Psychology/Sociology

Who is B.F. Skinner?

Skinner's work was primarily focused on behaviorism, not evolutionary psychology.

What defines social control?

Social control is defined as the ways in which society can prevent and sanction behavior that violates social norms.

What is surround suppression?

Surround suppression involves perceiving tactile information while ignoring stimuli immediately surrounding it.

What is Symbolic interactionism?

Symbolic interactionism deals with how the perceived meanings of objects (or symbols) interact with each other and with larger institutions. The question stem does not mention perceptions or systems of meaning.

What is Symbolic interactionism?

Symbolic interactionism is about values, not material ends.

What is Symmetry?

Symmetry says that people will perceive an object in a way that creates symmetry.

What is Eustress appraisal ?

This is not one of the stages of cognitive appraisal. Eustress is positive or "healthy" stress that benefits the individual.

Alpha waves are characteristic of which state of consciousness?

Alpha waves are detected when an individual is awake, but fatigued and less than fully alert.

What are Descriptive behaviors?

Descriptive behaviors are actual behaviors - men acting unemotional and women acting passive.

The Jacksons are a family of four who live on a single income, well below the poverty line. The Jackson parents never talk to their children about bank accounts or credit cards; on the contrary, they often speak at home about the apparent hopelessness of their situation. Like their parents, the Jackson children have no access to financial advice or resources. In ten years, the children grow up and are impoverished as well. Which idea, initially proposed by Karl Marx, best relates to this scenario?

Karl Marx proposed that wealth inequality is inherited from previous generations via a mechanism that he termed social reproduction. Specifically, factors like limited access to education and resources, general isolation, and attitudes regarding money are easily passed down from parents to children. As a result, the children of impoverished families are often poor as well, while the children of wealthy families tend to grow up to be wealthy adults.

What is dysthymia?

Long periods of depression that are not sufficiently severe to receive a diagnosis for MDD are known as dysthymia, not euthymia.

What is a mimetic organization?

Mimetic organizations are ones that just attempt to copy another organization. That doesn't apply to this situation.

What are Prescriptive behaviors?

Prescriptive behaviors are expected behaviors - men being assertive and women being caretaking.

What is Psychoeducation?

Psychoeducation, or providing knowledge about a topic, was a major part of the program.

What is misattribution of arousal?

he subjects who were uninformed about the potential effects of the adrenaline injection incorrectly thought that they were emotionally responding to the arousing situation. This perfectly constitutes misattribution of arousal, as the subjects attributed their arousal to the wrong cause.

What is the elaboration likelihood model?

persuasion is a process in which the target of the persuasion interprets the message through central route processing or peripheral route processing.

What is collinearity?

phenomenon in which two or more predictor variables in a multiple regression model are highly correlated, meaning that one can be linearly predicted from the others with a substantial degree of accuracy.

What are the core components of emotion?

physiological arousal (how your body reacts to emotions, emotional information or stimuli), expressive displays (how you express your emotions), and subjective experiences (how you feel and interpret your emotions, which is extremely personal and subjective).

What is expert power?

tends to motivate through using his knowledge of subject matter, which would likely appeal to high-motivation and high-knowledge people.

What is The auditory cortex?

the auditory cortex controls the ability to hear, not speak.

What is Stage 3?

the fertility rate drops due to social changes. The population still grows, but more slowly. This is not the situation described in paragraph 1 for Germany and other European countries

What is A paired samples t-test?

this test would be used if the results came from the same participants.

What is referent power?

exerts control by appealing to others' desire to belong to a group. This type of control is most likely to appeal to individuals through external factors, such as appearing desirable or feeling included and not knowledge or logic or evidence.

What does it mean to be using an algorithm?

An algorithm is a series of steps developed to solve a specific problem.

If the influence of American reality television on adolescents is as described in the passage, then which of the following inferences is most reasonable?

"elements of modern American culture are likely to accentuate the already dramatic behavior of young adults" including "the extreme popularity of reality television" which is characterized by the "sensational behavior of its characters." If this is true, then the most reasonable inference regarding the influence of American reality television is that viewing sensational behavior increases the likelihood of youth behaving dramatically.

What is phenomenological research?

"the Norwegian study was designed to explore the trajectories of the women's illness [focusing on] the concrete human experience and from a subjective point of view." This, combined with the emphasis of personal narratives, is reflective of a phenomenological approach. A phenomenological research study focuses on subjective elements of an experience by trying to understand individuals' perceptions, perspectives and understanding of a particular situation or event. Often, this is done by way of collecting narratives from multiple subjects regarding the same situation or experience, in order to make generalizations about the research topic.

If private social media posts, intended for friends, were used as evidence to create a negative image of an individual during the course of a criminal trial, this would represent an example of?

"the front stage, where performance can takes place, and [the] back stage, where the performer is out-of-character and comfortable." As it is defined by the passage, a defendant's private social media post, intended for friends, would constitute communication occurring on the back stage. Communication shared with a jury in a courtroom would constitute front-stage communication.

What are the stages of sleep?

1, 2, 3, 4, and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Stage 4 is referred to as Delta sleep because of the delta waves that occur during this stage. Stage 4 is a deep sleep that typically lasts about 30 minutes. Sleepwalking and bed-wetting typically occur at the end of Stage 4. During this "deep sleep," there is no eye movement or muscle activity. This is when some children may also experience sleepwalking, or night terrors. Stage 1 represents light sleep, where one drifts in and out of sleep and can be awakened easily. In this stage, the eyes move slowly and muscle activity slows. In stage 2 sleep, eye movement stops and brain waves become slower, with only an occasional burst of rapid brain waves called sleep spindles. During REM sleep, breathing becomes more rapid, irregular and shallow; eyes jerk rapidly, and limb muscles are temporarily paralyzed. Brain waves during this stage increase to levels experienced when a person is awake. Also, heart rate increases, blood pressure rises, and the body loses some of the ability to regulate temperature.

What are the stages of Cross's Nigrescence Model of African-American identity development model?

1. Pre-encounter: African-Americans tend to view the majority Caucasian culture as being more desirable and would view a doctor of this race as being more skilled 2. Immersion-Emmersion: Someone in this stage would view the majority Caucasian culture with resentment and distrust and prefer to be treated by someone of his or her own race. 3. Internalization Stage: integrated aspects of his own culture with that of the majority culture and is working to rectify past racial injustices.

What is A crossover design?

A crossover design occurs when participants participate in each group in a study.

What is a moderating variable?

A moderating variable is one that affects the intensity of the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable, which is what is described in the question stem for family planning.

What is a Pearson correlation coefficient?

A Pearson correlation coefficient is calculated to compare the association between two variables.

An employer who refrains from hiring deaf individuals for a copy-editing job for which hearing is unnecessary is demonstrating?

A behavior that impacts individuals who belong to a certain group or have a trait solely because they belong to that group or have that trait is discimination. Remember, discrimination involves behavior, which this employer is displaying.

What is a bureaucracy?

A bureaucracy is a type of organization, not a form of social class system.

What is Cognitive bias?

A cognitive bias is a mistake or deficiency in the way that a person thinks, which can be caused by problems with memory, rational thinking, or a misunderstanding of the situation.

What is Cognitive distortion?

A cognitive distortion is a phenomenon in which our mind convinces us that something is true when it isn't.

What is a confounding variable?

A confounding variable is one that affects both the independent and dependent variables in a relationship. For this to be the case, family planning would have to directly affect both female employment and fertility, which is not what the question stem discusses.

What is a confounding variable?

A confounding variable is one that affects or correlates with both the independent and dependent variable in a study, calling into question the relationship between those variables. That is not the case for QIDS-SR16 scores in this study.

Which of the following factors could act as a confounding variable in the study?

A confounding variable is one that can change the way the results are interpreted. All of the data suggests that error detection and reporting is low or mixed, especially when an attending physician commits the error. However, the final paragraph states that residents, nurses, and medical students all had different likelihood of detecting and reporting errors, which means that there is something different about those groups of individuals that could impact the results. So, what contributes to the differences between them? They all have different positions in the medical hierarchy (residents have more responsibility for patients than medical students, which could affect their need to report) and expertise in the type of errors assessed (it is unreasonable to think that a medical student would be able to pick up on dosage or medication errors), which could confound the results of the study. There is not enough information in the passage to suggest that confidence in medical knowledge is a confounding factor.

What is a confounding variable?

A confounding variable is one that is not being directly studied, but that has the potential to skew a study's results. While such variables certainly may exist here, neither height nor age fall into this category, as both are being tested directly.

What is the contemptuous stereotype?

A contemptuous stereotype stems from a position of low perceived warmth and low competence. As Jay is highly competitive at tennis, this viewpoint is unlikely.

Does the experimental setup comprise a continuous reinforcement schedule?

A continuous reinforcement schedule is defined as one reward per response. Because the passage describes this as helping to constitute the experimental procedures

What is a correct rejection?

A correct rejection would be a word that was never presented (not on the list) that the participant properly identified as such.

What is the relationship between depression and stress?

A correlation is a relationship between two variables. If a correlation is positive, it means that when one variable increases, the other increases as well. If a correlation is negative, it means that when one variable increases, the other decreases. Depression and stress were both high at the start of the intervention and low at the end, so there could be a correlation between them.

What is A cross-sectional design?

A cross-sectional design involves the measurement of a group of people at a particular time, as opposed to over a longer time interval (as in a longitudinal study).

What is a cross-sectional study?

A cross-sectional study gives a picture of a situation at a defined moment in time; it does not look at trends over long intervals.

What is Depression?

A feeling of helplessness and lack of power to improve one's circumstances is one of the key factors leading to depression. Thus, depression can result from learned helplessness, but it does not directly explain the behavior mentioned in the question stem.

What is A field experiment?

A field experiment occurs in natural conditions.

What is Formal negative sanction?

A formal negative sanction is an official punishment for an action or behavior; for example, a customer who was violent with others may be banned from a store for life - this is a consequence enforced by a group or organization, the business or store.

What is Formal positive sanction?

A formal positive sanction is an official reward for an action or behavior. For example, individuals who help others in a crisis are often given a reward or a medal for doing so.

What is gender role?

A gender role is the set of normative behaviors viewed as acceptable (or desirable), for members of a given sex within a culture.

What is negative reinforcement?

A high numerical score is reinforcement because it is designed to encourage the desired behavior, but it involves providing something extra, so it is a positive reinforcement, not a negative reinforcement.

What is A longitudinal design?

A longitudinal design occurs over a period of time.

What is a master status?

A master status is a status that serves as one's primary identifying characteristic, is the most important aspect of one's social identity, and shapes everything in one's life. While some physicians do feel that their status as a doctor is their defining characteristic, that is not automatically the case for all physicians, and the question stem provides no specific support for this possibility.

What is a mediating variable?

A mediating variable is one that "explains" the relationship between independent and dependent variables. In other words, location would need to explain how carbohydrate-heavy diets relate to the visual deficiency in question.

What is a mediating variable?

A mediating variable is one that explains the relationship between two other variables. That is not the case for QIDS-SR16 scores in this study.

What is a mediating variable?

A mediating variable is one that provides an explanatory link between the independent and dependent variables. In the context of the question stem, this would imply the presence of a relationship with the following structure: female employment → family planning programs → fertility. This is not what the question stem describes.

What is a plutocracy?

A plutocracy is a nation that is controlled by the rich or "upper-class" members. Again, wealthy Americans and Canadians are certainly powerful, but "complete" is too strong of an adjective here.

What is a positive reinforcer?

A positive reinforcer is one which, when given (or applied) to the subject, helps to reinforce certain behavior. Here, the electrodes are more effective as a positive reinforcer compared to the food; this can be seen by looking at the charts and observing that the percentage of monkeys who touch the painted circle increases faster, and reaches 100% more quickly, when electrodes are used than when food is used.

A doctor's fellow physicians at a hospital would be LEAST likely to be members of his?

A primary group is a small group whose members share close, enduring relationships, like a family or childhood friends. Looser, more temporary groups such as coworkers are secondary groups.

What is the primary group?

A primary group is includes members with close, long-lasting relationships. According to the question, the student rarely communicates with members of this group after the project ends.

What are riots?

A riot is a form of civil disorder commonly characterized by a group lashing out in a violent public disturbance against authority, property, or people.

What is a stereotype threat?

A stereotype threat occurs when an individual's behavior changes based on perceived negative stereotypes about himself or herself.

What are Stimulus motives?

A stimulus motive is defined as a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity. These motives are not necessary for survival.

What is projective personality assessment?

