Psychology Unit 1 Questions
Continuous reinforcement
A dog chews on its toy and with each bite, the toy squeaks. If the squeaking sound is the reinforcer, the dog's response in biting the toy is reinforced with which type of schedule?
statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research
A hypothesis is a ________.
Model
A pattern, plan, representation, or description designed to show the structure or workings of an object, system, or concept
industrial psychologist
A person in which field primarily focuses on the relationships between people and work?
False
According to Arne Öhman and Susan Mineka, humans are not biologically prepared by evolutionary forces to develop fears of any kind.
False
According to Weber's Law, the absolute threshold for all senses is the same for everyone.
the changes cause by learning influence an organism's behavior
According to cognitive psychologists, _________.
learning
According to cognitive theorists, what is the process by which organisms make relatively permanent changes in the way they represent the environment because of experience?
consciousness
As Donna is answering this very question, she is aware of her environment. This awareness is referred to as:
variable-ratio schedule
Ashton works as a server at a local restaurant and he knows that the more tables that he waits on, the better the likelihood of more tips. This schedule is a__________.
operant behavior
B. F. Skinner taught pigeons and other animals to engage in behavior that manipulates the environment. This kind of behavior is called __________.
discrimination
Bain's dog barks and growls at the sound of a stranger's car pulling into his driveway, yet the dog wags its tail and gets excited at the sound of Bain's car. In this scenario, the difference in the dog's reactions to the sound of Bain's car and that of a stranger's car is due to _________.
a craving
Beatriz had a cocaine use disorder and began therapy to stop her addiction. However, after a few days without the drug, she had intense urges to use it. She also started sweating excessively and experiencing shakiness due to anxiety. In this scenario, Beatriz is experiencing _______.
more resistant to extinction
Behavior that is rewarded by partial reinforcement is ________.
successive approximations
Behaviors that are progressively close to a target behavior are called_________.
Nicotine
Cancer, heart disease, and lung and respiratory diseases are all side effects of which drug?
generalization
Chandler was once awoken from her sleep by a white rat that fell on her. Following this incident, she began fearing all furry white objects including white fur coats and white stuffed animals. In this scenario, Chandler's fear of all furry white objects is due to _____.
Kohler
Charlie the Chimp saw that the bananas he wanted were out of his reach. He thought for a while and quickly realized he could stack boxes to reach them. Which researcher most likely set up this test of insight?
somatosensory cortex
Chika has lost the sensation of touch in her skin. Which part of her brain is most likely malfunctioning?
reticular formation
Chloe has been having a lot of difficulty paying attention at work and sleeping at night. Which of the following structures might be the cause of these issues?
learning associations
Classical conditioning is essentially _________.
False
Cochlear implants can assume the function of a damaged auditory nerve.
False
Cones allow us to see in black and white, while rods provide color vision. Cones are more sensitive to dim light than rods are.
True
Consolidation of memory is connected to REM sleep.
insomnia
Crystal has been having difficulty concentrating at work. She thinks it might be due to a lack of sleep and therefore she has been trying to sleep more. Unfortunately, this has created her autonomic activity and muscle tension. In this scenario, Crystal is most likely suffering from __________.
gender
Culturally defined concepts of masculinity and femininity are described as which of the following?
medulla
Damage to which brain stem structure may cause the heart and lungs to stop working?
tolerance
Darryl has had a cocaine use disorder for over three years. He is a regular user of the drug. His body is now habituated to the drug, and hence he requires twice as much cocaine as he did initially to achieve similar effects. In this scenario, Darryl is displaying __________.
melatonin
Emilia suffers from insomnia. When she went to see a doctor, she was told that her sleeplessness was caused by the deficiency of a particular hormone. The doctor then gave her sleeping pills containing the deficient hormone. Emilia has ________ deficiency.
True
Epilepsy can sometimes be helped by split-brain operations.
False
Erik Erikson focused more on unconscious processes and less on conscious choice and self-direction.
gamma-aminobutyric acid
Esteban finds that he is often very anxious and not at ease. Which of the following neurotransmitters might help him the most?
all-or-none principal
Every time a neuron fires, it transmits an impulse of the same strength. This occurrence is known as the ________.
focused less on unconscious processes and more on conscious choice and self-direction
Famous neoanalysts such as Karen Horney and Erik Erikson differ from earlier psychodynamic practitioners in that they ________.
considered humans as another form of animal
Functionalism was influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution which ________.
