Psychology Unit 1 Test

Which is a good analogy for the staged development approach?

A caterpillar suddenly turns into a beautiful butterfly

Staged development

A sudden burst of ability occurs during certain developmental periods

Metacognition

Ability to reflect on one's own thinking

A characteristic that first shows up in a formal operational thinker is: a) irreversibility. b) egocentrism. c) abstract thinking. d) logical thinking

Abstract thinking

The emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver is called: a) temperament. b) attachment. c) trust. d) habituation

Attachment

Which type of attachment style is characterized by babies who do not seem to care very much whether the mother is present or absent, and are equally comfortable with her and a stranger? a) secure b) avoidant c) ambivalent d) difficult

Avoidant

Critical periods

Begin and end abruptly at specific ages

Sensitive periods

Begin and end more gradually

The psychologist John Watson is associated with the _______ school of psychology and argued that psychology must concern itself only with ________. a) behavioral; observable actions b) behavioral; mental processes c) cognitive; thought and action d) cognitive; behavior

Behavioral; observable actions

Schemas

Building blocks of thinking

A detailed, well-researched biography of a famous historical person is technically an example of the __________ method of research. a) psychometric b) naturalistic observation c) case study d) correlational

Case study

In addition to describing and explaining mental processes and behavior, psychology also attempts to ________ these phenomena. a) predict and control b) analyze and manipulate c) categorize and organize d) synthesize and regulate

Categorize and organize

Irreversibility

Irreversibility is a stage in early child development in which a child falsely believes that actions cannot be reversed or undone

Nature vs nuture

Is human behavior driven more by nature( your biological self, or what you inherited genetically) or nurture( how you are shaped by your environment)

Behaviorism

John Watson: founder Focus only on the actions that can be physically observed and measured

A child believes that it's okay to take another child's toy, if that other child never finds out. What level of moral reasoning is the child using?

Preconventional

Humanism

Study of the whole person; look at the human behavior not only through the eyes of the observer, but through the eyes of the person doing the behaving

Conservation

Logical thinking ability which, develops in the concrete operational stages at 7-11 years

Germain tends to rule his home with an iron fist. His children know the rules and they are expected to obey them without question or they know there will be harsh consequences. Diana Baumrind would describe Germain's parenting style as: a) authoritarian. b) authoritative. c) difficult. d) uninvolved

Authoritarian

Assimilation

Child interprets new information into knowledge

Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of _______ development. a) cognitive b) perceptual c) language d) motor

Cognitive

According to Thomas and Chess, a child that is very irregular in sleeping and eating, resists change, and tends to be loud is labeled a(n)_____________ child. a) easy b) difficult c) slow-to-warm-up d) negative

Difficult

Which of the following questions could be answered best by using the survey method? a) What is the effect of ingesting alcohol on problem-solving ability? b) Does wall color affect the frequency of violence in prison populations? c) Do students prefer a grading system with or without pluses and minuses? d) What is the relationship between number of hours of study per week and grade point average?

Do students prefer a grading system with or without pluses and minuses?

Autonomy vs Shame

(1 to 3 years) Toddler's independence Virtue: personal will

Double-blind study

Both experimenter and participant are blind to study

As children grow older, their discretionary income usually increases. The best conclusion to draw about the variables age and income are that they are: a) causally related. b) uncorrelated. c) negatively correlated. d) positively correlated.

Positively correlated

Preconventional

Right or wrong taken by children

According to Sigmund Freud, much of our behavior is controlled by __________. a) unconscious desires b) environmental stimuli c) mental Gestalts d) mental associations

Unconscious desires

Reversibility

Understanding that objects can change and then return to their original state

Object permanence

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed

Assimilation is to accommodation as: a) necessary is to optional. b) help is to hinder. c) hinder is to help. d) using is to changing.

Using is to changing

Accommodation

When new information or experiences cause you to modify your existing schemas

Dependent Variable

variable whose value depends on that of another

Independent Variable

variable whose variation does not depend on that of another

Conventional

Acceptance of society's conventions concerning right and wrong

What advice might John Watson have offered to psychologists of his time? a) "Focus only on observable, measurable behaviors." b) "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts, so study the whole." c) "We cannot know others until we know ourselves." d) "Remember that what we accomplish is due to the composition of our genes."

"Focus only on observable, measurable behaviors."