A test designed to reveal hidden emotions and internal conflicts via a subject's responses to ambiguous stimuli.

What is a 2-tailed t test?

A two-tailed test is a statistical test in which the critical area of a distribution is two-sided and tests whether a sample is greater than or less than a certain range of values.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a reason that gender stereotypes persist?

A woman making less money at work has fewer opportunities. The other reasons are discussed in the text, and are examples of lack of examples of violation of stereotypes, focus on prescriptive behaviors, and social influence (in order).

What is Absolute poverty?

Absolute poverty is marked by an income that falls below the poverty line and by a financial struggle to obtain essential goods and services. In the U.S., the poverty line for a family of four currently falls at $27,890. While you certainly do not need to memorize this number, it is important to know that Mr. Williams makes a significant amount more than this value.

What patients would be LEAST prone to a rapid psychotic relapse?

According to Table 1, times to relapse are significantly negatively correlated with burden posed to caretakers. Thus, a lower burden would correspond to a longer relapse time. Therefore, we would expect this patient to be less prone to a rapid relapse than the average CPE or PE1 patient.

What is the activation-synthesis hypothesis?

Activation-synthesis theory deals with the differences in neuronal activity of the brainstem during waking and REM sleep, and the hypothesis proposes that dreams result from brain activation during REM sleep.

A preventative test for discerning early-onset hearing loss is to test individuals' ability to?

According to the passage, high-frequency hearing, of the kind used to distinguish between consonants, is often one of the first abilities to deteriorate with hearing loss. Thus, a test asking an individual to discern between two words with slightly different consonants could help identify early hearing loss.

What is self-concept?

According to the passage, the purpose of the Norwegian study was to "investigate the effects of hysterectomy on the collection of beliefs young women hold about themselves." This is most broadly consistent with the definition of self-concept—the collection of beliefs about oneself. While self-concept includes self-schemata, and is related to one's self-esteem and self-efficacy, self-concept is the over-arching concept addressed by the Norwegian study.

What is Symbolic interactionism theory of education?

According to the symbolic interaction perspective, interactions between students and teachers help each develop a set of expectations for that student's performance both in academic subjects and discipline.

WHat is Acetylcholine?

Acetylcholine is predominately involved at the neuromuscular junction.

What is Adult socialization?

Adult socialization occurs, as the term suggests, in adulthood. It primarily takes place in college, graduate school, and the workplace.

What is hindsight bias?

After a major, unexpected event occurs, many individuals tend to look back and say "I knew it would happen all along."

What is Alogia?

Alogia is the inability to speak

Weber's law can be applied to?

Although Weber's law is used for a wide variety of stimulus types, it specifically relates to the proportionality of the just-noticeable difference perceived by an individual. Only choice C involves the same person attempting to notice differences between stimuli with distinct intensities.

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a reasonable limitation of this study?

Although the passage does not give us a numerical sample size, we are told in paragraph 2 that the study drew on population-based nationwide registries, and in paragraph 3 that the study "included all Swedish individuals born in 1949-1959 who, according to both parental class and own adult class in 1980 or 1990, could be linked to an occupational class (manual, non-manual, or self-employed)."

When parents choose to vaccinate based on a desire to do what is best for community health, their behavior is most attributable to which concept?

Altruism Altruism is a choice made to benefit the greater good, or the community as a whole.

What is Alzheimer's disease?

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by reduced acetylcholine production and beta-amyloid plaques in the brain, not reduced dopamine signaling.

Physicians earn the right to prescribe medication and call themselves doctors after the completion of medical school and residency. What type of status does this describe?

An achieved status is a social role that is obtained through voluntary action or achievement.

What is ascribed status?

An ascribed status is a status that can't be voluntarily changed (or that one is born with), like sex or age.

What is External threats?

An external threat will often cause a group to be more unified, increasing groupthink.

Which is not related to confirmation bias?

An individual distorts his opinion to match the group's opinion. Individual opinions and group opinions become more similar.

What is an oligarchy?

An oligarchy is a society that is ruled by a very small handful of individuals. While some families in the U.S. and Canada do hold large amounts of power, they do not dictate every political decision that is made.

What is Adjustment heuristic?

Anchoring and adjustment heuristics are the same thing - they mean that we tie impressions to earlier perceptions of people. In this example, Mr. Smith would make a judgment about John's behavior based on what he already knew about him.

What is Anchoring heuristic?

Anchoring and adjustment heuristics are the same thing - they mean that we tie impressions to earlier perceptions of people. In this example, Mr. Smith would make a judgment about John's behavior based on what he already knew about him.

What is anchoring?

Anchoring is the act of relying too much on the first information encountered.

WHat is Anhedonia?

Anhedonia is a difficulty feeling pleasure, which does not explain the perception of more crime.

Many depressive patients experience a loss of pleasure in their daily lives. What is most closely associated with this symptom?

Anhedonia is a symptom of depression and means "inability to feel pleasure."

What is Anticipatory socialization?

Anticipatory socialization is the process by which a person practices for future social relationships. This form of socialization is not relevant to the scenario described.

What are Anxiety disorders?

Anxiety disorders are not associated with reduced dopamine signaling, although they have been associated with reduced GABA (an inhibitory neurotransmitter) activity.

What is catatonic-type schizophrenia?

As John shows no signs of schizophrenia or the movement issues associated with catatonia

Which of the following represents the greatest challenge to the validity of the study?

As the second paragraph mentions, psychiatric hospitalizations of any kind were counted as a relapse outcome. However, many factors other than an outbreak of psychotic symptoms can result in a hospitalization. For example, threats of self-harm, incidents of drug overdose, or intense reactions to stressors including family financial problems could all result in a psychiatric hospitalization. As the dependent variable does not capture exactly what the researchers are trying to measure, this is a major issue with validity

What is a longitudinal study?

As this study examines a group of the same people over a defined time period (two years), it is a longitudinal study.

What is Asociality?

Asociality is the lack of motivation or desire to engage in social activity.

What is Avolition?

Avolition is a lack of interest in goal-directed behavior.

What is Avolition?

Avolition refers to a lack of motivation. As such, it represents a negative symptom.

What is a way that female managers could make more authoritative decisions and still be perceived as being consistent with gender stereotypes?

Be seen as behaving in another way that women are supposed to behave. According to the passage, a descriptive type of behavior that is inconsistent with gender stereotypes can be mitigated if a person behaves consistently with a prescriptive stereotype.

What are Beta waves?

Beta waves are emitted when an individual is awake and fully alert.

What is the Biological theory?

Biological theories typically posit that personality is genetic in nature.

What is blindness?

Blindness might be expected from a stroke in the occipital lobe, where the vision centers are located.

What is an example of a fixed-ratio reward system using secondary reinforcers?

Bonuses are secondary reinforcers, and providing reinforcement after a specified number of behaviors represents a fixed-ratio system.

What is a longitudinal and cohort study?

Both longitudinal and cohort (a specific type of longitudinal) studies focus on a set group of individuals over time. While the given information implies that this could be happening (as "incidence" refers to the number of people newly diagnosed with cancer, the researchers may have observed the population for an extended interval), it is the location, not the specific participants, that serves as the main focus here.

What is Yerkes-Dodson law?

Both of these choices contradict the Yerkes-Dodson law, a theory related to social facilitation. This law posits that individuals perform best when moderately aroused, as opposed to at either end of the arousal spectrum.

What is Dual coding?

By associating the numbers with different animals, HM was attempting to assign each number to a mental image to be processed at a more connected level. This is the premise of dual coding.

Who is Carl Jung?

Carl Jung was primarily an analytical psychologist with minor contributions to personality theories.

Who is Carl Rogers?

Carl Rogers was a humanistic personality theorist.

What is a case study?

Case studies focus on a small, narrow group of people, with a great deal of description of context and individual detail of subjects. That is not what is described in the passage.

What is Catalepsy?

Catalepsy, not narcolepsy, refers to the decreased, stiffened muscle movement that serves as a common symptom of catatonic-type schizophrenia. Narcolepsy is a tendency to fall asleep outside of normal circadian rhythms.

Who is Cattell ?

Cattell was a trait theorist, but he did not discuss cardinal vs. secondary traits in his theories.

Evolutionary psychologists have postulated that depression developed through endowing individuals with certain benefits that outweigh the social and biological repercussions of the condition. This most closely resembles the ideas of?

Charles Darwin wrote "On the Origin of Species," which proposes that evolution is predicated on the idea of natural selection. He is the only individual of the four whose work directly involved evolutionary theories.

What is Dissonance induction?

Cognitive dissonance can be induced when a person is forced to recognize the inconsistency between his or her beliefs and behaviors. This was a part of the program.

How is the law of effect different from classical conditioning?

Classical conditioning involves a response, such as salivating, in the presence of a stimulus. The law of effect involves increasingly shaped actions.

What is Closure?

Closure asserts that people will view objects as having closed contours even if the lines defining those contours are not actually closed in the image (e.g. a dashed-line drawing of a house would be perceived as a house, not as a series of unrelated dots).

What is a coercive organization?

Coercive organizations are organizations in which members are forced to join. Prison is a classic example.

Physicians may feel uncomfortable when they engage in unprofessional or disrespectful behavior because they believe acting that way is unethical and unacceptable. What term best describes their feeling?

Cognitive dissonance is an intense feeling of discomfort that comes about when you act in a way that is different from what you believe.

What is cognitive dissonance?

Cognitive dissonance is the discomfort that arises when one holds two beliefs that are contradictory. We know nothing about the deep-seated beliefs of the girls referenced in the question stem.

What is Cognitive dissonance?

Cognitive dissonance is the sense of psychological discomfort that arises when an individual holds contradictory beliefs, behaves in a way which is contradictory to a belief, or is presented with information that contradicts a belief

What is cognitive dissonance?

Cognitive dissonance refers to the discomfort that occurs when one holds contradictory beliefs, or when one performs actions that are at odds with one's beliefs.

Dr. Smith orders a nurse to administer an injectable medication to a patient with significant anxiety. The nurse feels that the medication is not the best choice for this particular patient and knows that the shot will upset her, but administers the medication anyway. What type of social influence did the nurse experience?

Compliance is going along with an explicit request, whether or not you agree with it. Dr. Smith explicitly ordered the nurse to administer the medication, and she complied despite the fact that she did not feel it was the correct decision.

What is Conditioned reinforcement?

Conditioned reinforcement does not occur when reinforcement is discontinued. Discontinuing reinforcement procedures actually makes the effects of conditioned reinforcement weaker, as occurs in the prompt when the monkeys touch the circle less frequently.

What is the difference between rods and cones?

Cones perceive color and have higher visual acuity, but require greater amounts of light to function properly. Rods are sensitive to lower light levels but do not generate color vision. At night with diminished light, more of the brain's visual input will come from the colorless perception of rods, thus making objects appear with less color.

A conflict theorist would say that medicine is?

Conflict theory states that society is an arena for constant conflict between different groups of people. Conflict theorists call economic conditions "substructure" and everything else "superstructure." While Marx (who is considered the founder of conflict theory) focuses purely on economic gain, conflict theorists in general do not necessarily limit their analysis to material gain.

What is Conforming?

Conforming would be behaving in a way that is consistent with the norms of a society. In this case, the disabled person is transgressing against the norms of an individualistic society.

What is Conformity?

Conformity refers to a change in a person's attitudes or behavior in response to pressure from others in a group.

What are Consistency cues?

Consistency cues relate the person's current and past behavior, not her current behavior with that which is expected by society.

What is Construct validity?

Construct validity describes whether a test measures what it is designed to measure. The question stem does not raise this issue; instead, it questions whether the study's results can be generalized to a larger group of individuals.

What is a continuous variable?

Continuous variables have an infinite number of categories. If the question was something like "how many full-time jobs have you had?" or "how many hours do you work each week?" there would be more than two categories for responses and would be a continuous variable. Since there were only two categories

What are Controls?

Controls are groups that do not receive the experimental treatment or condition during a study. This question has nothing to do with experimental procedure.

What biological assessment could have been used by the researchers to assess the interaction between coping skill use and stress?

Cortisol is a hormone released during stressful situations. As such, it serves as a biological marker of stress. Correlating levels of cortisol with use of coping skills would give information about the relationship between the two.

What is cultural bias?

Cultural bias could result in discrimination against people of a foreign culture. It could negatively affect the experiences and perceptions of both groups of students, leading to greater culture shock, but this does not explain why the student in groups experienced more culture shock than the lone individuals.

Cultural capital can include?