False
Genetic components do not contribute to an individual's sensitivity to basic tastes.
amygdala
Hijino is very upset by a post made by a friend on social media. Which part of Hijino's brain is most likely to be highly active right now?
True
Humans have feature detector cells for both visual and auditory sensory systems.
They note that people engage in intentional learning by observing others.
Identify a true statement about social-cognitive theorists.
Karen Horney
Identify the neoanalyst among the following.
operant conditioning
If you want to teach your cat to stop scratching up your couches, what type of conditioning will be most effective in reducing the scratching behavior?
treating stress
In 2017, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine stated that the use of marijuana aided in
Heredity is apparently involved in psychological disorders ranging from anxiety and depression to personality disorders.
In the context of behavioral genetics, identify the correct statement.
spontaneous recovery
In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following helps organisms adapt to situations that recur from time to time?
reflex
In the context of classical conditioning, which term is defined as a simple unlearned response to a stimulus?
Pain is usually the sharpest where nerve endings are densely packed.
In the context of pain, which of the following statements is true?
True
In the context of psychological research, debriefing is the process of explaining the purposes and methods of a completed procedure to a participant.
fixed-ratio schedule
In the context of reinforcement schedules, if you were only paid for every individual webpage that you create, you are being paid on a __________.
narcolepsy
Lim, a 26-year-old man, often falls asleep suddenly. During these sleep attacks, he falls asleep for around 15 minutes and wakes up feeling refreshed. He also hallucinates that a person is sitting on his chest. In this scenario, Lim is likely suffering from __________.
Negative punishment
Lin came home after curfew last night, so her parents took away the car keys for a week. What kind of consequences are Lin's parents using?
placebo
Nathan is known to have moments of unnecessary drama when he behaves as if he is having a panic attack, even though he really isn't. During these moments, his friend friend Agador helps him to relax by giving him two tablets that Nathan thinks are real medication. In fact, they are just compressed baking soda that have no medicine in them. If Nathan feels better after taking the tablets, stating that they help him relax, the baking soda pills are acting as a(n) ________.
dopamine
Nicotine, alcohol, and many other drugs are pleasurable because they heighten levels of ________.
they produce less aldehyde dehydrogenase than other groups.
One potential reason why women and certain ethnic groups are significantly affected by alcohol is because
convergence
One way in which Yesenia knows which of her cats is closer to her is based on how far inward her eyes are turned. When looking at the cat closest to her, her eyes are turned more inward towards each other compared to when she looks at the cat laying further away. Based on this description, which depth cue is Yesenia using to distance?
False
Over the last decade, research has shown an increase in the number of adolescents who smoke cigarettes.
biofeedback training
People learning to emit alpha waves through feedback from an electroencephalograph is an example of __________.
biofeedback training
People receive reinforcement in the form of information in ______.
True
Prolonged exposure to secondhand smoke during childhood is a risk factor for cancer of the throat.
False
Retinal disparity causes feelings of tension in the eye muscles and provides a binocular cue for depth.
suggest that people can modify and create their environments
Social-cognitive theorists ________.
False
Structuralists emphasized the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns.
True
Subliminal simulation may have the ability to influence people's behaviors.
Sleep apnea
Terrance is affected by obesity and snores when he sleeps. He often wakes up in the morning not feeling well rested. What is Terrance most likely suffering from?
True
The Hering-Helmholtz illusion is a visual illusion.
difference threshold
The ________ refers to the smallest possible stimulus that can be detected half the time, or the minimum level of stimuli that we can detect.
loudness
The amplitude of a sound wave determines the ________.
are prone to fantasy
The best individuals for hypnosis are people who ________.
complementary colors
The colors across from one another on the color wheel are labeled ________.
detecting brain waves by means of measuring the current between electrodes placed on the scalp
The electroencephalograph is a method of ________.
non-rapid eye movement sleep.
The first four stages of sleep are collectively known as
decibels (dB)
The loudness of a sound is expressed in ________.
clairvoyance
The perception of objects that do not stimulate the known sensory organs refers to ________.
cerebrum
The prefrontal part of which brain structure is the center of executive decision making?
extinction
The process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur is known as ________.
biological preparedness
The readiness to acquire a certain kind of conditioned response due to the biological makeup of the organism is known as _________.
spontaneous recovery
The recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time is called ____________.
False
The somatic nervous system controls activities such as heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and dilation of the pupils.
polygenic
Traits such as sociability and aggressiveness are thought to be ________.
stress
What do people ages 18-34 most often attribute pain to?