Gesalt psychology

"Whole is greater than the sum of its parts." Sensory events, such as the apparent movement of lights flashing in rapid succession, are the result of experiencing something as a whole rather than as simple, individual sensations

Sensorimotor Stage

(0-2 years) Infants learn about the world through senses and movement

Formal operational stage

(11 years- adult) Children apply reasoning and logic to abstract concepts Ability to think hypothetically

Preoperational Stage

(2-7 years) Dramatic increase in the ability to represent the world symbolically Inability to use operations, mental actions that obey logical rules ability to take the perspective of others

Initiative vs Guilt

(3 to 6 years) World demands greater responsibility of child Virtue: purpose

Industry vs Inferiority

(6- 12 years) Children learn new skills and abilities Virtue: competence

Concrete operational Stage

(7-11 years) Children apply rules of logic to their thinking Mastery of conservation tasks

Trust vs Mistrust

(Birth to 1 year) Baby's mom has to be warm and comforting Virtue: hope

Which of the following is not one of the tenets of the lifespan approach>?

Childhood and adolescence are more important developmental periods than others

Which of the following types of psychologists is most prepared to help a person who hears voices and believes she is Joan of Arc? a) forensic b) developmental c) school d) clinical

Cinical

According to Piaget, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object's amount is known as ___________. a) object permanence b) conservation c) assimilation d) reversibilit

Conservation

Counterintuitive

Contrary to what your intuition, common sense, or personal experience might tell you

Saul believes in the Golden Rule and desperately wants people to view him as a good person. Most likely, he is in which level of moral development? a) convergent b) postconventional c) conventional d) preconventional

Conventional

A(n) _____ is a measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another. a) independent variable b) dependent variable c) experimental effect d) correlation

Correlation

The difficulty with many common sense claims that people believe is that even though they "seem" right, they are often incorrect when compared to scientific evidence. In other words, the scientific facts seem ___________ to people, when compared to their common sense beliefs. a) counterintuitive b) hyper-contextual c) divergent d) inexplicable

Counterintuitive

Demand characteristics

Cues that let a participant know the true purpose of an experiment

The question "What is happening?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology? a) description b) explanation c) prediction d) control

Description

Naturalistic observation, case studies, and surveys are all examples of ________ research methods. a) descriptive b) experimental c) quasi-experimental d) statistical

Descriptive

A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people throughout their lives. This psychologist is most likely working in the field of: a) abnormal psychology. b) gerontology. c) developmental psychology. d) maturational studies

Developmental psychology

Functionalism

Emphasized the purpose or usefulness of behavior, those actions that allow humans to adapt to their environment

In an experiment concerning the effect of auditory feedback on accuracy in writing computer programs, one group hears a computer-simulated voice say each character or symbol that they type in as they are writing their programs. The second group does not receive the auditory feedback as they type their program lines. The first group described is the ___________ group. a) experimental b) control c) placebo d) confederate

Experimental

A group of students was asked to write an essay in support of the legalization of marijuana. They were paid $.50. Another group of students received $2.00 for the same task. It was subsequently found that those students who received only $.50 developed a more positive attitude towards the legalization of marijuana. The researcher in this study was using (the) __________. a) correlational method b) experimental method c) naturalistic observation d) survey research

Experimental method

What is Psychology?

Explaining mental processes, behavior, predict and control

A negative correlation means that ______________________. a) high values of one variable are associated with low values of the other b) high values of one variable are associated with high values of the other c) low values of one variable are associated with low values of the other d) there is no relationship between the two variables

High values of one variable are associated with low values of the other

Postconventional

Highest stage of morality in Kohlberg's model; developed their own personal set of ethics

"Watching violent cartoons is likely to make children behave in a more aggressive fashion." According to the scientific method, this statement is most likely a ____________. a) conclusion b) result c) hypothesis d) fact

Hypothesis

Dualism

Idea that are two distinct worlds- the physical, which can be observed and measured, and the mental which is nonphysical and immeasurable- dominate psychological thought for a long time

Egocentrism

Inability to take the perspective of others

Which of Erikson;s eight crises would a 4 year old child experience?

Initiative vs guilt

Dr. Smith believes people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences. Dr. Goldberg believes people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors. Which of the following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement? a) nature versus nurture b) cognition versus emotion c) sensitive vs. critical periods d) cross-sectional studies versus longitudinal studies

Nature versus nurture

Pop psychology

Nonscience that has been made "popular" for use or the enjoyment by the general public: self-help books, tv psychologists

Piaget's term for the knowledge that an object exists even when it is out of sight is: a) conservation. b) object permanence. c) assimilation. d) egocentrism.

