Psychology

_____ is an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.. _____ is an eating disorder in which an individual, typically female, consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern.

Anorexia nervosa; Bulimia nervosa

Thirty-year-old Armand feels compelled to save objects that others might throw away. He is afraid that he will discard something he will need later, so his home is filled with old junk. Armand's neighbors have complained about this and he feels embarrassed. Which criteria that define abnormality is applicable in this case?

Armand's behavior deviates from what is acceptable in a culture and is distressing for him.

Luanne is being treated for depression after a breakup with her boyfriend. Her therapist points out that her thoughts, and not the situation itself, cause her depression. Luanne's therapist seems to practice _____ therapy.

Beck's cognitive

Community mental health programs seek to help people who are disenfranchised from society to lead happier, more productive lives through the concept of

Empowerment

In the context of psychological factors in conformity, which of the following best describes informational social influence?

It refers to the influence people have on an individual because the individual wants to be right

Which of the following is a criticism of DSM-5?

It strongly focuses on the medical model and neglects factors such as poverty and trauma.

Which of the following statements about specific phobia is true?

Many explanations of specific phobias view these disorders as based on experiences and learned associations.

Which of the following statements is true of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Not every individual exposed to the same event develops PTSD.

In 1973, Rosenhan conducted a study in which eight healthy individuals were asked to see a psychiatrist at various hospitals. What did the results of this study demonstrate?

Once a person has been labeled with a psychological disorder, that label colors how others perceive everything else he or she does.

Which of the following conclusions was drawn from the Stanford prison experiment conducted by Zimbardo?

People are more likely to be evil when personal responsibility is removed.

In the context of social behavior, which of the following best explains why the bystander effect occurs?

People tend to look to the behavior of others for cues about what to do.

Which of the following therapies stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individual's problems?

Psychodynamic therapies

Which of the following statements is true of social comparison?

Social comparison helps identify distinctive characteristics of a person and helps in building an identity.

Which of the following statements is true of the biopsychosocial model?

The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.

Which of the following statements about psychosurgery is FALSE?

The effects of psychosurgery can be reversed with intensive therapy.

Your psychotherapist asks you to "free associate." What are you being asked to do?

You are being asked to say aloud whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

Which of the following individuals is likely to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder?

a person who lacks empathy for others, is egocentric, and is willing to use others for his own personal gain

A fear becomes a phobia when

an individual will go to any length to avoid the object of the fear.

Based on Steele and Aronson's research on stereotype threat, we should be especially concerned about instructions for standardized tests if they

ask for race/ethnic information before the test starts.

As part of a smoking-cessation program, Paul receives an injection of a nausea-inducing drug and then is asked to smoke a cigarette. Even though he knows he is receiving the drug, it is hoped that Paul will associate the nausea symptoms with smoking and will thus smoke less. This example best demonstrates the procedures typically used in

aversive conditioning

Jenna constantly experiences feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness. Jenna's doctor, Jacob, advises her to start taking antidepressant drugs that contain serotonin and dopamine. According to Dr. Jacob's diagnosis, Jenna's depression is a result of the imbalance and improper functioning of the neurotransmitters in her brain. In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, this diagnosis conforms to the

biological approach

Your roommate is acting very strangely. Although she has not slept much in the past few days, she says she is on top of the world. She also took all her savings and invested it in a questionable financial venture. This period of non-stop activity has lasted for well over a week and is in sharp contrast to the depression and fatigue she exhibited earlier this semester. Your roommate is exhibiting symptoms of

bipolar disorder.

Dr. Laurel engages in reflective listening with Bill who suffers from depression. She waits for him to express his feelings and decide what he wants to do about his problems. According to this information, it can be inferred that Dr. Laurel is practicing _____ therapy.

client-centered

When people try to confront Alfred about drinking too much alcohol, he replies, "Drinking may be harmful to my health, but I'll die having a good time." This statement made by Alan illustrates his attempt to reduce

cognitive dissonance

Tasha is seeing a therapist because she is depressed. Her therapist gives her examples of reinforcing self-statements and trains Tasha on self-instructional methods that allow her to modify her own behavior. Tasha's therapist is most likely practicing

cognitive-behavior therapy

June is usually very quiet, but she recently discovered a different side of herself. During Mardi Gras, she found herself swept up in the festivities, doing the things that the other party-goers were doing. These were not behaviors that she would have ever considered engaging in on her own. Social psychologists would most likely attribute June's behavior to

deindividuation

A schizophrenic patient who falsely believes that he is Jesus Christ is experiencing ______. When that individual hears and sees people who are not actually there, the individual is likely to be experiencing _____.

delusions; hallucinations

Elizabeth visited a psychiatrist who, after interviewing her, recommended either Paxil or Prozac. From this scenario, it can be inferred that Elizabeth is most likely suffering from

depression

Drug companies commonly fund research that focuses on a(n) _____ model of psychological disorders.

disease

Which of the following was formerly called multiple personality disorder?

dissociative identity disorde

A person on campus walks up to you and asks if you would be willing to wear a ribbon to show support for her cause. Though the ribbon is a bit unattractive, it is small so you agree to wear it. After agreeing to this request, the solicitor then asks you if you would be willing to make a donation of $15. This example best demonstrates the

foot-in-the-door technique

You come to a conclusion that Carla is a naturally anxious woman. You ignore the fact that Carla is currently taking finals and working 40 hours per week. You are demonstrating the

fundamental attribution error.