Cultural capital includes personal qualities or assets that enhance the social mobility of the individual in their possession. Education (whether in the form of a degree, certificate, or relevant experience) is a classic example of this form of capital. Public speaking ability is also a personal quality that can make a person more socially successful. Other examples of cultural capital include attractiveness, style of dress, and sense of humor.

What is culture capital?

Cultural capital relates to non-financial things of value associated with higher social class (certain accent, high education, style of dress), whereas this scenario shows the best friend leveraging a personal connection.

If an American visited South Africa during the height of apartheid and found himself disoriented by the practices he observed, going through periods of negotiation and adjustment as he became used to his surroundings, this would be due to?

Culture shock is a sense of disorientation as a person experiences an unfamiliar culture. Typically, culture shock is thought of as consisting of four phases: honeymoon, negotiation, adjustment, and adaption.

What is Culture shock?

Culture shock only occurs when an individual experiences a new country or culture. Here, Sarah is not new to Canadian culture, since she grew up in Canada.

Many veterans return from combat with serious mental health issues like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Which of the following is NOT a symptom of PTSD?

Cyclic hypomania is not a symptom of PTSD. Hypomania is typically experienced by a person with bipolar disorder.

What are Declarative and non-declarative memory?

Declarative and non-declarative memory are two very distinct types of long-term memory.

What is Declarative memory?

Declarative memory is memory for information (facts, etc.) which can be recalled. HM does not have intact declarative memory.

What is deindividuation?

Deindividuation is the tendency for people to abdicate self-awareness and responsibility in large anonymous groups, aka a "mob mentality."

What is deindividuation?

Deindividuation relates to high group cohesiveness; the more cohesive the group, the higher the probability of groupthink.

What is a democracy?

Democracy (and other forms of political organization) do not map perfectly onto social stratification by class or caste. As such, this answer choice is outside the scope of the question.

What is Developmental socialization?

Developmental socialization happens when an individual focuses on developing specific social skills. This child is not actively seeking to establish certain skills; instead, he is absorbing values and expectations from his surroundings.

In an individualistic society, a person with a disability that decides to remain unemployed and to subside on disability and welfare checks would most likely be labeled?

Deviant behavior violates societal norms. An individualistic society values independence and self-reliance. A disabled person who relies on government support would be violating those norms.

To determine employment status in the study, participants were asked to respond "yes" or "no" to the question, "Are you currently employed full-time?"Given the instructions for the question, what kind of variable is employment status?

Dichotomous variables only have two categories. Since the question was posed in a way that required one of two responses, it is a dichotomous variable.

What are structures of culture?

Different cultures can define health, illness, and the role of patients in different ways. For example, some cultures see mental illness (like hearing voices) as a significant problem requiring treatment from a physician, while others see it as a spiritual phenomenon.

What best exhibits how diffusion of education could help low-socioeconomic-status (SES) students?

Diffusion refers to a process being transmitted across groups, in this case across SES groups. Being exposed to and potentially internalizing new learning methods via the school environment would therefore be an example of diffusion.

What are Distinctiveness cues?

Distinctiveness cues monitor a single individual's actions across a variety of scenarios. The question stem never mentions Anna's response to any other situation.

What is a potential limitation of the study?

Doctors who discuss smoking cessation, but make no formal prescriptions, may view such a conversation in a more casual light that does not merit inclusion in medical records.

What is emigration?

Don't confuse emigration with immigration! The emigration rate is the pace at which citizens leave a country. Since the nation described is struggling economically, individuals and families are more likely to attempt to leave it than to desire to enter.

The dopamine circulating throughout the mesolimbic pathway is largely produced in which brain location?

Dopaminergic pathways, also called dopaminergic projections, are pathways in the brain that transmit the neurotransmitter dopamine from one region of the brain to another region. Thus, it is reasonable to conclude that the dopamine is produced in the ventral tegmental area if this is where the pathway begins.

Which of the following medical errors had the highest rate of detection among study participants?

Dosage miscalculation on the resident's chart

What is the difference between Approach-approach conflict, Avoidant-avoidant conflict, Approach-avoidant conflict, and Double approach-avoidant conflict?

Double approach-avoidant conflicts consist of two options with both appealing and negative characteristics, which seems to represent the jury's dilemma. approach-approach conflicts, two options are both appealing. avoidant-avoidant conflicts, both options are unappealing approach-avoidance conflict is observed when one option has both positive and negative aspects

What is a double-blind study?

Double-blind studies conceal the identity of control and experimental treatments from both the people giving and receiving the treatment in order to prevent unconscious bias from influencing the results.

What is Drive augmentation theory?

Drive augmentation theory does not exist. Since drives are generally unpleasant, we would not want to "augment," or enhance, them.

What is Dualism?

Dualism is a philosophical term that helped to form the field of psychology - it refers to the idea that the mind and the body are two separate entities.

What is the existential self?

During development of the existential self, a child realizes that she can interact with the world throughout time and space; in other words, she discovers that she is a distinct entity. This does not relate to the question stem. Additionally, the idea of romantic emotion referenced here is not a specific characteristic of the existential self.

What is Dysthymia?

Dysthymia is a more subtle form of depression. This mood disorder may cause feelings of sadness and perhaps pessimism, but would not be directly linked to increased perception of crime.

What are Erikson's stages of development?

Ego integrity vs. despair is a basic conflict that emerges when an individual reaches maturity (at 65 and older) and is reflecting on his or her life. Generativity vs. stagnation is a basic conflict that occurs during middle adulthood (ages 40-65), when individuals are trying to balance employment and being parents. Intimacy vs. isolation occurs during young adulthood (19-40 years), when individuals need to form intimate relationships with other people. Identity vs. role confusion occurs during adolescence (12 to 18 years), when teens are trying to develop social relationships with others and find a sense of self or personal identity.

What is Egocentrism?

Egocentrism describes the inability to see any other perspective other than one's own. It is tied to one of Piaget's stages of childhood development.

What is Eidetic memory?

Eidetic memory is commonly known as photographic memory and is not a skill HM ever had.

What is Episodic memory?

Episodic and semantic memory are types of declarative memory that include events in a person's life (episodic)

What is Semantic memory?

Episodic and semantic memory are types of declarative memory that include events in a person's life (episodic) and facts (semantic).

What are A lone dissenter?

Even one individual dissenting within a group can serve to reduce groupthink.

What does the frontal lobe do?

Executive function Motivation Attention

The electrode-based reinforcement is discontinued, with the remaining parts of the experiment staying the same. If the monkeys are found to touch the circle less frequently, this is an example of?

Extinction, in the vocabulary of operant conditioning, means the gradual elimination of a behavior when the reward or punishment system is taken away.

What is Face validity?

Face validity refers to the subjective perception by other experts of whether the test is relevant to its stated goals. That is not the nature of the objection raised in the question stem.

What are fads?

Fads are intense, short-lived periods of enthusiasm or excitement - usually for a product or a fashion style.

What is NOT a possible result of ear damage?

Feature detection is mainly a visual skill in humans. No indication is given that hearing loss can affect visual processes.

What is Leon Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory?

Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory suggests that incongruence between beliefs and behaviors guides behavior change.

What is the Flat affect?

Flat affect (lack of emotion in speech or facial expression) is a perfect example of a negative symptom.

At a business meeting, an executive extends his left hand when meeting a new customer, instead of shaking with his right hand (as is customary). What kind of norm was likely violated in this case?

Folkways are norms that guide simple, everyday behavior; violating them typically does not have serious consequences. Extending your left hand to shake someone's hand might get you an odd look from the other person, but would not carry a serious sanction.

What is the correct sequence for Kübler-Ross model?

For these stages, you can remember the acronym Death Always Brings Definite Acceptance. The stages are sequenced in the following order: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

What is Foraging behavior?

Foraging behavior relates to the act of searching and hunting for resources.

What are Formal norms?

Formal norms, which include laws and codes, are instituted by a governing party. Holding the door open is not a legally mandated action.

What is Formal social control?

Formal social control is establishing or improving conformity to norms by enforcing laws or imposing sanctions.

What is gender conditioning?

Gender conditioning is a means by which, in part, gender roles are established. This social conditioning stems from societal reinforcements and punishments of gender-related behaviors.

What is gender schema?

Gender schema is a cognitive theory of how individuals acquire and understand elements of gender and sex-linked characteristics from their surrounding culture and how those characteristics are transmitted inter-generationally.

What is NOT likely to cause depression?

From the passage, we learned that depression can result from a lack of serotonin being transmitted in the synapses. An abundance of tryptophan hydroxylase would only encourage the production of more serotonin, which is the reverse of the stated cause of depression.

What is involved with the Frontal lobe activity?

Frontal lobe activity is decreased, not increased, by alcohol consumption.

What is Game theory?

Game theory is a mathematically-based discipline that focuses on the rational maximization of outcomes when making decisions. It is not a school of sociological thought.

What is the general adaptation syndrome?

General adaptation syndrome is a term created by Hans Selye to describe the body's short-term and long-term reactions to stress. Selye thought that the general adaptation syndrome involved two major systems of the body, the nervous system and the endocrine system. He then went on to outline what he considered as three distinctive stages in the syndrome's evolution. He called these stages the alarm reaction (AR), the stage of resistance (SR), and the stage of exhaustion (SE).

Who is Friedrich Engels?

German socialist philosopher, the closest collaborator of Karl Marx in the foundation of modern communism.

Methamphetamine is neurotoxic to dopaminergic neurons in humans. Based on this information alone, methamphetamine overuse or overdose could potentially be associated with an elevated risk of which of the following conditions?

Given the information provided in the question stem, the correct answer will be a disorder involving dysfunctional or reduced dopamine signaling. This is the case for Parkinson's disease, but not for any of the other three conditions

What is Glutamate?

Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter and is not involved in appetite satiation.

Which psychologist would most likely subscribe to the theory that believing in the supernatural is a non-cardinal personality trait?

Gordon Allport established trait theories describing cardinal, central, and secondary traits that contribute to an individual's personality. Belief in the supernatural is likely an example of a secondary trait.

Who is Gordon Allport?

Gordon Allport is known in connection to the trait perspective of personality. He argued that three key types of traits contribute to personality: cardinal traits, central traits, and secondary traits.

What is Group polarization?

Group polarization describes the tendency of groups to hold viewpoints that are more extreme than those of the individual members. Once again, it does not apply here.

Group polarization is best described as?

Group polarization is a phenomenon in which members of a group tend to take stronger viewpoints after discussion than they would have on their own. Note that original opinions do not drastically change, but simply become more extreme. In other words, if group members are individually somewhat risk-averse, their group decision will be even more so. On the other hand, if each of the people involved likes to take risks, their final decision is likely to be extremely risky.

A group of American students switches places with a group of Egyptian students in a foreign exchange program. Students who were placed together in small groups with a host family expressed a higher prevalence of signs of culture shock than students placed alone in a family. This difference might be due to?

Group polarization is a phenomenon where groups adopt views that are more extreme than the initial inclination of their members. In this case, putting multiple individuals together in close quarters caused them to form a group that more extremely rejected the foreign culture, compared to the lone individuals.

What does it mean to have a higher median in regards to mortality rate?

Having a higher median age suggests that people are more likely to die from age-related causes, leading to a higher mortality rate. However, affluent countries tend to have higher median ages than less affluent countries.

What is groupthink?

Groupthink is a phenomenon where a desire for harmony or conformity in a group leads to an environment where people are afraid to buck the group, leading to faulty decisions. This is somewhat similar in mechanism to group polarization, but group polarization describes the phenomenon in the prompt most accurately.

What is Groupthink?

Groupthink is the social phenomenon in which groups make poor decisions based on a desire for harmony. The question stem never mentioned group decision-making.

Who is Hans Eysenck?

Hans Eysenck is noted for the first empirical study he published on genetics of personality in 1951, which investigated the trait of neuroticism in identical (i.e., monozygotic) and fraternal (i.e., dizygotic twins).

What is Herd mentality?

Herd mentality is not a type of social influence.

What is The cognitive component?

Here, the cognitive component can be described as how this person thinks of his fear of speed. For example, if he finds himself remembering his accident when he exceeds 30 mph, his memory would serve as part of the cognitive component of this attitude.

A woman is promoted to manager in an office. Afterwards, she exhibits a particular behavior in front of her subordinates. They react by socially withdrawing from her and excluding her from social outings with other co-workers. In response, the woman refrains from that particular behavior. This is an example of?

