scientifically measure the psychic structures. c. It disregarded the far-reaching effects of childhood events. d. It ignored the role of sexual drives.

b

According to the five-factor model, the five basic personality factors are extraversion, neuroticism, _________, agreeableness, and openness to experience. a. transcendence b. courage c. conscientiousness d. temperance

c

After a single presentation, Megan can recall her friend's long-distance telephone number and five-digit extension even though the sequence contains 15 digits. One reason for her ease of recall is that she combined the digits into smaller groups of three each. This process is called _____. a. screening b. the serial-position effect c. chunking d. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

c

At a painting exhibition, Martha had admired a painting that depicted a farm. Half an hour later, when she was having lunch with a friend, Martha was able to recall several details depicted in the painting. She remembered correctly the colors that were used, the animals that were drawn, and even the number of trees in the painting. Martha's ability to remember these details would be known as _____. a. echoic memory b. nonconscious imagery c. eidetic imagery d. subliminal perception

c

Celia is taking an interest inventory. One of the questions asks her to select her preferred activity from among traveling, reading books, and cooking. The question does not give her a "none of the above" option. What is the format of the interest inventory called? a. Reliability of scale format b. Validity of scale format c. Forced-choice format d. Behavior rating scale format

c

Dana always hears stories about how extravagantly her first birthday was celebrated, but she is unable to recall the events of that day. Dana's inability to recall the events of her first birthday is known as _____. a. anterograde amnesia b. dissociative amnesia c. infantile amnesia d. retrograde amnesia

c

Freud said that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely _____. a. metaconscious, semiconscious, and catatonic b. metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism c. conscious, unconscious, and preconscious d. postconscious, midconscious, and lateralconscious

c

In short-term memory an image tends to fade after _____ if it is not repeated or rehearsed. a. 90 seconds b. one second c. 10 to 12 seconds d. a day

c

Jason, straining his eyes on the deck of a ship, is trying to memorize distant landmarks to the harbor entrance; he is trying to create a mental picture of all the names. He is using _____. a. implicit memory b. an acoustic code c. a visual code d. prospective memory

c

Jessica is observed to be gloomy and pensive most of the time. According to Hippocrates' view of personality, Jessica is most likely to be associated with a _____ temperament. a. phlegmatic b. choleric c. melancholic d. sanguine

c

Jim overhears a classmate explaining to a friend that people are free to do what they choose with their lives and that the meaning of their lives is what they give to it. He further explains that people have unique ways of looking at the world, known as unique frame of reference. The classmate is describing the views of _____. a. Carl Rogers b. Hans Eysenck c. Abraham Maslow d. John Watson

c

Jonah loves learning new languages. In high-school, he learned French and in college, he learned Italian. Sometimes, when he has a problem remembering Italian words, French words come to mind instead. This is an example of _____. a. dissociative amnesia b. proactive interference c. retroactive interference d. retrograde amnesia

c

Joy speaks Spanish as she has learnt the language in school. She is now learning to speak French. She often notices that sometimes when speaking in Spanish, French words come to mind. This is an example of _____. a. dissociative amnesia b. repression c. retroactive interference d. proactive interference

c

Which of the following is true about elaborative rehearsal? a. It involves visually representing a list of letters that needs to be remembered. b. It involves mentally repeating a list of letters or numbers that needs to be remembered. c. It involves adding additional letters to a list of letters that has already been remembered. d. It involves extending the semantic meaning of the letters that need to be remembered.

c

_________ is the activation of specific associations in memory, often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access the memory. a. Repressing b. Encoding c. Priming d. Displacing

c

_________ is the failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma. a. Dissociative amnesia b. Anterograde amnesia c. Retrograde amnesia d. Infantile amnesia

c

_________ is the inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so. a. Anterograde amnesia b. Retrograde amnesia c. Infantile amnesia d. Dissociative amnesia

c

_________ of stored information means locating it and returning it to consciousness. a. Displacement b. Repression c. Retrieval d. Encoding

c

A(n) _____ is an assumed electrical circuit that corresponds to a memory trace. a. thalamus b. schema c. hippocampus d. engram