Object permanence

Sam conducted a naturalistic observation as a project for a psychology class. He observed the interactions of parents and children at a restaurant. Many of the people he observed seemed to notice him. When Sam described his work to his teacher, she suggested he find out more about the _________________ effect. a) restaurant b) parent c) butterfly d) observer

Observer

Walter's parents strongly believe that Walter should make his own decisions, so they set very few rules about homework, bedtime, and household chores. Because they believe that freedom and responsibility are important, they patiently tolerate all of Walter's behavior, whether childish or mature. The parenting style adopted by Walter's parents is termed: a) authoritarian. b) permissive. c) authoritative. d) easy.

Permissive

Parapsychology

Phenomena that are outside scientific boundaries: hauntings, telepathy, clairvoyance, psychic healing, precognition, deja vu, telekinesis

Moratorium

Positive process leading eventually to a clearer and stronger personal identity

Jack registered as a conscientious objector during the Vietnam War. He believed that it is wrong to take the life of others. If necessary, Jack would serve time in jail rather than take part in an armed conflict. Jack's reasoning reflects the __________stage of moral development. a) formal b) preconventional c) conventional d) postconventional

Postconventional

Edmund is a Cub Scout. While on a camping trip, the scout leader tells the boys to stay away from the lake. Some of the scouts ignore the leader and go fishing by the lake anyway. Edmund wants to do what the leader tells him and believes that good behaviors are rewarded whereas bad behaviors are punished. Which level of moral reasoning is he in? a) preconventional b) conventional c) postconventional d) convenient

Preconventional

Obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of _______ morality. a) conventional b) preconventional c) principled d) postconventional

Precoventional

In addition to describing and explaining mental processes and behavior, psychology also attempts to ________ these phenomena. a) predict and control b) analyze and manipulate c) categorize and organize d) synthesize and regulate

Predict and control

During adolescence, brain development proceeds relatively slowly in the _______ cortex, a region implicated in impulse control and emotions. a) parietal b) occipital c) prefrontal d) dorsal

Prefrontal

Elijah is a 3 year little boy who likes to spread his peas and carrots all over his plate. After spreading out his food, he asks for more. His mom pushes all the food together and Elijah continues to eat. Which period of cognitive development is Elijah in? a) egocentrism b) sensorimotor c) preoperational d) accommodation

Preoperational

Cultural specificity

Principle applies only to certain cultures

On a television talk show an actor describes the symptoms of anxiety he has been experiencing. He reports that the severity of the symptoms has decreased since he has been taking a drug prescribed by his therapist back in Hollywood. You conclude that the actor's therapist is most likely a _________________. a) podiatrist b) psychiatrist c) social worker d) physician's assistant

Psychiatrists

Universal law

Psychological principle applies to all humans

Ethnocentrism

Psychologists examine the world only through the perspective of their own culture

Pseudoscience

Research methodology or practice that claims to be scientific but lacks any real evidence or plausibility: astrology, graphology, homeopathy, phrenology, therapeutic touch

Longitudinal research

Same person or group of people so followed for a period of time

According to Vygotsky, which of these is a key factor in a child's cognitive development? a) balanced diet b) social interactions c) genetic endowment d) successful resolution of psychosocial crises

Social interactions

Studying the elements of sensations, feelings, and images is most directly associated with which school of psychology? a) structuralism b) functionalism c) behaviorism d) humanism

Structuralism

A positive correlation shows: a) the extent to which two independent variables change together. b) that as one independent variable increases, another decreases. c) that as one variable changes, another changes in the same direction. d) that as one variable changes, another changes in the opposite direction

That as one variable changes, another changes in the opposite direction.

Continuous change

That growth is study and never stops

Generalizability

The degree to which a study's findings are true of a larger group of people beyond the participants themselves

What was Mary Ainsworth trying to determine when she devised an experimental method called the Strange Situation? a) the nature of gestural communication between mothers and babies b) aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment c) parental discipline styles in the first year of life d) the nature of attachment between caretakers and babies

The nature of attachment between caretakers and babies

Fifteen-year-old Todd is writing an impassioned novel about growing up in America. In his novel he describes his experiences in a way that portrays them as unique, such that no one has ever thought such deep thoughts or experienced such ecstasy before. Todd's writings most clearly reflect: a) his sense of autonomy. b) the personal fable. c) the period of rebellion common to all adolescents. d) his developing sense of conscience.

The personal fable

Why was the perspective followed by Wilhelm Wundt and his followers called structuralism? a) They wanted to identify the major brain structures. b) Their primary goal was to understand the physiology of the mind. c) They focused their efforts on analyzing the elements of the nervous system. d) Their primary focus was on breaking the mind down into its most basic elements to understand its basic structure.

Their primary focus was on breaking the mind down into its most basic elements to understand its basic structure