Here, the manager exhibits and behavior and then stops exhibiting that behavior. Punishment results in reducing or eliminating a behavior, so this is an example of punishment. In this case, the co-workers are removing something (social contact) so it would count as negative punishment. By contrast, positive punishment would be actively adding a new stimulus to punish a behavior.

What does it mean to be using a heuristic?

Heuristics are mental shortcuts that can be very helpful when solving problems.

What are High self-monitors?

High self-monitors are "motivated to attain high social status." For this reason, they are likely to react negatively to images associating a product with high status.

What is Homogeneity?

Homogeneity of participants does not have bearing on their use of coping strategies.

What is Hypochondriasis?

Hypochondriasis is the previous name for somatic symptom disorder. The DSM-V recently replaced this term.

What is Iconic memory?

Iconic memory is a type of sensory memory, and is too short-lived to be affected by encoding techniques.

What is Punishment?

If a negative-reinforcement stimulus were added, it could constitute punishment. However, removing the electrodes counts as removal of a positive-reinforcement stimulus, which does not qualify as punishment as the term is used in operant conditioning.

What is Secondary appraisal?

If a threat (and thus a source of stress) had been detected, secondary appraisal would have ensued, in which Eric would have decided whether and how he could reasonably cope with the situation. Since Eric realized that the bird was not dangerous at all, secondary appraisal would not happen here.

What is Implicit memory?

Implicit memory is subconcious memory that usually pertains to procedural behavior or conditioned responses. In this case, the participant was conditioned to start the cigarette lighter when he got into the car.

What is the paternalistic stereotype?

If this were true, Jackson would see Jay as having low competence. This stereotype is generally reserved for groups that are liked but pitied, such as very old people and those with some disabilities.

What is the Illness anxiety disorder?

Illness anxiety disorder, formerly known as hypochondriasis, involves anxiety and extreme stress centered around the fear of acquiring an illness. This does not apply to the man in the question stem, who already has a physical symptom.

What is Impression management?

Impression management is an effort by an individual to influence the perception of their image by others in order to either reflect the individual's self-image, or in an effort to match an individual's self-presentation with the individual's expectation of how others wish to perceive them.

If a user of a social media website selects particular photos to post in an effort to present himself to the viewers of those photos in a specific fashion, he is practicing?

Impression management, which is closely related to the dramaturgical approach, is the process by which individuals attempt to influence the perceptions of observers by controlling what information they present to others during social interaction.

What is George Mead's social theory?

In Mead's theory of the nature of the self, people are divided into the "I" and the "me." The "me" is the collection of attitudes taken from society, whereas the "I" is the autonomous sense of self that reacts to the "me." collection of attitudes taken from society.

What is the World Systems Theory?

In World Systems Theory, nations are split into core, semi-periphery, and periphery countries on the basis of their wealth, military strength, and government institutions. Core countries are those well-developed, wealthy capitalist nations that control many resources, have powerful militaries, and strong state institutions.

What is a double-blind study?

In a double-blind study, neither the researchers nor the participants are informed which treatment is experimental and which is a control. While this is a classic way to minimize unconscious bias, it has nothing to do with the observational study described here.

What is a meritocracy?

In a pure meritocracy, intergenerational mobility would still be possible. In reality, many societies exhibit mixes of meritocratic and class-based systems, and these findings could still apply in such a system.

What is an advantage of measuring relative poverty rather than absolute poverty?

In a situation in which mean income is negatively impacted, such as a recession, measures of absolute poverty would report that there are more people below the poverty line than is typical. With a relative approach, the poverty line shifts with the income distribution, so a recession year can still be fairly compared in a time series with all other years (eliminate choices A and B). Absolute poverty is an arbitrary measure. As a result, it doesn't necessarily correspond to changes in the cost of living. In fact, the U.S. federal poverty line is much lower relative to present income today than it was 50 years ago.

What is Respect for autonomy?

In healthcare, autonomy is the idea that people have the right to choose what is best for their health. By mandating vaccines, states revoke the right of a person to choose whether or not they want to be vaccinated.

What is Informal negative sanction?

In informal sanction is an action by a peer or group of peers that is meant to make behavior more normative. It usually involves shaming or ridicule, which is considered a punishment. When the media shames people who engage in non-normative behavior (acting like a jerk while shopping), they are trying to enforce norms in an informal way.

What could help provide a causal explanation for the findings of this study?

In order to establish a causal relationship, there must be a temporal relationship established in which the process of one variable has an effect on the other. This finding could explain the reason for less use of problem-focused strategies in the current study. As participants perceived problem-oriented strategies to be less helpful, they would tend not to use them, as was seen in the results of the study.

What happens in stage 2?

In stage 2, death rates decline due to medical and sanitation advances, but birth rates remain high, resulting in a rapidly growing population. Figure 1 clearly shows a declining fertility rate.

What happens in stage 4?

In stage 4, birth and death rates are both low and relatively constant, leading to a stable or slowly declining population. The data shown in Figure 1 shows that fertility rate is still decreasing as late as 2009, so it likely was not constant during the period of the study.

Knowledge of the effects of stress on human cognitive function would most likely lead researchers to implement what additional component to a program aimed at improving stress management?

In terms of cognitive effects, stress has direct deleterious effects on memory via cortisol, a common stress hormone. Excess cortisol impairs the ability of the hippocampus to both encode and recall memories. These stress hormones also hinder the hippocampus from receiving enough energy by diverting glucose levels to surrounding muscles. Recall exercises would help alleviate some of these symptoms and, if better remembered, the subject may utilize coping mechanisms more.

What is the cognitive appraisal theory of emotion?

In the cognitive appraisal theory of emotion, individuals make different interpretations about stimuli, such as interpreting stigma negatively or non-negatively.

What is a independent variable?

Independent variables are the variables in an experiment that are manipulated. There was no manipulation of employment in this study

What is availability heuristic?

In this heuristic, individuals give more weight to a salient piece of information than it is due. This is not occurring here.

What is the In-group bias?

In-group bias is the tendency for people to favor members of their in-groups, like family, over outsiders. It is not relevant to the issues with stigmatization mentioned above.

What is a in-group?

In-groups are social groups which a person identifies themselves as a member of. Doctors will identify with fellow doctors!

What is Inclusive fitness?

Inclusive fitness does help explain altruistic behavior, but does not relate to the question stem.

In the analysis of the internal relationships between different variables in the study, researchers found that patient burden to caregivers and caregiver stress were positively correlated. Which of the following is a confounding demographic variable that would best explain this relationship?

Income is a demographic variable that can be expected to affect both the burden the patient poses and the caregiver's stress level, making it a confounding variable. Lower incomes will make expensive mental health care or dealing with the fallout of disturbed behavior more difficult to manage; for example, it can be harder for families to afford good mental health care, arrange transport to the clinic, or take time off work to keep an eye on relatives when symptoms worsen. Additionally, low incomes tend to be related to increased life stress overall: having a hard time meeting bills is stressful, having to live in high-poverty, typically high-crime neighborhoods is stressful, and common stress relievers like going to see a movie or going on vacation may be unaffordable. Therefore, income is directly related to both the burden posed by a relative and the caregiver's stress level, making it a confounding variable in this study.

The researchers found that the subjects who were given methamphetamine exhibited a higher heart rate and blood pressure. Given this information, the subjects would be most likely to exhibit which of the following physiological changes or symptoms?

Increased heart rate and blood pressure are signs of sympathetic nervous system activation, which is to be expected after administration of a stimulant such as methamphetamine. Therefore, the correct answer to this question will be another hallmark of the sympathetic nervous system response. The sympathetic nervous system is associated with the "fight-or-flight" response, whereas the parasympathetic nervous system is associated with the "rest-and-digest" response. Reduced salivary production, leading to dry mouth, is part of the fight-or-flight response and can reasonably be expected not to be associated with the rest-and-digest response.

An individual who is a member of a lower socioeconomic class is likely to?

Individuals in lower socioeconomic classes possess less social capital, or "networking power." This is true because these people tend to exist within large, often family- or location-based personal networks, making statement IV accurate. Roman numeral II is also correct, since their large number of total connections tend to be bound by weak ties.

What is Informal social control?

Informal social control happens when individuals and groups try to improve conformity to norms and laws by shaming or pressuring others.

What is Informational influence?

Informational influence relates to group members' desire to be accurate or "right" about an idea. It explains why the most prevalent ideas to emerge from most group discussions are those that are most in line with the dominant, or majority, viewpoint. This does not represent the influence felt by Senator Jones.

What is Informative pressure?

Informative pressure is a subtype of conformity pressure. It occurs when an individual conforms his or her behavior to match that of the rest of a group out of the belief that the group is better informed and knows more than the individual.

What is Initial socialization ?

Initial socialization and primary socialization are the same thing

What is Insomnia?

Insomnia can be caused by a wide range of psychological and physical conditions, but it is not specifically associated with reduced dopamine signaling. Note that the fact that methamphetamine may induce insomnia is not relevant to this question, because the question specifically asks about toxicity to dopaminergic neurons.

What is Insulation of the group?

Insulation of the group will usually increase groupthink, as the members of the group will never come in contact with opposing ideas.

What is Intellectualization?

Intellectualization is the use of cognitive processes to separate oneself from the real problem and avoid emotions and impulses that may arise. If the program leader was using intellectualization, she might focus on statistics about relapse and quitting instead of thinking about why she's craving cigarettes.

Who is Hermann Ebbinghaus?

Interestingly, Hermann Ebbinghaus proposed both the forgetting curve and the spacing effect. More importantly, though, the concepts are not contradictory. Both relate to the principle that new memories are rapidly forgotten, but that overall retention can still be maximized by spreading out subsequent repetitions.

What are Intergenerational mobility?

Intergenerational mobility refers to changes in social status between different generations within the same family.

What is Internal validity?

Internal validity refers to how well the experiment is executed in terms of minimizing external biases and allowing legitimate causal conclusions. That is not the concern described in the question stem.

What is intersectionality from feminism?

Intersectionality is concerned with the intersection of different identities and how this unique combination influences people. Logically, this would naturally arise in response to feminism not accounting for the effects of the combination of multiple cultural identities.

What is Intragenerational mobility?

Intragenerational mobility refers to mobility within a generation and was not measured in this study.

How should a parent positively reinforce a behavior that a child is already intrinsically motivated to do?

It is a well-characterized and widely-discussed phenomenon in the field of reward psychology that intrinsic motivation to complete a certain task is undermined when that activity begins to be rewarded (both the desire to do the task and the performance on the task suffer as a result). Therefore, it is suggested by most reward psychologists to not reward a task that one already enjoys doing

What is the admiration stereotype?

Jackson probably used to see Jay this way! But, since the two are now competing to the detriment of their friendship

What is the John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment?

John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment examined fear conditioning.

What is Kin selection?

Kin selection is acting in a way that promotes the health and well-being of family members.

Participants from a self-help study are re-evaluated after 2 years, and the results reveal that those who experienced a slower reduction of stress levels since the study conclusion showed a significant decrease in their use the coping strategies learned in the study. What psychological phenomenon best explains this change?

Learned helplessness occurs when an individual perceives that his or her efforts will be unsuccessful and, as a result, stops trying to accomplish tasks. If these people were experiencing a very slow reduction of stress, it is likely they got frustrated and decided that the coping mechanisms were not working and that there was nothing they could do to address their problems.

What is the feminist theory of education?

Liberal feminists believe changes in equal opportunities and educational policies, e.g. the National Curriculum, will end patriarchy. Socialist/Marxist Feminism: These feminists believe that it is the gendered division of labour that contributes to women's inequality.

What statement about depression is most likely to come from a person with an external locus of control?

Locus of control is an aspect of personality and refers to the extent to which a person feels that he or she can control what happens to him or her. People with an external locus of control feel that they have no power over their situation. The statement in choice A suggests that the individual has no control and feels that depression is inevitable

What concept would be most supported if it were found that the sense of self of those Mexican women holding the most negative views of hysterectomy was strongly influenced by the women's suppositions about male perceptions?

Looking-glass self refers to an individual shaping his or her self-concept based on an understanding of how others perceive them. According to the concept, we imagine how we must appear to others and through reacting to their imagined judgements, develop our sense of self.

What is Major depressive disorder (MDD)?

Major depressive disorder (MDD), is a mental illness characterized by extreme sadness, excessive guilt, and anhedonia.

How long must a patient experience symptoms of depression before he or she can be diagnosed with major depressive disorder?

Major depressive disorder can be diagnosed once a person has at least one major depressive episode. Major depressive episodes last a minimum of 2 weeks.

What is Mania?