d

A(n) _________ is a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory. a. echo b. schema c. saving d. icon

d

Caleb had read in the newspaper that a popular corporation had appointed a new CEO. When he was talking about this to a friend, Caleb could only remember the first letter and the last letter of the new CEO's name. This illustrates _____. a. chunking b. eidetic imagery c. the displacement effect d. the serial-position effect

d

Christopher knows a lot of facts about the planet earth. He knows that the circumference of the earth is 40,030 km even though he did not personally measure the circumference of the earth. This knowledge is referred to as _____. a. implicit memory b. episodic memory c. retrograde memory d. semantic memory

d

Greg becomes a chain smoker in his early teens. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, he is fixated at the _____. a. genital stage b. phallic stage c. anal stage d. oral stage

d

Nicholas develops a new assessment tool to measure the psychological concept of extraversion. He finds that individuals who take the test repeatedly tend to score similarly each time. Which dimension of assessment has Nicholas established? a. Variability b. Scoring c. Validity d. Reliability

d

Priscilla is a psychologist. She is studying a group of people for their behaviors that make them unique. What will be the definition of the term "personality" on her paper on the study? a. The person's lively and bubbly demeanor under all conditions b. The person's tendency to act shyly in some situations and gregariously in other situations c. The person's behavioral characteristics that make one similar to their family members d. The person's reasonably stable pattern of emotions, motives, and demeanor

d

The Oedipus complex develops in the _________ of psychosexual development. a. oral stage b. genital stage c. anal stage d. phallic stage

d

The _________ functions according to the moral principle. a. ego b. alter ego c. id d. superego

d

When we look at a visual stimulus, our impressions of it may seem fluid enough. This is because _____. a. perceptions in short-term memory are not stored, but rather are constantly replaced with new perceptions b. saccadic eye movements create perceptions at a rate of approximately 20 per second, making the images seem continuous c. short-term memories overlap, which gives the impression of a single perception d. sensory memory briefly holds perceptions, making them seem connected

d

Which of the following is the final stage in Freud's stages of psychosexual development? a. Anal stage b. Latency stage c. Phallic stage d. Genital stage

d

Which of the following is true about the serial position effect? a. It is the tendency to recall more accurately only the item at the exact center of a list. b. It is the tendency to recall more accurately the first five items on a list. c. It is the tendency to recall more accurately the last five items on a list. d. It is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items on a list.

d

Which of the following is true about the storage of information in long-term memory? a. We tend to organize information in order of their occurrence. b. The information in the long-term memory is stored for a maximum of 12 minutes. c. Information is stored as choppy impressions in the long-term memory. d. We tend to organize information in order of their hierarchy.

d

Which of the following situations best describes Watson and Skinner's beliefs regarding behaviorism? a. A woman becomes a lawyer because she has a need for achievement. b. A child acts selfishly due to his id. c. A child becomes an engineer due to her genes. d. A man donates to charity because his parents rewarded this behavior.

d

Which of the following stages of psychosexual development is characterized by the repression of sexual impulses? a. Anal stage b. Oral stage c. Phallic stage d. Latency stage

d

Which of the following statements is true about long-term memory? a. Long-term memories are always accurate. b. Its capacity to store information is limited. c. Long-term memories are lost by displacement. d. It is analogous to a biochemical "hard drive."

d

_____ are meaningless sets of two consonants, with a vowel sandwiched in between, that are used to study memory. a. Memory traces b. Schemas c. Episodes d. Nonsense syllables

d

_____ developed the psychodynamic theory called analytical psychology. a. Sigmund Freud b. Alfred Adler c. Erik Erikson d. Carl Jung

d

_____ is the loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma. a. Proactive interference b. Retroactive interference c. Infantile amnesia d. Dissociative amnesia

d

_________ are nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall. a. Serial positions b. Paired traces c. Paired memories d. Paired associates

d

_________ is a process in psychological testing that checks out the scores, validity, and reliability of a test with people of various ages and from various groups. a. Cognition b. Acculturation c. Gender typing d. Standardization

d

_________ is also termed as modeling. a. Self-actualization b. Gender typing c. Social cognition d. Observational learning

d