Broca's and Wenicke's areas are usually on the left.
What evidence is there that the left hemisphere of the brain is the primary language processing area?
nature
What is defined by heredity, and is based on biological structures and processes?
auditory canal, ear drum, oval window, cochlea
What is the correct order of structures triggered in the ear by incoming sound waves?
Contingency theory
What is the name of Robert Rescorla's viewpoint that suggests that learning occurs only when a conditioned stimulus (CS) provides information about an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
Reinforcement involves presenting a stimulus and punishment involves removing a stimulus
What is the primary difference between reinforcement and punishment?
Tolerance
What is the term for the habituation to a drug that includes the need for increasingly higher doses of the drug to achieve similar effects?
False
When we sleep, our brain waves become identical to those emitted when we are conscious.
Instinctive behavior tends to resist modification, even when it serves no purpose.
Which of the following statements is true of instinctive behavior?
It reinforces progressive steps toward the behavioral goal.
Which of the following statements is true of shaping?
structuralism and functionalism
Which two early approaches are no longer followed by psychologists today?
glial cells
Which type of cells remove dead neurons and for myelin to support living neurons?
Operant conditioning
Which type of conditioning is defined as a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in certain behavior because of the effects of that behavior?
William James
Who was a founder of the school of functionalism?
John B. Watson
Who was the founder of behaviorism?
False
A sample consists of multiple populations.
spine
The gate theory of pain suggests that pain sensations are processed and can be limited through neurons located in the ________.
serotonin
Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in emotional arousal and sleep?
Project a picture of a llama and then deliver a puff of air to the eye.
A psychology student is attempting to use the principles of classical conditioning for a class assignment. They want to make a participant blink whenever they see a picture of a llama in a slideshow. Which of the following is the most effective sequence for this behavior to be classically conditioned?
all colors except either red or green
Your friend Adelina tells you that she is red-green color blind. This means that she sees things in ________.
computerized axial tomography
Peter went out cycling one morning. He was not wearing a helmet. He fell off a ridge and fell into a steep valley. Apart from fracturing his arm and acquiring several bruises, Peter severely injured his head. The doctor noticed a swelling on the right side of his head and suspected that it was a blood clot. Which of the following did the doctor use to obtain a three-dimensional image of Peter's brain for further investigation?
environmental psychology
The construction of a factory near Valley Mont Elementary School adversely affected the concentration of the students in the school. In order to help the students cope with this problem, the principal of the school invited a psychologist who was experienced in dealing with humans and their interactions with their surroundings. Which field would this psychologist most likely study?
Weber's constant
The fraction of the intensity by which a source of physical energy must be increased or decreased so that a difference in intensity will be perceived is called ________.
Explain the real-life consequences of violence.
Which of the following is something that parents and educators can do to tone down the impact media violence is having on children?
formulating a research question
Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method?
He believed that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because they have been reinforced for doing so.
Which of the following is true of B. F. Skinner's contribution to behaviorism?
white
With additive color mixing, combining red, green, and blue lights will result in which color of light being produced?
True
The left hemisphere of the brain is relatively more involved in tasks that require logic and problem solving than the right hemisphere.
volunteer bias
An error in research reflecting the prospect that people who offer to participate in research studies differ systematically from people who do not is known as ________.
Sleep apnea
Mihail suffers from a sleep disturbance that repeatedly wakes him up during the night. He frequently stops sleeping for up to 60 seconds at a time, half wakes up, starts breathing again, and then returns to sleep. What would be the best diagnosis in this case?
Growing hair
Which of the following is an example of a nonconscious process?
An orienting reflex
Which of the following refers to an unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus?
genotype
Which of the following represents your full genetic potential?
vision
Which of the following senses is dominant in human beings?
They acquire their value through association with established reinforcers.
Which of the following statements is true about secondary reinforcers?
Nembutal
Which of the following substances is classified as a barbiturate?
psychology
Which of these can be defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes?
It regulates maternal behavior in lower mammals.
Which of these is a function of prolactin?
acetylcholine
Which of these is a neurotransmitter that controls muscle contractions?
myelin sheath
Which of these minimizes leakage of the electrical current being carried along the axon, thereby allowing messages to be conducted more efficiently?
Distant object stimulate smaller areas of the retina than nearby ones.
Which of the following statements is true of depth perception?
They are secreted directly into the bloodstream.
Which of the following statements is true of hormones?