Mania describes an abnormally elevated state of arousal, with abnormally euphoric or irritable mood. The description in the question stem doesn't tell us anything about the disabled person's mood.

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, whatfactor does NOT explain why fewer people from low-income neighborhoods are able to reach their full potential?

Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests an order in which individuals will attend to various needs. If the basic needs of the pyramid are not met, then the individual will not be motivated to pursue self-actualization (i.e., reach their full potential). Educational opportunities, though important, are not a direct part of any level of Maslow's hierarchy

What is Matrilineal descent?

Matrilineal descent refers to a situation in which family ties derive more from the mother's side than the father's.

What is Melatonin?

Melatonin, a hormone often used as a sleep-enhancing supplement, is actually inhibited by bright light. Thus, a dark environment would (if anything) upregulate its release.

What are memory deficits?

Memory deficits would likely be associated with a stroke that affects the hippocampus.

what is meta analysis?

Meta-analysis is a statistical technique involving the aggregation of smaller studies pertaining to a certain research question in order to draw a conclusion that is statistically stronger than those of the individual studies.

What are mores and taboos?

Mores and taboos are unwritten rules in a society about what is considered right and wrong about important issues and are typically very broadly accepted within a given society (e.g. the incest taboo). Remember that on the MCAT, you can always eliminate two choices if they are functionally the same

What is the difference between mores, taboos, laws and folkways?

Mores are norms that are deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society and have consequences if violated. Health behaviors (like seeking help for an acute medical illness) are standards of behavior that are necessary for the well-being of everyone; if a person does not seek help, they may be shunned by family members or friends. Folkways are norms that govern everyday behavior (like holding a door open). Taboos are considered unacceptable by almost every culture (like cannibalism or incest). Laws are established standards of behavior that are written down and have very clear consequences.

What is the Representativeness heuristic?

Mr. Smith believed his son's look (and smell) was similar to a category of people (typical teens who smoke marijuana) and inferred that he had all of the attributes of a person who smokes.

If a wire administered an electric shock to the rhesus monkeys' spinal cords when the square was touched, what would this serve as?

Negative punishment is when something that the monkey wants is taken away; this is not happening here. Rather, something that the monkey does not want (an electrical shock) is applied. This is an example of positive punishment, making RN II correct. RN III is also correct because the electric shocks would teach the monkey to avoid touching the square.

What is non-material culture?

Non-material culture refers to the ideas, beliefs and attitudes of a society; beliefs about non-normative gender identity are considered part of the non-material culture.

What is Normative influence?

Normative influence is an influence to conform with the expectations of others to gain social approval.

What is Normative pressure?

Normative pressure is a subtype of conformity pressure in which the individual knows that the others are incorrect, but still feels pressure to not dissent from the rest of the group.

What is an observational study?

Observational studies draw inferences from a sample regarding the effects of an independent variable on a population, but where the independent variable is not specifically manipulated by the researcher. Common examples include case-control, cross-sectional, longitudinal, cohort and ecological studies.

What are the cluster B disorders?

Of the four Cluster B personality disorders, the only condition that is characterized by a fixation on intentional malevolence or sadism is antisocial personality disorder. Patients across multiple Cluster B conditions may lack empathy or disregard rules

What is a ordinal variable?

Ordinal variables can be ranked to allow for comparisons. For example, if you were asked about highest level of education achieved, you could respond with high school degree, college degree, medical degree, etc. College degrees are at a higher level than high school degrees, and medical degrees are at a higher level than college degrees.

What is the Outcome bias?

Outcome bias is the tendency to judge a decision based on its outcome rather than the original reasoning used to make the decision. It is not relevant to the issues with stigmatization discussed above.

What is Overgeneralization?

Overgeneralization occurs when a specific stimulus comes to be paired with similar stimuli.

What is Oxytocin?

Oxytocin is involved in mood, but it is predominately implicated in bonding and intimacy interactions rather than appetite satiation.

What are PC neurons?

PC neurons have a receptive field that is useful in detecting large differences, not small.

What are Sanctions?

Parents are choosing of their own free will, not based on sanctions or laws.

What is James Lange theory in regard to participants?

Participants should have had an equal level of emotional response regardless of information, according to the James-Lange theory.

What is the Cannon Bard theory in regard to participants?

Participants who received adrenaline scored higher than those who received the placebo, suggesting that there is a physiological component that acts as part of the emotional response (as opposed to physiological response being independent). This contradicts the Cannon-Bard theory.

What is a peer group?

Peer groups are groups that are similar in interests, background, and social status to oneself. These physicians would likely share similar educational background and socio-economic status.

What is Peer pressure?

Peer pressure does not fit well with this example.

What is Person perception?

Person perception refers to the mental processes by which we categorize and form impressions of other people.

What is the Personal constructs?

Personal constructs are beliefs about which attributes are most important in making judgments about people. Elena's mom did not specify what attributes she was looking for (like kindness or trustworthiness), just that first impressions are important.

What is Persuasion?

Persuasion is an active attempt to change another person's attitudes, beliefs, or feelings. Dr. Smith did not engage in persuasion.

What is the Philip Zimbardo's prison study?

Philip Zimbardo's prison study examined how people conform to different roles, especially when placed in positions of authority.

What is Positive punishment?

Positive punishment involves administration of a painful or unpleasant stimulus in an effort to decrease the frequency of a certain behavior. This does not match the situation described.

What is the Precontemplation stage?

Precontemplation is the first stage of change that describes when person is unaware of the problem (depression) and does not see the need to change.

What is Concrete operational?

Preoperational and concrete operational are actually two of Piaget's stages of cognitive development.

What is Preoperational?

Preoperational and concrete operational are actually two of Piaget's stages of cognitive development.

What is the Preparation stage?

Preparation is the third stage of change that describes when a person is aware of the problem (depression) and is actively planning to change.

What is Primary reinforcement?

Primary reinforcers are biologically based and naturally reinforcing; food, water, and air are some examples. No primary reinforcers are described in the prompt.

What is Primary socialization?

Primary socialization takes place before the age of 5 and generally refers exclusively to the influences of family members.

What is Procedural memory?

Procedural memory includes the memory of how to perform tasks, like riding a bike.

What is Procedural memory?

Procedural memory involves the unconscious recall of the steps involved in actions or physical behaviors. For example, procedural memory might help you ride your bike without consciously thinking about it. As an unconscious (implicit) type of memory, it isn't likely to benefit much from the method of loci.

What is a projection?

Projection involves a person taking their feelings about themselves and projecting them onto an external source. In this case, the boy is experiencing anxiety and frustration about being perceived as childish and irresponsible, and he projects those fears onto the puppy.

What is Prospective memory?

Prospective memory is used when we remember tasks that we need to complete in the future. The question never mentions Jenna thinking about the future at all.

What is Proximity?

Proximity says that people view things close to each other as being clumped together.

What is Psychoanalytic theory?

Psychoanalytic theory, largely developed by Sigmund Freud, focuses more on unconscious urges than on the fulfillment of potential. This theory includes the division of the personality into the id, ego, and superego.

What is projection?

Psychological projection is a defense mechanism in which a person defends themselves against an anxiety-inducing impulse by denying that he or she experiences the impulse, while simultaneously attributing the impulse to others.

Who is Carl Rogers?

Rogers' work was primarily focused on humanism, not evolutionary psychology.

What is REM sleep?

REM sleep is characterized by waves similar to beta waves, but with a less regular distribution.

What is Rationalization?

Rationalization happens when a person uses false but logical reasons to explain a feeling or desire. For example, the leader might say that she's only craving cigarettes because everyone else is talking about quitting, when, in reality, her cravings started before she began leading the program.

What is reaction formation?

Reaction formation is a defensive process in which anxiety-inducing impulses are minimized by displaying outwardly the exact opposite thought, feeling, or tendency

What is Reaction formation?

Reaction formation occurs when you express the opposite of your true motivations or desires. For example, if the leader really wanted the participants to keep smoking, she would emphatically discuss how they should quit.

What is Reappraisal?

Reappraisal refers to reevaluation of an already-known stressor; it does not apply in this situation.

What is Recall?

Recall is more difficult than recognition.

What is reciprocal determinism?

Reciprocal determinism is the theory set forth by Albert Bandura that a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the environment. t appears this behavior of attending séances, in conjunction with the social environment of others who attend the séances, caused the skeptic's views on supernatural phenomena to shift.

What is Reciprocal liking?

Reciprocal liking refers to the human proclivity to like and be attracted to others when we feel liked by those people ourselves

What is reconstructive bias?

Reconstructive bias is a type of bias related to memory. Most research on memories suggests that our memories of the past are not as accurate as we think, especially when we are remembering times of high stress.

What are symptoms of PTSD?

Recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive memories Dissociative reactions Increased startle and physiological response

What is a reference group?

Reference groups are groups one is likely to mentally compare oneself to. Doctors are likely to compare themselves to other doctors with whom they work.

What is Regression to the mean?

Regression to the mean refers to responses becoming less extreme when participants are assessed again, instead of becoming less moderate or average. In this study, individuals who became more moderate would be less likely to agree with strong attitudes about smoking cessation, so a smaller number would endorse that particular response.

What is the relapse stage?

Relapse is not one of the 5 steps; instead, it is a theoretical addition to the stages of change model. It describes when a person successfully makes a change but begins to experience the problem again after a period of time.

What is Relapse prevention?

Relapse prevention is often used when the target behavior carries with it high risk for relapse or a maladaptive coping mechanism. The program incorporated peer support and taught coping skills, both of which are relapse prevention strategies.

What is the relative deprivation theory?

Relative deprivation theory posits that individuals who perceive themselves as having less resources than others will often act in ways to obtain these resources.

What is repression?

Repression is an ego-defense mechanism in which a person simply chooses not to think about a painful topic.

What is resocialization?

Resocialization is the process of removing the behaviors and roles we have developed over time and replacing them with newly-learned behaviors and roles.

Role strain is defined as?

Role strain involves a single role with multiple aspects that are sometimes at odds. Do not confuse this with role conflict, which relates to more than one distinct, competing roles.

What is the soma?

SSRIs do not act on the cell body (soma) itself.

What is the The axonal node of Ranvier?

SSRIs have no effect at the nodes of Ranvier.

In which neuronal location will selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have the greatest effect?

SSRIs inhibit the reuptake mechanism of serotonin from the synaptic cleft. This causes serotonin to remain in the cleft longer in order to facilitate the molecule's binding to dendritic neurotransmitter receptors.

What is a dendrite?

SSRIs mostly act within the synaptic cleft itself rather than the dendrite.

What is gender identity?

Sandra's narrative described "the loss of [her] uterus" as causing the "loss of the personal experience of being a full-fledged woman." This emphasizes the direct relationship between hysterectomy and a change in Sandra's gender identity—the personal experience of one's own gender.

WHat is Schizoaffective disorder?

Schizoaffective disorder is a thought disorder and is unlikely to cause an individual to perceive more crime.

What is Secondary socialization?

Secondary socialization is the act of learning a subset of values and norms that apply to a specific group within society, like the military, a particular college, or prison. In this example, the child is not learning a behavior that applies only to a small group.

The socialization medical students experience as a result of non-family influences during their adolescence is most likely considered?

Secondary socialization takes place in late childhood and adolescence. It arises out of interactions with non-family members, such as peers or teachers at school.

What is Abraham Maslow's self-actualization theory?

Self-actualization is a level of high achievement, in which you have done all you can and accomplished your goals to the best of your ability. This theory fits best with the idea that education should help children develop and reach their highest potential.

What is self-determination theory?

Self-determination theory is a macro theory of human motivation and personality that concerns people's inherent growth tendencies and innate psychological needs.

What is Self-discrepancy theory?

Self-discrepancy theory references the distinction between the actual self, the ought self, and the ideal self. While better than choices B and C, this answer does not directly connect to identity formation.

WHat is self-efficacy?

Self-efficacy is a self-assessment centered on an individual's ability to perform a specific task or set of tasks.

What is self-esteem?

Self-esteem is an over-arching evaluation of one's self-worth.

A theory which explains how gender stereotypes lead to gender-stereotyped behavior is?

Self-fulfilling prophecy describes a person behaving in a certain way because they believe that they are supposed to behave that way. Gender stereotypes describe how a person believes they are to behave, and their behavior follows.

What is Serotonin?

Serotonin is typically considered to be a neurotransmitter, not a hormone.

Researchers have observed that as feelings of euphoria rise in substance abuse patients, their regulation of satiety declines. This leads to these patients craving higher quantities of the drug to obtain the same "high." What neurotransmitter most likely governs this decline in satiety?

