Psychology Unit 4: Vision

According to the ___ ___ ___ theory, the eyes have three types of color receptors: one reacts most strongly to ___, one to ___, and one to ___.

Young Helmholtz trichomatic; red; green; blue

Visual information percolates through progressively more ___ levels. In the brain, it is routed by the ___ to the cortex. Hugel and Wiesel discovered that certain neurons in the occipital lobe's ___ ___ respond only to specific features of what is viewed. They called these neurons ___ ___.

abstract; thalamus; visual cortex; feature detectors

The process by which the lens changes shape to focus images is called ___.

accomodation

The neural signals produced in the rods and cones activate the neighboring ___ cells, which then activate a network of ___ cells. The axons of ganglion cells converge to form the ___ ___, which carries the visual information to the ___

bipolar; ganglion; optic nerve; brain (thalamus)

Where this nerve leaves the eye, there are no receptors; thus, the area is called the ___ ___.

blind spot

Other brain-damaged people may demonstrate ___ by responding to a stimulus that is not consciously perceived.

blindsight

It is the ___ of the eye that permit the perception of color, wheras ___ enable black-and-white vision.

cones; rods

Light enters the eye through the ___, then passes through a small opening called the ___; the size of this opening is controlled by the colored ___.

cornea; pupil; iris

The visible spectrum of light is a small portion of the larger spectrum of ___ energy.

electromagnetic

Most cones are clustered around the retina's point of central focus, called the ___, whereas the rods are concentrated in more ___ regions of the retina. Many cones have their own ___ cells to communicate with the visual cortex.

fovea; peripheral; bipolar

Feature detectors pass their information to higher-level cells in the brain, which respond to specific visual scenes. Research has shown that in many brains such cells specialize in responding to a specific ___, ___ ___, ___, or ___ ___. In many cortical areas, teams of ___ ___ respond to complex patterns.

gaze; head angle; posture; body movement; supercell clusters

The amount of energy in light waves, or ____, determined by a wave's ___, or height, influences the ___ of a light.

intensity; amplitude; brightness

By changing its curvature, the ___ can focus the image of an object onto the ___, the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye.

lens; Retina

Hering's theory of color vision is called the ___-___ theory. According to this theory, after visual information leaves the receptors it is analyzed in terms of pairs of opposing colors: ___ versus ___, ___ versus ___, and ___ versus ___.

opponent-process; red; green; yellow; blue; white; black

After staring at a green square for a while, you will see the color red, its ___ color, as an ___.

opposite; afterimage

An object appears to be red in color because it __ the long wavelengths of red and because of our mental ___ of the color.

reflects; construction

The retina's receptor cells are the ___ and ___.

rods; cones

Unlike cones in dim light the rods are ___. Adapting to a darkened room will take the retina approximately ___ minutes.

sensitive; 20

One out of every 50 people is color deficient; this is usually a male because the defect is genetically ___-___.

sex-linked

The brain achieves its remarkable speed in visual perception by processing several subdivisions of a stimulus ___. This procedure, called ___ ___, may explain why people who have suffered a stroke may lose just one aspect of vision.

simultaneously; parallel processing

Stimulus energy is ___ (transformed) into ___ messages by our eyes

transduced; neural

The distance from one light wave peak to the next is called ___. This value determines the wave's color, or ___.

wavelength; hue