Older adults are more likely than younger adults to have insomnia.
Which of the following statements is true of insomnia?
Watson
Who of the following would be most hostile to the idea that learning is not merely mechanical and responsive?
Franz Mesmer
Who theorized that animal magnetism causes a person to be hypnotized?
due to the principals of perceptual orientation
Why do the two lines in the Müller-Lyer illusion appear to be of different lengths even though they are the same length?
True
In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, salivation of the dog in response to the meat powder is an unlearned or unconditioned response.
extinction
In experiments on the extinction of conditioned responses, Pavlov found that repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus led to which of the following conditioned responses?
tracer
In positron emission tomography, to track the metabolism of glucose, a radioactive compound is mixed with glucose and injected into the bloodstream. What is this compound called?
False
Interval schedules of reinforcement usually lead to more rapid learning compared to continuous reinforcement.
False
Ivan Pavlov proved that reflexes cannot be learned by association.
False
A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses is known as a fixed interval schedule.
False
Dizygotic twins are formed when a zygote divides into two cells that share the same genetic code.
mutation
Dr. Amazing was exposed to radiation in his laboratory and his skin has become thick and tough. The radiation apparently caused which of these?
False
Dreams are most likely to be vivid during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, whereas images are vaguer and more fleeting during rapid eye movement sleep (REM) sleep.
receptor site
Each kind of neurotransmitter has a unique chemical structure, and each can fit into a specifically tailored harbor, also known as a ________.
True
Gestalt psychologists claimed that one cannot explain human perceptions, emotions, or thought processes in terms of basic units.
how physical events are related to psychological sensation and perception
Gustav Theodor Fechner, in his book Elements of Psychophysics, showed ________.
50%
Raquel, Rachel, and Emma are triplets. Raquel and Rachel are monozygotic, and Emma is dizygotic. How much genetic overlap does Emma share with her sisters?
sleep terrors
Ray often wakes up at night talking loudly and incoherently. During this time, his heart rate increases, and he recalls vague images of someone pressing on his chest. However, he is never fully awake and returns to sleep. In the context of sleep disorders, Ray is exhibiting symptoms of _____.
pure research
Research that is undertaken primarily because the researcher is interested in a research topic is called ________.
True
Researchers historically agreed on four primary taste qualities: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter.
cognitive psychology
Researchers in which field primarily study how we perceive and mentally represent the world, how we learn, remember the past, plan, problem solve, and use language?
taste
Silas has a cold which has caused him to have a stuffy nose. Besides not being able to smell, what other sense may be affected?
enjoy being negatively reinforced and dislike being positively punished.
Usually, in operant conditioning, people would
True
In psychodynamic theory, descriptive information that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention (i.e., What did I eat for breakfast this morning? or What is my cell phone number?) is called preconscious material.
green
In psychology class students are learning about afterimages. Dakota's teacher is having them stare at a red square on the board. What color will the afterimage be that Dakota and their classmates will perceive?
False
In terms of the just noticeable difference, with auditory stimulation, people are more sensitive to changes in loudness.
True
In the 1940s and 1950s, psychodynamic theory dominated the practice of psychotherapy.
fixed-interval schedule
Ivan is a waiter at a coffee shop. He gets paid $100 every day at 9 p.m. regardless of the number of customers he serves during the day. In this scenario, Ivan's payment is based on the ________.
basilar membrane
Vibrations in the fluids within the chambers of the inner ear press against the ________.
False
Jalen wondered how many blueberries are necessary for the perfect-tasting pancake. In this example, changing the number of blueberries would be considered the dependent variable.
forensic psychologist
Jane is a practicing psychologist who assesses the mental status of people charged with crimes and shares her findings with the courts. Jane is most likely a(n) ________.
sensory adaptation
Jarrod is a receptionist who works long hours at a desk in his company. When he first gets to work in the morning he is annoyed by the "tick tick tick" of the clock on the wall. After an hour or two (or sooner if he is involved in a project that requires his focus) the sound of the clock isn't something he notices any longer. What is this an example of?
50%
Jedda's mother is indigenous and her father is Spanish, how much genetic overlap does she have with each parent?