Serotonin signaling within the hypothalamus is the key pathway through which appetite and satiation signaling is conducted.

What is Self-monitoring?

Self-monitoring is a long-term strategy that usually involves self-reflection and taking regular notes on your behavior, thoughts, and attitudes over time. There is nothing in the passage that suggests that the program happened more than once or that self-monitoring was used as part of the program or afterwards.

What is Sensory bias?

Sensory bias occurs when organisms exploit a non-mating preference to gain access to potential mating opportunities. It does not apply to this situation.

What is sexual dimorphism?

Sexual dimorphism refers to biological differences based on gender. The question stem isn't referring to actual differences, just the fact that perceived stereotypes can negatively impact performance.

What are laws?

Shaking hands with one's left hand is certainly not illegal, nor is it punishable with defined consequences.

What are auditory hallucinations?

Similarly, auditory hallucinations might follow from a stroke in the hearing centers of the temporal lobe.

What is an independent variable?

Since QIDS-SR16 score was measured as a function of participation in neurofeedback sessions, it was not the independent variable. Instead, participation in neurofeedback sessions would be considered the independent variable (although this was a pilot study that did not carefully manipulate the independent variable to rigorously analyze the effects of treatment versus non-treatment or degree of success in neurofeedback sessions).

What social institutions were involved in preventing HIV/AIDS testing and treatment?

Since only the government is mentioned in HIV denialism and racism is not a social institution

What is a caste system?

Since the main focus of this study was the association between social mobility and psychiatric disorders, its findings can only be extended to societies in which social mobility is relatively easy. This excludes caste systems, in which one's social status is determined hereditarily.

Which of the following phenomena would provide the most reasonable explanation for the elevated perception of crime observed in economically depressed neighborhoods?

Social anomie is a feeling of disconnection from moral boundaries in society. Thus, individuals feeling this way could perceive greater crime rates than what is actually occurring due to the fact that they do not feel that society reflects values that they hold important.

What is Social capital?

Social capital refers to things of value that one possesses by virtue of social networks, rather than through material possessions. The best friend in this scenario was able to use his connection to the maître d' to get something he wanted through use of a social network.

What is Social constructivism?

Social constructivism would not focus on money.

Additional studies reveal there is a social stigma against mistreating people with mental illness. This poses a validity issue for the study in the passage because it implies that some of the participant responses might be affected by?

Social desirability bias is the tendency for people to answer survey questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others. Caregivers might be loath to report emotional hostility in surveys, which could be perceived as mistreatment, and might be more likely to report protectiveness, as this could be perceived as the opposite of mistreatment. Therefore, the survey may have issues with measuring both in a valid manner, as answers may not reflect the true underlying phenomenon.

A first-year resident is preparing a case presentation when he realizes that he forgot to ask the patient about her medication history. He asks other hospital staff members what to do. A group of third-year residents advise him to contact the patient and add the information, but his close friends (who are also first-year residents) tell him to guess since no one will know the difference. If the resident's behavior conforms to the concept of social proof, he will?

Social proof, also known as informational social influence, is a psychological phenomenon where people assume the actions of others in an attempt to reflect correct behavior for a given situation. Informational social influence occurs most often when the situation is ambiguous. We have choices, but do not know which to select; there is a crisis and we have no time to think or experiment, as a decision is required now; others are experts. If we accept the authority of others, they must know better than us. If the first-year resident conforms because of informational social influences, he most likely does so because he assumes that the third-year residents know what they are doing, considers them experts, and thinks that he can trust that their opinion is correct.

What is Social reproduction?

Social reproduction involves the transfer of tradition, either good or bad and often cited in relation to finances, to subsequent generations. No intergenerational transfer is mentioned here.

The high levels of tobacco use among adults and the earlier onset of first use of tobacco suggests that at least part of the higher tobacco use among rural patients is due to?

Social reproduction is the perpetuation of social norms through socialization and social institutions. Two major socializing forces are family and peers. Thus if a child sees heavy tobacco use as normal among older family members and peers, he is more likely to begin using and to continue to use tobacco.

What is the functionalist theory of social stratification?

Social stratification is necessary and results from the need for those with special intelligence, knowledge, and skills to be a part of the most important professions and occupations.

What is NOT used as a measure of socioeconomic status?

Socioeconomic status is typically measured by occupation, employment, household income, and educational attainment.

What is the Soloman Asch's conformity experiment?

Soloman Asch's conformity experiment looked at how and why people adopt majority group decisions.

Which sequence best describes the pathway used to transmit auditory information in humans?

Sound travels from the cochlea in the ear to the organ of Corti, which translates physical vibrations into electrical signals. From here, these signals leave the ear and move via the auditory nerve to the brain stem, eventually reaching the medial geniculate nucleus. This information is then processed in the auditory cortex. Cochlea → organ of Corti → medial geniculate nucleus → auditory cortex

Who is Charles Spearman?

Spearman is associated with the two-factor theory of intelligence, which includes the g and s factors.

What is Stage 1 of sleep?

Stage 1 sleep is characterized by theta waves.

Assuming that mortality rates had been significantly reduced by modern sanitation and medicine before the period described by this study, during which stage of the demographic transition did this study take place?

Stage 3 describes a period where the mortality rate is low and the fertility rate declines; this results in a population whose growth stabilizes.

The population dynamics discussed in this passage for Germany in 2010 correspond most closely to which stage of the demographic transition?

Stage 4 of the demographic transition corresponds to a slowly-growing or shrinking population associated with low mortality and fertility rates. This corresponds to the situation described in paragraph 1 for Germany and other European countries.

What is stereotype threat?

Stereotype threat occurs when individuals perceive that they are expected to perform in a certain way based on a stereotype, such as gender norms about academic performance. These individuals then unwittingly follow this pattern. This answer addresses stereotypes, which include the idea that girls do poorly at math and science. The girls appeared to have "fulfilled" this stereotype.

Who is Robert Sternberg?

Sternberg was the main proponent of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

What is Stimulus discrimination?

Stimulus discrimination is a process in conditioning in which the response comes to be paired with more specific stimuli.

In the film Planet of the Apes, a society of primates grew from human civilization and eventually contained workers, teachers, professors, and politicians of different social standings. The overall prestige of each member of society sprung from his or her amount of influence, family, and pay. This societal arrangement can be described as?

Stratification is marked by the existence of different "layers" of social classes that form on the bases of wealth, power, and prestige. The scenario presented in Planet of the Apes greatly resembles human American society, which is also stratified into a number of socioeconomic levels.

What cultural factor could help explain the pattern of findings observed in the study participants?

Strong religiosity is associated with more acceptance and greater use of emotion-focused strategies to manage reactions to events.

What is Structural functionalism?

Structural functionalism would more likely study the ways in which the healthcare system organizes resources to address social problems.

What is the The Cannon-Bard theory?

The Cannon-Bard theory describes perception as consisting of separate emotional and physiological reactions.

What is the Cannon-Bard theory?

The Cannon-Bard theory describes perception as consisting of separate, simultaneous emotional and physiological reactions.

What is the "golden ratio"?

The "golden ratio" refers to specific proportions that people tend to find most attractive.

What is the theory of cognitive appraisal?

The "theory of cognitive appraisal" explains the mental processes which influence the stressors. According to the theory, stress is a two-way process; it involves the production of stressors by the environment as well as the response of an individual subjected to these stressors. Cognitive appraisal occurs when a person considers the threat posed by and the resources needed to minimize the stressors affecting them. In this study, the subjects were simply asked to make a decision, not to address their anxiety or the stressors causing it.

What is the Broadbent model?

The Broadbent model would apply in this scenario only if the violinist never noticed the voices at all. According to this theory, some distracting stimuli are selectively filtered out at a "bottleneck," preventing them from ever reaching the subject's higher-level processing.

What is the Eustachian tube?

The Eustachian tube helps the ear maintain equal pressure with the environment. The reptiles' ears would still need to perform this task.

Individuals who first experience a physiological response when asked to speak about being a victim of crime and then perceive that response are demonstrating what theory of emotion or perception?

The James-Lange theory is a theory of emotion in which individuals first perceive a physiological sensation, then interpret this sensation as a type of emotion.

Individuals who first experience a physiological response when asked to speak about being a victim of crime and then perceive that response are demonstrating which theory of emotion or perception?

The James-Lange theory is a theory of emotion in which individuals first perceive a physiological sensation, then interpret this sensation as a type of emotion.

What is the James-Lange theory?

The James-Lange theory relates to emotion, not gradual changes.

What is The Moro reflex?

The Moro reflex is an instinctual response to the feeling of falling. An infant will throw his head back, extend his arms, and cry when physical support is withdrawn.

What is the Schachter -Singer theory?

The Schachter -Singer theory states that there is a physiological reaction and a cognitive label.

What is the Schachter -Singer?

The Schachter -Singer theory states that there is a physiological reaction and a cognitive label.

What are Piaget's stages of development?

The Sensorimotor Stage Ages: Birth to 2 Years - The infant knows the world through their movements and sensations. Children learn about the world through basic actions such as sucking, grasping, looking, and listening. Infants learn that things continue to exist even though they cannot be seen (object permanence). They are separate beings from the people and objects around them. They realize that their actions can cause things to happen in the world around them. The Preoperational Stage Ages: 2 to 7 Years - Children begin to think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent objects. Children at this stage tend to be egocentric and struggle to see things from the perspective of others. While they are getting better with language and thinking, they still tend to think about things in very concrete terms. The Concrete Operational Stage Ages: 7 to 11 Years - During this stage, children begin to thinking logically about concrete events. They begin to understand the concept of conservation; that the amount of liquid in a short, wide cup is equal to that in a tall, skinny glass, for example. Their thinking becomes more logical and organized, but still very concrete. Children begin using inductive logic, or reasoning from specific information to a general principle. The Formal Operational Stage Ages: 12 and Up - At this stage, the adolescent or young adult begins to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems. Abstract thought emerges. Teens begin to think more about moral, philosophical, ethical, social, and political issues that require theoretical and abstract reasoning. Begin to use deductive logic, or reasoning from a general principle to specific information.

What does The adrenal cortex do?

The adrenal cortex does release cortisol directly, but this is not the organ where the signal initiates. Similarly, the anterior pituitary does participate in this pathway, but is not the first organ involved.

What does the adrenal medulla do?

The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines, not steroid hormones like cortisol.

What is affect heuristic?

The affect heuristic is the process of making a judgment based on emotions that are evoked.

What is The affective component?

The affective component, which consists of emotions and feelings, is best represented by this man's fear or dislike of driving quickly.

What area of the brain is most closely associated with the generation of emotions and emotional behavior?

The amygdala is part of the limbic system and is the brain's center for emotions and emotional behavior.

What is the Anterior cingulate gyrus?

The anterior cingulate gyrus is involved in regulating autonomic processes in the body.

When the amount of tobacco products consumed by those who use tobacco?

The authors make a point to tell us that tobacco consumption was compared across patient populations that had controlled for age and race. Thus choice D is correct because the researchers considered potential confounding factors and accounted for them.

What is The autonomic nervous system?

The autonomic nervous system controls physiological responses

What is the Availability heuristic?

The availability heuristic states that whatever comes to mind first is what we believe to be common and prevalent. This isn't the best option here.

One of the nurses in the study stated that she always does whatever the attending physician says to do. She does this because he is her boss and an authority figure, and believes her job is to obey his orders. What social psychology experiment examined factors that best explain to the nurse's behavior?

The behavior of interest is Jessica's obedience to authority (the attending physician) and belief that her role at the hospital is to fulfill his wishes. Stanley Milgram's electric shock study examined factors related to obedience to authority and identification with obedient roles.

What is the most likely reason that ingesting serotonin is not a treatment for depression, while ingesting tryptophan can help?

The best way to approach this question is to eliminate answers that are clearly wrong. It is unlikely to be very difficult to produce serotonin in a lab, as it simply involves the hydroxylation of an amino acid. It is also unlikely that choice C is correct, since serotonin could be introduced gradually into the body. Finally, it is unreasonable to think that serotonin would be excessively acidic, certainly no more so than tryptophan. Thus, choice A makes the most sense; it gives a logical reason why the ingestion of serotonin would have no effect in the brain.

What is the Biological perspective?

The biological perspective is based on biological inheritance, which is irrelevant to this scenario.

What is NOT a reason that positive punishment alone for pushing an incorrect button would likely not be an effective strategy in teaching the cats to push the correct button?

