Psychology Test 4

Personality disorders

A group of psychological disorders that can include impairments in cognition, emotional responses, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control.

Obsession

A thought, urge, or image that happens repeatedly, is intrusive and unwelcome, and often causes anxiety and distress.

Abnormal Psychology

Academic field devoted to the study of psychological disorders.

Genetic factors

Account for around 80% of the risk for developing schizophrenia.

Continuum

Anyone can have experiences similar to symptoms of psychological disorders.

Criticism of DSM-5

Anytime someone is diagnosed with a mental disorder, he runs the risk of being labeled.

The Medical Model

Approach suggesting that psychological disorders are illnesses that have underlying biological causes.

Compulsion

Behavior or "mental act" that a person repeats over and over to reduce anxiety.

Abnormal Behavior

Behavior that's atypical, dysfunctional, distressful, and/or deviant.

Maladaptative Behavior

Behaviors or actions that run counter to what's in one's own best interest.

Negative symptoms

Behaviors or characteristics that are limited or absent; includes social withdrawal, diminished speech, limited or no emotions, and loss of energy and follow-up.

The brain and neurotransmitters

Brain cortex thins, leading to enlarged ventricles, cavities in the brain are filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

Possible causes of dissociate disorders

Childhood abuse and neglect, war, and terrorism.

Biopsychosocial Perspective

Considers the complex interaction

Biopsychosocial Perspective

Considers the complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors that may contribute to a disorder.

Culturally defined

Definition for mental health isn't the same for everyone.

Biology of Depression (Genetic Factor)

Depressive disorder runs in families, with heritability rate of 40-50%

Schizophrenia

Disabling psychological disorder that can include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and abnormal psychomotor behavior

Social Anxiety Disorder

Distinct fear of social situations and scrutiny of others.

DSM-5

Evidence based classification system of mental disorders first developed and published by the American Psychiatric Association in 1952.

Positive symptoms

Excesses or distortions of normal behavior, which include delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech.

Agoraphobia

Extreme fear of situations involving public transportation, open spaces, or other public settings.

Environmental triggers

Genital reproductive infections, influenza, and some parasites.

Anxiety Disorders

Group of psychological disorders associated with extreme anxiety and/or debilitating, irrational fears.

Dissociative identity disorder

Lack of connection among behavior, awareness, memory, cognition, and other functioning.

Roots of Depression

Learned helplessness, negative thinking, and the cognitive triad (negative view of experiences, self, and the future).

Insanity

Legal determination of the degree to which a person's responsible for criminal behaviors.

Psychosis

Loss of contact with reality that's severe and chronic.

Bipolar disorders

Mood disorder marked by dramatic swings in mood, ranging from manic to depressed episodes.

Stigma

Negative attitude or opinion about a group of people based on certain traits or characteristics.

Roots of Depression

Negative thinking and the cognitive triad (negative view of experiences, self, and the future).

Comorbidity

Occurrence of two or more disorders at the same time.

Psychological Factors

Patterns of thinking, coping strategies, personality traits.

Biology of Depression (Hormones)

People with depression may have high levels of cortisol, which is secreted by the adrenal glands.

Hallucinations

Perceptual like experiences that an individual believes are real, but are not evident to others.

Roots of schizophrenia

Perfect storm of biological, psychological, and social factors.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Psychological disorder characterized by an excessive amount of worry and anxiety about activities relating to family, health, school, and other aspects of daily life.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Psychological disorder characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions that are time-consuming and cause a great deal of distress.

Borderline personality disorder

Psychological disorder distinguished by an incomplete sense of self, extreme self-criticism, unstable emotions, and feelings of emptiness.

Antisocial personality disorder

Psychological disorder distinguished by unethical behavior, deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability, aggressiveness, disregard for others, and lack of remorse.

Specific Phobias

Psychological disorder that includes a distinct fear or anxiety in relation to an object or situation.

Major Depressive Disorder

Psychological disorder that includes at least one major depressive episode, with symptoms such as depressed mood, problems with sleep, and loss of energy.

Dissociative disorders

Psychological disorders distinguished by disturbances in normal psychological functioning; may include problems with memory, identity, consciousness, perception, and motor control.

Panic Disorder

Reoccurring panic attacks that are unexpected and for which there's no apparent trigger or cue, can cause significant changes in behavior.

Sociocultural Factors

Roles and expectations, modeled behaviors, cultural beliefs.

Rosenhan's Study

Rosenhan and seven others got admitted to psychiatric hospitals by faking hallucinations then acted normal after being admitted. None of the nurses thought they were sane, just thought they went into remission.

Psychological Disorder

Set of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive symptoms that are significantly distressing and disabling in terms of social functioning.

Manic episodes

States of continuous elation that are out of proportion to the setting, and can include irritability, very high and sustained levels of energy and an "expansive" model.

Delusions

Strange or false beliefs that a person firmly maintains even when presented with evidence to the contrary.

Panic Attack

Sudden, extreme fear or discomfort that escalates quickly, often with no obvious trigger and includes symptoms like increased heart rate, sweating, shortness of breath, and nausea.

Learned Helplessness

Tendency for people to believe they have no control over the consequences of their behaviors, resulting in passive behavior.

Dopamine hypothesis

Theory suggesting that synthesis, release, and concentrations of dopamine play a role in schizophrenia.

Biology of Depression (Neurotransmitters)

Three neurotransmitters appear to be associated with the cause and course of major depressive disorder; norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine.

Diathesis-stress model

Uses the biopsychosocial perspective, diathesis refers to the inherited disposition, and stress refers to the stressors and other factors in the environment.

Bipolar cycling

When people with bipolar disorder cycle between highs and lows of emotion and energy that last for days, weeks, and even months.