Conditioning "Little Albert" to be fearful of a white rat
John B. Watson is most famous for which of the following experiments?
selective attention
Jonah is reading a book in a crowded bus. Some boys sitting near him are talking and laughing loudly. Jonah focuses on reading his book and ignores the noise around him. This scenario illustrates an aspect of consciousness called __________.
the law of common fate
Kahlil observed a quick succession of cars moving together on the road. His first thought was that they were all a part of a convoy of some sort. Which law of perceptual organization best explains Kahlil's assumption?
neoanylists
Karen Horney and Erik Erikson are two examples of psychologists who put their own spin on Freud's methods, and call themselves ________.
that sometimes learning occurs suddenly
Kohler's pioneering work with chimpanzees revealed ________.
correlation
Kojo wants to figure out if playing violent video games causes people to choose violent behaviors. Since an experiment to prove causation would likely be unethical, what kind of conclusion would Kojo find using appropriate research methods?
Practicing transcendental meditation
Kwame's brain is producing alpha waves while experiencing a slowing heart rate. His oxygen consumption has decreased as well. What is Kwame probably doing?
split-brain
Labib has been having severe epileptic seizures since a very young age. His seizures have become less frequent since he underwent an operation. However, he has problems expressing what he feels. When he feels happy, his facial expressions often show anger. Labib has most likely undergone a(n) ________ operation.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Lamar got a head injury while playing football, and his doctor wants to see which parts of his brain are active while he is doing various mental tasks. Which technology should Lamar's doctor choose?
False
Lucas had been binge watching a television show most of the evening and he eventually started to drift off to sleep. During an especially violent scene in the show, there were loud explosions which jolted him awake. This was due to the secretion of oxytocin.
True
Many psychologists suggest that the Little Albert experiment was unethical, partially due to the infant never being counter-conditioned.
afferent
Megna stepped on a nail at the construction site where they worked. Which kind of neuron brings the pain signal from Megna's foot to their brain?
hallucinogenic
Mescaline is considered a(n) _______.
focus on the present.
Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to
Continuous reinforcement
What is a schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced?
True
When children reared by adoptive parents are more similar to their natural parents in a particular trait, strong evidence exists for a genetic role in the development of that trait.
visual perception
When light signals are transduced from sensory receptors in the eyes and then sent to the occipital lobes of the brain, what should occur next?
they roughly have a 25-hour day
When people are not aware of the cues that signal day or night,
beta wave
When you are taking a test, you are awake and alert. This means that your brain is currently generating _____.
perspective
When you look at a pair of train tracks and see them appear to converge as they move into the distance, you're experiencing ________.
color consistency
When you look at paint samples, they may look different when you are in different lighting conditions. You, however, know that their hue hasn't actually changed due to which principle?
brightness consistency
When your instructor turns off the light in the classroom in order to make the PowerPoint slides easier to see, it may look like the projector suddenly got more powerful. You know that the appearance hasn't actually changed due to which concept?
Barbiturates
Which addictive depressants are used to relieve anxiety or induce sleep?
sympathetic division
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during when you are scared?
cognitive
Which contemporary perspective is most likely a combination of structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt, and the ideas of Socrates?
lips
Which of the following areas of the body is the most sensitive to touch?
It refers to material that is not in awareness but can be brought into focus by focusing one's attention.
Which of the following best defines the term preconscious?
Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not primarily involved in sensation or motor activity.
Which of the following best describes association areas?
health psychologist
Raoul is one of the best football players on the Newborn Warriors. However, his stamina has been reducing and he has been unable to sustain an entire game due to his habit of smoking cigarettes. In order to improve his performance, Raoul is most likely to consult a ________.
The presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair.
Which of the following causes Down syndrome?
They stop the production of neurotransmitters in the brain.
Which of the following is a consequence of regular usage of opiates?
to increase the pressure of the air entering the ear
Which of the following is a function of the middle ear?
to explain behavior and mental processes
Which of the following is a goal of psychology?
Insist on evidence
Which of the following is a principle of critical thinking?
They study the role of heredity in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking.
Which of the following is a typical characteristic of biologically-oriented psychologists?
People choose whether or not to imitate aggressive behaviors they observe.
Which of the following is a view of cognitive psychologists?
the eardrum
Which of the following is contained in the middle ear?
Weber's constant for light is inaccurate when extremely bright or extremely dull lights are compared.
Which of the following is true of Weber's constant?
Behaviorists define psychology as the scientific study of behavior, not of behavior and mental processes.
Which of the following is true of behaviorism?
They refer to neurons that fire in response to specific features of sensory stimuli.
Which of the following is true of feature detectors?
It looks at how habits help one cope with common situations.