The buttons themselves are not reinforcers, so this is the answer to this "NOT" question.

What is a dependent variable?

The dependent variable is that which varies outside of the direct control of the researcher. The goal of an experiment is to identify which, if any, independent variables have a decisive impact on dependent variables. Here, only one dependent variable exists: the level of displayed altruism.

When considering the merits of an advertised product, the elaboration likelihood model suggests that high self-monitors would be most influenced by?

The elaboration likelihood model (ELM) is a theory that describes the ways in which persuasive information may be processed. The ELM proposes two major routes to persuasion: the central route and the peripheral route. Under the central route, persuasion will likely result from a person's careful consideration of the merits of persuasive information. Under the peripheral route, persuasion results from a person's association with positive or negative cues such as the attractiveness of the message source and its related presentation. In this sense, if advertising images for a product are presented and prove persuasive, it will have occurred via peripheral route processing. Because the passage indicates that high self-monitors are "motivated to attain high social status," it can be assumed that they would react most positively to images associating a product with high status.

Which of the following trends would most directly challenge the predictions?

The end of paragraph 3 states that these predictions are based on "the assumption that age-specific behavioral contributions to emissions do not change." This means that the correct answer should reflect age-specific changes in behavior that could reasonably affect carbon emissions. The changes discussed in option B are age-specific, and the first half of paragraph 3 provides support for these behaviors being linked to carbon emissions. If adults of ages 29-59 used low-emissions forms of transport and traveled infrequently, this would undermine the passage statement that people of these ages will contribute to the expected increase in carbon emissions.

What is the The enteric nervous system?

The enteric nervous system involves gastrointestinal parts, which are not related to this theory of emotion.

What is the the fundamental attribution error?

The fundamental attribution error involves the attribution of other individuals' actions to their personalities. For example, if someone drives too fast on the freeway, we may attribute this behavior to recklessness or carelessness. This is not applicable here, as participants were not asked to determine the causes of the behavior of others.

What are glucocorticoid receptor genes?

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR, or GCR) also known as NR3C1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1) is the receptor to which cortisol and other glucocorticoids bind. The GR is expressed in almost every cell in the body and regulates genes controlling the development, metabolism, and immune response.

What is Similarity?

The grey circles are perceived to fall into one group, while the black circles are perceived to exist in another, due to the Law of Similarity. In this case, this similarity is of color. This creates groups that are perceived as horizontal rows of dots.

What is heterogeneity?

The heterogeneity of participants does not have bearing on their use of coping strategies.

What does the Hippocampus do?

The hippocampus is more closely involved with memory.

What is the hypothalamus involved with?

The hypothalamus is not involved in the mesolimbic pathway.

What is alpha-asymmetry?

The key to this question is to read the axes carefully. The y-axis measures the difference of the log-transformed values of L3 and L4, which the passage tells us measure alpha activity on the left and right sides of the frontal lobe, respectively. Therefore, if L3 is greater than L4, there is more alpha activity on the left side, meaning that a positive alpha-asymmetry is present. If L4 is greater than L3, there is more alpha activity on the right side, meaning that a negative alpha-asymmetry is present. Although Figure 1 indicates a brief moment when the alpha-asymmetry was zero, by the end of the study, the alpha-asymmetry value was negative, indicating that it was still present, but had switched sides. Based on this, B is the correct answer, because it does not accurately characterize Figure 1.

What is the law of diminishing returns?

The law of diminishing returns refers to lessened results gained from some action over time.

What is the limbic system?

The limbic system, which includes the amygdala, is more closely related to emotion than to speech.

What is Informal positive sanction?

The media did not reward the behavior exhibited, so this is not a positive sanction.

What is the medial geniculate nucleus?

The medial geniculate nucleus receives and transmits a great deal of auditory information. However, it does not specifically relate to sound localization or to fixation on a point in the visual field.

What is an ideal bureaucracy?

The motivation of an up-focused organization is to provide returns to shareholders. An ideal bureaucracy will make decisions in accordance with its mission.

Which of the following is NOT a biological explanation for hearing loss?

The occipital lobe is part of the visual system, not the auditory system. The other answers involve parts of the auditory system which, if damaged, could lead to hearing loss.

Disability activists are likely to react to programs looking to cure a disability with?

The opinions of disability activists are mentioned in paragraphs 3 and 4. The passage states that disability activists believe that disability is not a medical issue (paragraph 3) and oppose medical approaches to disability in most areas (paragraph 4). Choice C matches this sentiment well.

In the experimental setup described in this passage, a high numerical score on the scale from 0 to 128 points functioned as?

The passage states that neurofeedback involves operant conditioning, then describes the use of a numerical score as a way to reward participants for successfully adjusting the temperature of the thermometer and encouraging them to adjust the temperature of the thermometer in the future. This means that the scale is functioning as reinforcement. The participants receive something extra (a high score), meaning that this is positive reinforcement.

Which of the following would be most likely to significantly change the demographic structure of a society that has moved to the post-industrial phase of the demographic transition?

The post-industrial phase of the demographic transition is characterized by an aging, declining population with low mortality and fertility rates. Widespread immigration, however, is capable of changing those patterns.

What is Postconventional?

The postconventional stage in Kohlberg's stages of moral development is characterized by concern for morality and the good of society, rather than social rules and laws.

What is Preconventional?

The preconventional stage in Kohlberg's stages of moral development is characterized by more concern for rewards and punishments than social rules and law

What is a class system?

The presence of a class system is consistent with mobility across classes as described in this study.

What is the prisoners dilemma?

The prisoner's dilemma is a standard example from psychological game theory that shows why two completely "rational" individuals might not cooperate, even if it appears that it is in their best interests to do so.

Which aspect of groupthink most strongly influences the decision of a holiday sale shopper to act uncharacteristically and unapologetically violent towards others, and then to justify it when confronted?

The question describes the customers as being aggressive or violent and states that they feel like they are in the right given the circumstances, even though that kind of behavior would usually be unacceptable. So, groups of violent shoppers believe that they are in the right and need to be aggressive to get what they want while in that particular situation.

With regard to signal detection theory, which statement is most likely true?

The question stem mentions that the sleep-deprived participants are exposed to sounds before the beeps, while the control subjects are not. It thus makes sense that the sleep-deprived subjects might hold certain response biases that cause them to consciously notice new sounds more quickly.

What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

The quickest rule of thumb for distinguishing between the two is that operant conditioning involves changing the frequency of a behavior, whereas classical conditioning involves changing the cues that a behavior is associated with. The concepts of punishment and reinforcement are associated with operant conditioning. Therefore, methamphetamine administration was neither a punishment nor a reinforcement. Another way of looking at this is that methamphetamine administration was the independent variable of the study, not something administered in response to a given behavior.

What is the Recency effect?

The recency effect is the valuing of information that is presented later, more so than information gained earlier; this does not relate to first impressions.

What is The recency effect?

The recency effect refers to our tendency to remember the first term in a list more readily than terms given in the middle. It has no relation to infantile amnesia.

longitudinal vs. cross sectional studies?

The research in which the participants are surveyed is cross-sectional because they are surveyed at one time point. The research in which the actual crime rate is compared along different time points is longitudinal.

What strategies would most likely lead to increased use of problem-focused strategies by patients on dialysis?

The results suggest that coping skill use is highly correlated with its perceived helpfulness. Thus, a strategy in which patients come to view problem-oriented strategies as more effective would likely lead to greater use of coping skills.

What is the scalae?

The scalae are chambers within the cochlea. As these lizards (as far as we know) are able to hear in a similar fashion to humans, they would require fairly similar cochleas.

What is the self-serving bias ?

The self-serving bias is people's tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors. This is not as relevant to the issues with stigma mentioned above.

What is a locus of control?

The skeptic may not believe that the medium has control over supernatural phenomena, but this does not explain the evolution of the skeptic's views.

What is the The somatic nervous system?

The somatic nervous system involves conscious control of muscles. The physiological responses involved in the James-Lange theory are unconscious, like an increase in heart rate.

What stage of change are patients most likely experiencing if they recognize that their symptoms of depression are a problem and are beginning to consider potential barriers to treatment?

The stage of change model, also known as the transtheoretical model of change, describes 5 stages (precontemplation → contemplation → preparation → action → maintenance) that a person may go through to make a change to their behavior. Contemplation describes the second stage of change, in which a person recognizes that there is a problem and is beginning to think about fixing it.

What does the temporal lobe do?

The temporal lobe is involved in memory, but this sort of muscle memory is more likely to be cerebellar in nature.

What would LEAST likely to contribute to the bystander effect?

The tendency to misinterpret (not correctly interpret) the seriousness of a situation is a factor that contributes to the bystander effect.

What is the thalamus?

The thalamus is a center through which sensory data is routed.

What is the Thalamus?

The thalamus is involved in relaying sensory and motor information to the rest of the brain.

What is a normative organization?

The three general types of organizations are coercive, normative, and utilitarian. Because these subjects are volunteering, they are participating in a normative organization.

WHat is negative punishment?

The use of the score is designed to reinforce the desired behavior, so it is not a punishment, and it involves providing the participants with something extra, so it is positive, not negative.

What is positive punishment?

The use of the score is designed to reinforce the desired behavior, so it is not a punishment. Punishments are intended to decrease the frequency of their associated behaviors.

What is the vestibulocochlear nerve?

The vestibulocochlear nerve is another term for the auditory nerve, which is necessary if these animals are to hear at all.

What does prejudice, stigma, and stereotyping have in common?

These concepts involve attitudes, not actions.

What is the house money effect?

They found that after a prior gain, people become more open to assuming risk since the new money is not treated as one's own.

What strategy would NOT be helpful in increasing the cats' compliance with pushing the correct button?

This could decrease compliance, as the cats would not learn to discriminate the target button from other buttons.

Another team of researchers objected to the decision to exclude participants with a history of drug use, questioning whether the findings of this study can meaningfully be applied to individuals with a higher propensity towards addiction. This is a criticism of which aspect of the study design?

This criticism addresses the generalizability of the study's findings to a broader population, which is referred to as external validity.

What is histrionic personality disorder?

This disorder is characterized by an extreme desire for attention; it does not specifically relate to health concerns.

What is Norm-deviance dynamics?

This does not refer to a sociological framework and is purely a distractor.

What is a cross-sectional study?

This is not a cross-sectional study, as it evaluates the experimental subjects at multiple points in time, not just one.

What is a retrospective study?

This is not a retrospective study, as it does not examine records from prior to the date on which the research began.

What would NOT be a way to treat depression?

This question asks us to rely on passage information to determine which statement would not function to increase serotonin transmission levels in the brain. When membrane receptors are internalized, they are taken up in vesicles and transported into the cell (away from the membrane) for either degradation or recycling. Choice C, then, would result in a decrease in the number of serotonin receptors on neuron membranes. In particular, fewer serotonin receptors on post-synaptic cells would result in decreased serotonin transmission, as fewer serotonin molecules could bind to their receptors. Note that even if you have not heard the term "internalization," you should still be able to answer this question, either by using process of elimination or by inferring that "internal" movement must be away from the membrane and toward the interior of the cell.

The most likely reason for stopping tuberculosis treatment for non-white people was?

This question centers on paragraph 3, which states that non-white people with tuberculosis were sometimes treated on an emergency basis in white hospitals, but transferred to resource-poor Homeland hospitals where medication was not available. Connecting "resource-poor" to unavailable medications yields C - that there was not enough money to buy and distribute the medicine.

Under apartheid, the unequal medical treatment received by people of different races was a form of?

This question is about two things: discrimination versus prejudice and institutional versus individual behavior. Policies of segregation and group-level phenomena are usually not individual. Discrimination describes actions, while prejudice relates to beliefs, so the descriptor of an action in the form of a policy would be "institutional discrimination."

Which of the following is most likely the main idea behind a cognitive theory of depression?

This question is asking us to determine which statement best describes a cognitive theory. A cognitive theory must have some discussion of thought processes

Light therapy is sometimes used to treat depression. Which of the following are most likely to change quickly and directly as a result of light therapy?

This question is asking us to interpret new information and does not rely on the passage. Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland that is inhibited by light.

A medical student known for suggesting very unlikely, extreme diagnoses for his patients' illnesses joins a team of other medical students with similar personalities. According to the theory of group polarization, what will happen when this student is approached with a new patient to diagnose?

This question is testing understanding of the concept of group polarization, or the phenomenon in which an individual's thinking or opinions becomes more extreme when the individual belongs to a group with similar opinions compared to when the individual is not within a group.