Karen has been suffering from a disorder that is characterized by exaggerated and irrational worry that tends to interfere with her daily functioning. She can't sleep properly and often complains of stomach aches. In spite of being constantly nervous and restless she cannot seem to find the specific cause of her worry. These symptoms have lasted for almost six months now. Which of the following disorders is Karen most likely to be diagnosed with?

generalized anxiety disorde

Katie, who is moderately conservative, attends a very conservative college. After four years at this college, Katie is likely to become more conservative as a result of

group polarization.

Jack and John were recently dumped by their boyfriends. Jack believes that his boyfriend broke up with him because he is selfish and unhappy, whereas John believes that his boyfriend broke up with him because he had to attend to a family emergency and could not make a commitment right now. Jack is making a(n) _____ about his boyfriend's behavior, whereas John is making a(n) _____.

internal attribution/external attribution

In the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, the central route

is more persuasive when people have the ability and the motivation to pay attention.

It has been over two years since the death of her husband and Jenna still cannot cope with her loss. Since then, she feels hopeless, and has been constantly preoccupied with thoughts of death and cannot seem to find much pleasure in life. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Jenna is most likely suffering from

major depressive disorder.

A therapist who uses cognitive restructuring believes that _____ are the causes of abnormal behavior.

maladpative thoughts

Depressive disorders are _____, whereas bipolar disorder is _____.

more common among women/equally common in men and women

Jillian can't bear to leave her home without washing all the linens and floors, vacuuming the carpets, and organizing everything in her cupboards. Because she knows that her behavior is extreme, she has tried to go to work without doing all these things, but she becomes overwhelmed with such dread that she never makes it all the way to the office. Jillian probably has

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Dr. Davenport, a psychiatrist, is in the process of diagnosing Kelly's psychological disorder. He asks Kelly a series of questions regarding her symptoms. Kelly reveals that she often experiences overwhelming fear all of a sudden which is accompanied by pains in the chest and a feeling of helplessness. During these instances, she finds it difficult to breathe, has severe palpitations, and feels like she's going to die of cardiac arrest. In the context of psychological disorders, Dr. Davenport is most likely to diagnose Kelly with

panic disorder.

Learned helplessness and pessimistic attributional styles are two ways of understanding the _____ factors associated with depression.

psychological

Bruce is seeing a therapist for his depression but he is always late and has missed several appointments. He talks about sports and the weather to try and avoid facing his problems and he often becomes argumentative with his therapist. According to psychoanalytic theory, Bruce's behavior is a classic example of

resistance

Antipsychotic drugs are used to treat

schizophrenia

In the context of group decision making, groupthink can be prevented by

selecting an impartial leader.

Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobsen conducted a study in 1968. The researchers told grade-school teachers that five students were likely to be "late bloomers"—that these students had high levels of ability that would likely emerge over time. In reality, the students had been randomly selected by the researchers. Nonetheless, a year later, the researchers found that teachers' expectations for the "late bloomers" were reflected in student performance—the academic performance of the "late bloomers" was beyond that of other students. The results from this study demonstrate which of the following concepts?

self-fulfilling prophecy

Juanita returned home after being away for several years. When she saw her father, whom she thought she disliked, she hugged him and cried. Based on her crying when she saw him, she determined that she must like him more than she thought. This is most consistent with the _______ of attitudes.

self-perception theory.

Melissa and John have been happily married for 30 years because they have ensured that they have no opportunities to fight. Both of them have jobs so they contribute proportionately to the household income, and they equally share all other responsibilities. Melissa and John's happy marriage can best be explained by the

social exchange theory.

Frank is seeing a therapist for his spider phobia. The therapist first teaches him muscle relaxation and then they develop a stimulus hierarchy. Frank is seeing a therapist who uses

systematic desensitization

The potential side effect of neuroleptic drugs (type of antipsychotic medication) is _____, a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary random movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and mouth, as well as extensive twitching of the neck, arms, and legs.

tardive dyskinesia

The hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is

testosterone

Lily does not approve of abortion. She is shocked when she finds out how many people in her state hold pro-choice attitudes. This is an example of

the false consensus effect.

Susan drives by an unusually colorful apartment building each day on her way to and from work. Initially, she does not think much of the structure and has a mild dislike for it. However, after several months of commuting, she starts to like the apartment building and is even considering renting an apartment there. This change in Susan's feelings about the building best demonstrates

the mere exposure effect.

Whenever Claudia gets an A on her psychology exam, she believes it was due to the fact that she is an intelligent, hard-working student. However, when she receives a C on an exam, she blames the instructor's ineffective teaching style and poor choice of test questions. Claudia's behavior is an example of

the self-serving bias.

The goal of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is

to set off a seizure in the brain

Sherice started seeing a psychotherapist because of marital problems. She is unhappy because she feels her husband does not give her enough attention. After several sessions, she is quite taken with her male therapist because he gives her undivided attention. This growing affection for the therapist is called

transference

In the context of family therapy, getting the family to acknowledge that the problem is a family problem and not just the problem of one individual is known as

validation