Which of the following is true of functionalism?
texture gradient
Which of the following monocular cues is based on the perception that closer objects appear to have rougher surfaces?
humanism
Which of the following perspectives stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making?
Clinical psychologists help clients resolve problems and change self-defeating behavior.
Which of the following statements is true about the different types of psychologists?
Reflexes can be learned by association.
Which of the following statements is true in the context of classical conditioning?
He argued that the stream of consciousness was fluid and continuous.
Which of the following statements is true of William James's contribution to psychology?
It is designed to find solutions to specific personal or social problems.
Which of the following statements is true of applied research?
It is involuntary, automatic learning,
Which of the following statements is true of classical conditioning?
The hypothalamus
Which of the following structures contains the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which stimulates the pineal gland to decrease the output of melatonin in the human body?
Conscious
Which of the following terms refers to the waking state?
the opponent-process theory
Which of the following theories proposed that there are three types of color receptors, but they are not sensitive only to red, green, and blue?
Nightmares
Which of the following typically occurs during rapid eye movement sleep?
computerized axial tomography
Which of these is a method of brain imaging that passes a narrow X-ray beam through the head and measures the structures that reflect the beams from various angles, generating a three-dimensional image?
mutation
Which of these is best defined as a sudden variation in an inheritable characteristic, as distinguished from a variation that results from generations of gradual selection?
critical thinking
Which of these is defined as a way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence?
glial cells
Which one of these form a fatty substance called myelin?
pons
Which part of the hindbrain acts like a bridge and transmits information about body movements?
humanistic-existential
Which perspective is grounded in the work of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow?
sexual impulses
Which piece of the following information would Freud believe is stored in a person's unconscious?
John B. Watson
Which psychologist is most likely to reject the idea that the mind can be studied objectively?
taste and smell
Which senses are considered chemical senses?
lens
Which structure adjusts or accommodates to an image by changing its thickness?
Role theory
Which theory explains hypnotic events in terms of an individual's ability to act as though they are hypnotized?
continuity hypothesis
Which theory offers a possible explanation for why we dream about memories or problems from our day?
Activation-synthesis model
Which theory related to dreams states that acetylcholine and the pons stimulate responses that lead to dreaming?
media violence contributes to aggression among people
In the context of the effects of media violence, most organizations of health professionals agree that:
media violence contributes to aggression among people.
In the context of the effects of media violence, most organizations of health professionals agree that:
cones
In the fovea, a central region of the retina, we have a dense concentration of which kinds of visual cells?
negative adaptation
When Hyrum first started working in the poultry plant, he found the smell from the chickens to be overwhelming. However, he gradually became accustomed to the smell, and now it no longer bothers him. This scenario illustrates an instance of ________.
closure
Which of the following is a principle of Gestalt psychology?
True
Psychoanalysis is the name of the theory of personality developed by Sigmund Freud.
False
Women who smoke show increased bone density.
having dyslexia
Being left-handed appears to provide a somewhat greater-than-average probability of ________.
True
Biofeedback training is a system that provides information about a bodily function so the organism can gain control of that function.
trichromat
A person with normal color vision is labeled a ________.
of physical discomfort
According to your text, older adults sleep less because
True
Active touching means continuously moving your hand along the surface of an object so that you continue to receive sensory input from the object.
double blind
Alejandro is participating in a study of a drug that is supposed to increase reaction time and foot speed. If neither he nor the researcher knows if Alejandro got the real drug or the placebo, what kind of study is it?
phenotype
Allen was adopted at an early age by a Japanese American couple. As a result, he grew up speaking both Japanese and English fluently. In terms of genetics, this manifestation of Allen's ability to speak is an example of a(n) ________.
a placebo
Amelia is a general physician. One of her patients claimed to be suffering from constant stomach aches. After running some tests, Amelia concludes that the patient is not suffering from any medical disorder. However, the patient insisted that she has stomach cancer. The patient then volunteered for a medical trial where she was given a pill with a new medication while participants in the trial were given sugar pills. This best exemplifies ________.
the gate theory
Amy accidentally hit her elbow against the edge of a wall. Amy's mother rushed to her and rubbed the affected elbow. Amy's pain subsided. Which theory would best explain this incident?
True
As opposed to a dependent variable, an independent variable is manipulated by the experimenters so that its effects may be determined.
lens
As we age and reach our late 30's to mid-40's, what structure in our eyes tends to have difficulty accommodating?
operant conditioning
Biofeedback training, behavior modification, and programmed learning are all applications of__________.
stroboscopic motion
Dion was bored in class and doodled on the corners of his notebook pages to make his own flipbook. On each consecutive page, he draw the image slightly different. When he quickly flips through the pages, it looks like the doodle is moving. This is an example of _______.
