Psychology Unit 6

Bobby is seventeen and has been engaging in risky behaviors, such as reckless driving, skipping class, and breaking curfew. Which of the following is an explanation for Bobby's actions that most psychologists support?

Bobby is still developing new neural connections in his brain.

Crystal has three children she loves and cares for very much. Denise has two children that she neglects. Crystal's children are very friendly and talk to people more often than Denise's children. Which of the following is the likely result of the children's attachment to their mothers?

Crystal's children will have better socialization skills.

Rik, who is an adolescent, was always studious and quiet throughout childhood. His parents are concerned because he suddenly dyed his hair, pierced his tongue, and started hanging out with a different crowd. A few months later, he tried out for the football team and became so active in sports that he neglected his schoolwork. According to psychologists, which of the following would best explain Rik's changes in behavior?

He is going through the process of exploring his identity that many adolescents experience.

Shamir wants to be a doctor like both of his parents when he gets older. He never thought of doing anything else. Which of the following best explains Shamir's decision?

He is identity foreclosed.

Gender identity is when children begin to do which of the following?

Identify as either male, female, or some blend of male and female

Fekru knows that when his teacher pours water from a small, wide glass into a tall, thin glass, the amount of water remains the same even though the tall, thin glass looks like it has more water. Which of the following theories best explains Fekru's ability?

Jean Piaget's theory of conservation

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Jimmy, an infant, is learning about the world by exploring with his hands and his mouth.

It is not possible to randomly assign the participants in Lawrence Kohlberg's studies on moral development into groups because

Kohlberg did not believe there were distinct stages of moral development

Which of the following researchers found that ducklings will follow the first figure they see within their first day of hatching?

Konrad Lorenz

Jerry is not able to tie his shoes on his own, but he is able to tie his shoes with the help of his father. Which of the following theories best explains the interaction between Jerry and his father?

Lev Vygotsky's social learning theory, because it includes the concept of zone of proximal development

Lawrence Kohlberg sampled 72 boys ages 10-16 years, the majority of whom he followed up with every 3 years for 20 years. He conducted interviews with the participants in which he presented them with a series of moral dilemmas. The participants judged the actions as right or wrong and provided their reasons for their decision. What type of research was Kohlberg conducting, and what were his findings?

Longitudinal; adolescents are typically in the conventional stage of moral reasoning

Which of the following scenarios best describes what Erik Erikson thought someone might experience in early adulthood?

Mohammed has dated a few people but has not been very successful, so he has decided to give up on dating.

Trinna and Suzanne are identical twins who were the same length at birth. They were adopted by different families at birth and then reconnected in their early thirties. Trinna is two inches shorter and was a severely selective eater as a child. A researcher was conducting an investigation about twins separated at birth. What research method and explanation best fit this scenario?

A case study, because both heredity and environment are important in determining length and height.

Carol Gilligan was critical of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development. What is the basis of her critique?

A researcher cannot generalize across populations findings from one group of people

Annette, who lives in the United States, experienced menarche at age ten, while her great-grandmother experienced it at age fourteen. Which of the following most likely explains the difference between the age that Annette and the age that her great-grandmother experienced menarche?

Annette has better nutrition and medical care than her great-grandmother did.

After surveying 100 parents, researchers concluded that 90 percent of babies can walk by the age of 10 months. Why is this an inappropriate conclusion?

At 10 months, ninety percent of toddlers have not reached the developmental milestones to walk.

Which of the following scenarios best describes the relationship between temperament and child-parent relationships?

Sammy has a difficult temperament, but his parents love and care for him anyway.

Esther is looking back on her life and feels she has had a good life overall but that there are some things she could have done better. How would Erik Erikson explain Esther's thoughts?

She is weighing whether she has succeeded in life, which is common in later adulthood.

Carol Gilligan was critical of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development. What is the basis of her critique?

She thought his findings about men are not generalizable to women.

