PSYCHOLOGY TEST TWO

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.

taste aversion

A ________ is any environmental agent-biological, chemical, or physical-that causes damage.

teratogen

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable times. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory emphasizes the sexual nature of our development rather than its social nature.

The words "sexual" and "social" should be switched.

What is the primary psychosocial milestone of childhood?

developing a positive sense of self

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.

implicit

Amygdala

is to regulate emotions such as fear and aggression

Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________.

memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.

misinformation effect paradigm

A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.

naturalistic observation

Cerebellum

processing of procedural memory, motor learning and classical conditioning

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions.

sensorimotor

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

Encoding

Input of information into the memory system

Sensory Store

Storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes

Which of the following shows an example of negative reinforcement?

Taking an aspirin to get rid of a headache.

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.

conditioned response

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

continuous

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.

discontinuous

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environment and culture

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Episodic Memories

Is information about events we have personally experienced.

Semantic Memories

Is knowledge about words, concepts, and language- based knowledge and facts.

Mnemonics

Memory aids that help us organize information for encoding.

Hippocampus

Memory processing: project information to cortical regions that give memories meaning and connect them with other connected memories. Memory consolidation

Chunking

Organizing information into manageable bits or chunks

Pan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.

acoustic

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?

amygdala

Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger-she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?

avoidant

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

cerebellum

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

Interference Theory

occurs in learning when there is an interaction between the new material and transfer effects of past learned behavior, memories or thoughts that have a negative influence in comprehending the new material.

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?

pre-conventional

Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of _____________________.

retroactive interference

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

stimulus generalization