False
Discrimination is the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned.
biological; psychological
Dr. Mickie studies the perception of sensory stimuli by utilizing signal-detection theory. This theory involves the interaction of physical and which two other factors?
pure research
Dr. Van Nostrand is trying to understand how messages are sent between the nervous system and endocrine system. He has no practical application in mind. What type of work is he doing?
are difficult to extinguish
Golf is a sport that many people love playing even though they will most likely not hit a successful shot every time. This demonstrates that partial reinforcement schedules ______________.
examine assumptions
Herbert wants to create an experiment that will prove that one sex is better at driving than the other. Mahyim rejects his premise by using which aspect of critical thinking?
Neutral
In the beginning of Pavlov's experiment in classical conditioning, the bell initially did not elicit a response from the dog. During this part of the process, which type of stimulus is the bell?
People with Wernicke's aphasia usually speak freely and with proper syntax.
In the context of the brain's language functions, identify the correct statement.
False
In their continuing research, psychologists have come to define consciousness in only one way, as the continuing self in the world.
Hypnosis
Individuals are highly suggestible and behave as though they are in a trance in which altered state of consciousness?
False
Insomnia is a sleep disorder in which the air passages are obstructed.
True
More individuals misuse alcohol than individuals who misuse heroin.
afterimage
Norhan was temporarily blinded by the flash from the camera. The perception of being "blind" is best explained by a(n) ________.
True
Odors trigger firing of receptor neurons in the olfactory membrane high in each nostril.
naturalistic observation
On his first day as a school psychologist, Daniel took a trip to the school ground and quietly sat in the corner watching the children play. He noticed several patterns in the way children behave with each other, especially when they were playing games. Daniel is most likely using the method of ________.
surveys
One of the advantages of which method is that by distributing questionnaires and analyzing answers with a computer, psychologists can study many thousands of people at a time?
Edward L. Thorndike
One of the first people to do research on the effects of rewards and punishment did so by trapping cats in puzzle boxes and collecting data on them attempting to escape. Who was this researcher?
biological preparedness
People seem to be ready to fear thunder, threatening faces, sharp objects, darkness, and heights. According to Arne Öhman and Susan Mineka, this is referred to as __________.
structuralists
People using which perspective were the first to believe that the mind functions by combining objective and subjective elements of experience?
are more likely than others to have anxiety and depression
People with frequent nightmares
False
People woken up during NREM are more likely to report they were dreaming than people awoken during REM.
True
Psychology seeks to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.
all-or-none
Qin smashed his foot against a coffee table while talking through his apartment in the dark. His big toe was stubbed and his second toe was broken, but the pain signal was the same strength at first due to which principle?
cerebellum
Raphael fainted and hit the back of his head, and now he walks unsteadily. Which part of his brain was most likely injured in the fall?
Marijuana
Sasha is undergoing chemotherapy, which makes her feel nauseous. To help treat the nausea, her doctor may prescribe her which drug?
biological
Sergei is having disturbing thoughts. His therapist suggests doing blood work to measure the level of hormones. Which perspective is Sergie's therapist using?
be skeptical
Shayma has just listened to a political speech, but she still wants to evaluate the evidence for the claims made in the speech for herself. Which aspect of critical thinking is Shayma displaying?
Angular gyrus
Shayma is having trouble reading and segmenting words into sounds. Which part of her brain could be impaired?
cerebellum
Simone Biles is considered by many to be the greatest gymnast of all time. Which part of her brain is likely highly developed, helping her movements be smooth and balanced?
False
Slot machines get individuals to keep playing because the machine uses continuous reinforcement.
False
Sociocultural psychologists study those things we refer to as the mind.
reinforcement
Sofia does not like eating vegetables. To ensure that she eats vegetables, her mother offers her an extra helping of dessert every time Sofia finishes her vegetables. In the context of behaviorism, this is known as ________.
informed consent
Sujay is conducting research on a group of factory machinists as part of a study on workplace stress and heart disease. Before conducting his study, he explains the objective of the study to the subjects and tells them what they would need to do. He gives them the opportunity to choose if they want to participate or not. In other words, Sujay is seeking ________.
sensory adaptation
Tavish was so excited to see the ocean for the first time that he jumped right in. The water was very cold! After a few minutes though, Tavish didn't seem to notice how chilly the water was anymore. This is an example of ________.
temporal
The auditory cortex, which is responsible for processing information for the sense of hearing, is located in which lobe of the brain?