Researchers hypothesize that the older a baby is when it begins to crawl, the longer it will take the baby to stop exhibiting earlier rocking behaviors. The researchers go into the infant room of a day care center every day for six weeks. Every time a baby rocks, the researchers record it. They document which babies are already crawlers and at what age each started crawling. What will help the researchers with their investigation?

Their knowledge that rocking behavior develops before crawling behavior and that rocking behavior eventually goes away once crawling behavior begins

Which scenario best illustrates what Erik Erikson would predict would happen in middle adulthood?

Timothy has worked at a bank for many years, where he feels rather stifled. He then decides to volunteer to read books to young children because he finds this volunteerism fulfilling.

Sexual orientation is most likely developed as a result of

a combination of genetics, prenatal hormones, and social influences

Researchers want to study the effects of teratogens. They should conduct

an experiment using pregnant rats

Becky just watched a video of a child hitting a doll. According to Albert Bandura's research, Becky will now

hit her own doll

As a teenager, Amy often changed her wardrobe, her hair color, and the decorations in her bedroom. These actions are most strongly connected with Erik Erikson's theory of

identity development

In trying to replicate Lawrence Kohlberg's research, several college psychology students observed four-year-olds in five prekindergarten classes. Their observations most likely indicated that these children were

preconventional

Cheryl has difficulty making friends. She frequently argues with her peers and is mean to them. Her poor peer relationships can be explained by the fact that

she has a tense relationship with her parents

Marion is about to turn 102. The death-deferral theory would predict that

she is less likely to die immediately before her birthday

Gender stereotypes are developed as a result of

societal norms and other environmental factors

Jaime, a six month old, is fussy and does not transition well between situations. According to Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, this behavior is part of Jaime's

temperament

Gender typing is best defined as

the process by which children become aware of their gender and thus behave accordingly by adopting attributes of members of the gender that they identify with

Several researchers from an introductory psychology course observed infants, toddlers, and young children at a day care for one week. Over the course of the week, the researchers observed the gross and fine motor skills of all the children. After reviewing the data, the researchers were able to conclude that

young children master gross motor skills more quickly than fine motor skills

Shaquille is 25 years old and is actively dating in order to find someone to settle down with. Which of the following theorists would best be able to explain Shaquille's behavior?

Erik Erikson

Lawrence Kohlberg used which of the following techniques to illustrate the stages of his theory?

Having people solve moral dilemmas

Studies have shown that identical twins raised together are more similar in relation to when they meet normative physical milestones than identical twins raised apart. Studies have also shown that identical twins are more similar in relation to when they meet normative physical milestones than ordinary siblings. What research method and explanation best fit the studies and their results?

Correlational research, because both heredity and environment are important in development.

Which of the following is an example of a key element of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Catherine finally realized her grandfather is her father's father.

Which of the following is true about gender roles in children?

Children often develop traditional gender roles despite parents discouragement of such roles.

Which of the following describes sexual orientation?

Developing an inherent attraction or romantic relationship with a given gender or genders

Mr. and Mrs. Stanley are very strict with their children. They do not spend a lot of time talking with them, except to tell them what to do. Which of the following theorists would be most likely to study this type of parenting behavior?

Diana Baumrind

Anthony is an adolescent who has a pimple on his cheek and thinks everyone is looking at it. Which of the following best explains what Anthony is experiencing?

The imaginary audience phenomenon

Amehd, a fifth grader, is passing a note to his friend in class while his teacher is teaching a new type of math problem. When he is later tested on the material, he is unable to recall how to solve a similar problem. Which of the following theories best explains Amehd's difficulty in recalling how to do this type of problem?

The information processing approach, because it focuses on encoding and retrieving information

Tanya is trying to remember a phone number, so she repeats it until she remembers it. Which of the following best explains why Tanya has chosen this way to remember?

The information processing theory, because this theory addresses encoding and storing information.