To confine epileptic seizures to one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex.
What is the purpose of a split-brain operation?
just noticeable difference
When Lyra picked up her puppy, she did not realize that he'd gained a pound since the last time she picked him up. This small increase in weight is not big enough to be a ________.
synaptic cleft
When a neural impulse reaches the axon terminal of a neuron, the vesicles release varying amounts of neurotransmitters into the ________.
behaviorist
When you are training a pet, you are most likely relying on which of the following psychological perspectives?
pituitary
Which gland is sometimes called the "master gland" or "gland champion" because it controls other glands?
100 percent
What percentage of genes are shared by monozygotic twins?
anvil
What structure of the ear directly transmits information to the '"stirrup"?
model
In the terminology of observational learning, a person who engages in a response that is imitated is a__________.
Observable behavior
Which of the following best identifies the behaviorists' primary emphasis for the study of psychology?
shape consistency
You approach the closed door of the classroom. As you open the door, the shape the door casts on your retina changes due to you viewing the door from a different angle. You know the door did not actually change from a rectangle to a trapezoid figure. This is because of ________.
False
You would not show any instinctive behaviors if you were born and raised separately from others in your family and/or species.
higher-order conditioning
Amir has a conditioned fear of snow due to an incident in the past. It's not December and he keeps seeing pictures and movies with Santa Claus in them. Santa is always standing in a snowy, winter scene. This leads to Amir becoming fearful of Santa Claus. This is an example of _______.
True
Another term used for REM sleep is paradoxical sleep.
False
Positive reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed, and negative reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are applied.
evolutionary
Taylor is studying how natural selection and adaptation are connected to behavior and mental processes. What area of psychology is Taylor's specialty?
cochlea
The oval window transmits vibrations into the inner ear, the bony tube called the ________.
volts
The strength, or energy, of brain waves is expressed in _______.
abstinence syndrome
The characteristic cluster of withdrawal symptoms that results from the sudden decrease in an addictive drug's level of usage is known as
the limbic system
Which of the following forms a fringe around the cerebrum, and is only fully evolved in mammals?
Mary Cover Jones
Who was the protégé of John Watson that successfully used counter-conditioned fear in a child?
False
The organ of Corti is a membrane that lies coiled within the cochlea.
During stage 4 sleep, the delta waves produced by the brain slow to about 0.5 to 2 cycles per second.
Which of the following statements is true of stage 4 sleep?
sympathetic nervous system
While returning from the grocery store, Bob was held at gunpoint by two men who wanted to rob him of his belongings. Bob had never been in a fight before, yet he could feel his heartbeat rapidly rise, along with a sudden urge to fight the two men. This involuntary increase in Bob's heartbeat and his immediate urge to fight the men are controlled by the ________.
due to the principals of perceptual organization
Why do the two lines in the Müller-Lyer illusion appear to be of different lengths even though they are the same length?
Cocktail party effect
If you are in a room full of people conversing but can still pick out the speech of a single person, you are experiencing which phenomenon?
testosterone
Which hormone stokes the growth of muscle and bone and the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics in a male body during puberty?
The electromyograph
Which instrument can be used to help people become more aware of muscle tension in the forehead, fingers, and elsewhere and to learn to lower tension, thus decreasing the discomfort and incidence of muscle-tension headaches?
Higher-order conditioning
Which is a classical conditioning procedure in which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response brought forth by a conditioned stimulus by being paired repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus?
counseling psychologists
Which of the following are different from clinical psychologists in that their clients typically have adjustment problems, such as trouble making academic or vocational decisions or making friends in college, but not serious psychological disorders?
Moderating variables such as social connectedness figure into the effects of media violence.
Which of the following statements is true in the context of the effects of violent video games?
functionalism
Winnie is doing research to determine whether depression may have value as an adaptation. To which school of thought does Winnie subscribe?
False
Women seem less affected by alcohol than men because they have more of an enzyme called aldehyde dehydrogenase, which metabolizes alcohol in the stomach.
positive punishment
Yael was caught speeding on the highway. He was pulled over and given a ticket for going 15 over the speed limit. After this, Yael always follows the speed limit. Being given the speeding ticket is an example of _______.