Disability activists are similar to feminist theorists of sociology in that they?

This question requires a knowledge of the definition of feminist theory. Eliminating choices that do not fit with the definition of feminist theory should be enough

The philosopher Peter Singer has called for the killing of people with disabilities because they cost too much for the state to support. This statement is most likely based on?

This question requires classifying "cost to the state" in the four orientations of sociology (functionalism, conflict theory, rational choice theory, and symbolic interactionism). Because the statement in question is about money, it should have a rationalist orientation (rational choice theory or symbolic interactionism). Because it is about cost to the state and not to different social groups or parties, it cannot be conflict theory.

What is the Schachter-Singer theory in regard to participants?

This question requires the reader to interpret the graph. In the study, all participants were given an injection of adrenaline. Thus, a physiological response was induced. When participants were exposed to a stimulus, the emotional condition, they had different levels of emotional response based on what type of information they received. Taken together, we see a physiological response paired with an interpretation of it.

Imagine that a tendency emerges in Germany in the 2060s in which companies prefer hiring younger employees over older ones due to a surplus of older employees in the labor market. This would be an example of?

This situation exemplifies discrimination because it involves specific actions with a differential impact based on group membership.

What is Conformity pressure?

This tendency to conform occurs in small groups and/or society as a whole, and may result from subtle unconscious influences, or direct and overt social pressure. Conformity can occur in the presence of others, or when an individual is alone.

What is Baby dementia?

This term, though creative, is not a scientific concept.

What is the interface theory of perception?

This theory states that individuals rely on heuristics to perceive, which override accurate perception.

What is the interface theory of perception?

This theory states that individuals rely on heuristics to perceive, which overrides accurate perception.

What is Thorndike's law?

Thorndike's law of effect relates to learning through conditioning.

What is Trait theory?

Trait theories aim to divide personality into a number of traits, or personal qualities, that may or may not be expressed by particular individuals.

What is transference?

Transference is the inappropriate transferring of feelings about one relationship to another. The classic example is a patient transferring childhood feelings about a parent onto their therapist.

What is the peripheral route?

Under the peripheral route, persuasion results from a person's association with positive or negative cues such as the attractiveness of the message source and its related presentation. In this sense, if advertising images for a product are presented and prove persuasive, it will have occurred via peripheral route processing.

What would contradict what other reason given for gender stereotypes persisting?

Underperception of stereotype violations According to the study, females were given negative feedback in response to their non-traditional gendered behavior, indicating that participants perceived this behavior.

What is a utilitarian organization?

Utilitarian organizations are organizations where members are compensated for their involvement. Employees of a particular company share membership in a utilitarian organization.

What is Vagal tone?

Vagal tone is a measure of sympathetic nervous system activity that relates to the vagus nerve. It is not measured using auditory readings.

What is the difference between variable-ratio, fixed-ratio, and variable-interval?

Variable-ratio reinforcement schedules tend to produce the highest response rates that are the most resistant to extinction, which is exactly why casinos use them. Fixed - at one specific moment. variable-interval - at various time intervals

What is not a function associated with the frontal lobe?

Visual processing. The occipital lobe, not the frontal lobe, is the visual processing center of the brain. Executive function, attention, and motivation are all localized in the frontal lobe.

What is Vygotsky propose?

Vygotsky proposed the idea that some tasks are easily accomplished by a child, while others are well outside the child's abilities. However, some skills fall in between those two categories and can be completed with help from a "more knowledgeable other." Nothing about this theory is relevant here.

Mrs. Mooney is a member of the lower middle class. Mrs. Mooney is most likely?

We can use process of elimination for this question, but it is helpful to begin with a general definition of the lower middle class. According to recent estimates, the annual income of a typical individual in this stratum ranges from $32,500 to $60,000 annually. These workers usually possess at least some college education. This automatically eliminates choice A; this secretary is part of the lower (or working) class. Choice C can also be eliminated, as a lawyer would have to possess a graduate degree and would fall into the middle class at the lowest. Returning to choice B, most teachers earn within the range specified (with the exception of those in high-cost-of-living areas). Teachers also possess some higher education, with a bachelor's degree at the least.

A mother abuses her son, causing bruises to form on his arms and legs. When taking her son to the pediatrician's office, which explanation from the mother would constitute a rationalization for her abuse?

We should know for test day that someone who rationalizes unpleasant behaviors will often cast his or her misconduct in a favorable light after the fact. Choice C rationalizes hitting a child by saying that it was done to protect him in the future, and that the mother is therefore actually helping her child rather than hurting him.

What is webers law?

Weber's law asserts that perceptible differences are proportional to the initial perception. Thus, a 10% increase in area was perceptible, but a 1% to 9% increase in area was imperceptible. For this reason, the 9% increase in area (200 to 218) would be perceived as the same size as before.

One reason that individuals do not seek help with hearing until hearing problems are entrenched is related to?

Weber's law implies that gradual changes in a stimulus may elude detection, as they may fall below the just-noticeable difference threshold. More importantly, the other choices are unrelated to the concept given.

What is Wernicke's area?

Wernicke's area is involved in the comprehension, not the production, of speech. An individual with Wernicke's aphasia would be able to produce fluent-sounding words and sentences, but they would be nonsensical.

What does it mean to have a higher income?

When compared to people with high incomes, people who live in poverty are less likely to have access to treatment for depression.

What is desensitization and a residual image?

When green cones are desensitized, a residual image is able to be perceived. Given that each group reported seeing the residual image intensely, it can be inferred that desensitization of green cones occurred.

What are utilitarian organizations?

Workers who are compensated for their efforts comprise utilitarian organizations.

Who is Sigmund Freud?

While Freud proposed many theories in the field of psychology, he is not known for positing the existence of multiple intelligences.

Who is Sigmund Freud?

While Freud was inspired by Darwin's theories of evolution, Freud's work tends to avoid any evolutionary psychological themes.

What is a a retrospective quantitative study?

While a retrospective study does consider past events, it does not examine subjective elements of experiences. The study done wasn't quantitative, since it focused on the life story of a handful of women.

What is deindividuation?

While deindividuation is another group phenomenon, it refers specifically to an individual's deviation from usual behavior due to the relative anonymity provided by the group. As far as we know, these boys have not felt more anonymous or begun to lose touch with their own identities; they simply feel pressure to conform and wear certain apparel.

What is self-schemata?

While self-concept is generally considered to include one's self-schemata, it also includes conceptions of one's past, present and future selves.

What does the amygdala do?

While the amygdala is involved in the mesolimbic pathway, it is not mentioned in the passage, nor is it where the dopamine is produced.

What do the nucleus accumbens do?

While the nucleus accumbens is involved in the mesolimbic pathway, it is not where the dopamine is produced. The passage states that it is one of the endpoints of the pathway.

What is Paranoid personality disorder ?

While this is a personality disorder, it is part of a different "cluster" than BPD. Paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders are currently grouped together.

What is Stage 1?

a country is pre-industrial and has high mortality and fertility rates.

What are personality disorders?

a deeply ingrained and maladaptive pattern of behavior of a specified kind, typically manifest by the time one reaches adolescence and causing long-term difficulties in personal relationships or in functioning in society.

What is police bias?

accompanying bias affects police interactions with mental health patients,

What is antisocial personality disorder?

antisocial PD is unique in that its patients may exhibit deliberate sadism.

What is Major depressive disorder (MDD)?

appears to be associated with relatively more left than right resting (alpha) activity in prefrontal regions.

What is the Narcissistic personality disorder?

are grandiosity, a lack of empathy for other people, and a need for admiration. People with this condition are frequently described as arrogant, self-centered, manipulative, and demanding. They may also concentrate on grandiose fantasies (e.g. their own success, beauty, brilliance) and may be convinced that they deserve special treatment. Narcissistic personality disorder occurs when patients have an inflated sense of their own importance and a deep craving for admiration.

What is psychophysical discrimination testing?

asses perception of stimuli in relation to true physical properties (difference thresholds) experiments seek to determine whether the subject can detect a stimulus, identify it, differentiate between it and another stimulus, or describe the magnitude or nature of this difference

What is overgeneralization?

common error in reasoning which presents a generalization that is not fully true as stated.

Subjects' scores on the QIDS-SR 16 inventory functioned as?

dependent variable. "five participants met the criteria for response and/or remission after treatment" and that "during treatment, mean QIDS-SR16 scores decreased significantly (p = .048)." This indicates that the researchers measured QIDS-SR16 scores as a function of participation in neurofeedback sessions, meeting the criterion for being a dependent variable. Remember, dependent variables are those that are measured by researchers, generally because they are thought to vary in response to changes in a manipulated independent variable.

What is the differential association theory?

developed by Edwin Sutherland proposing that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior.

What is the difference between dispositional attribution, external attribution, situational attribution?

e passage lists a variety of factors that contribute to marijuana use, including internal (or dispositional) processes like beliefs about marijuana safety, and external (or situational) processes like peer pressure or parental beliefs about use. Each factor is attributed to a different cause

What is Fertility rate?

fertility rate begins to decrease later, well after mortality rate starts to fall. Additionally, this choice does not make mathematical sense. If both fertility and mortality rates were decreasing, population would drop as well (barring extreme scenarios such as a massive immigration). Fertility rate does not decrease significantly until stage 3.

What is form perception?

form perception is the recognition of objects in a particular form within a certain environment. ... Essentially object recognition is the ability to assign labels to objects in order to categorize and identify them, thus distinguishing one object from another.

What is the theory of dramaturgy?

humans acquire their sense of self through interactions with others. In the dramaturgical approach, these interactions are seen as a theatrical metaphor in which a person exerts expressive control by constructing a role and performing it to an audience of other individuals

What is the self-fulfilling prophecy?

in which teens will do what parents falsely believe they are already doing.

What is an independent samples t-test?

independent samples t-test is conducted when researchers wish to compare mean values of two groups.

What is Informational influence?

informational influence is an influence to accept information from others as evidence about reality, and can come into play when we are uncertain about information or what might be correct.

What are odds ratios?

is a measure of association between an exposure and an outcome. The OR represents the odds that an outcome will occur given a particular exposure

What is poor socialization?

is a process we go through over time as we learn to understand norms, expectations, beliefs, and values.

What is logistic regression?

is a statistical method for analyzing a dataset in which there are one or more independent variables that determine an outcome.

What is the Behaviorist perspective?

is related to external stimuli experienced by the person.

What is relative poverty?

is the condition in which people lack the minimum amount of income needed in order to maintain the average standard of living in the society in which they live.

What is post-decisional conflict?

is the dissonance associated with behaving in a counter-attitudinal way.

What is the somatic nervous system?

is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles. It is not part of the autonomic nervous system.

What is effort justification?

is the state of dissonance that emerges when a person makes an effort to achieve a modest goal. This phenomenon is not relevant to the situation described above.

What is anticipatory socialization?

is when we prepare for future life roles.

What is neuron potentiation?

long-term potentiation (LTP) is a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity. These are patterns of synaptic activity that produce a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between two neurons.

What is objective personality assessment?

measures specific personality characteristics based on a set of discrete options, such as in the Meyers-Briggs personality assessment.

What is the Social cognitive perspective?

must explain the behavior of the subjects in terms of their expectations of others. The social cognitive perspective is based upon expectations of others.

What does the nucleus accubens and septal regions do?

nucleus accubens and septal regions, which comprise part of the brain's pleasure center.

What are Schizotypal disorders?

or schizotypal disorder is a mental disorder characterized by severe social anxiety, paranoia, and often unconventional beliefs. ... They frequently interpret situations as being strange or having unusual meaning for them; paranormal and superstitious beliefs are common.

What is subjective personality assessment?

patients project their own subjective feelings, perceptions, and thoughts onto the assessment stimuli, yielding results that are open for inaccuracy.

What is DPD?

presence of two or more distinct personality states; each with its own pattern of perceiving and relating to the environment and the self.

What is Neurofeedback (NF)?

protocols are a potential treatment for mental disorders.

What are Cialdini's 6 principles of persuasion?

reciprocity, commitment and consistency, social proof, authority, liking, and scarcity.

What is free choice paradigm?

reduction of conflict happens when a person has a binary choice which may conflict with their current views or beliefs.

What is proprioception?

refers to the body's ability to sense movement within joints and joint position. This ability enables us to know where our limbs are in space without having to look.

What is Construct validity?

refers to the way the measures are constructed.

What is Ecological validity?

refers to ways that the experiment applies to the environment.

What is gender schemata?

schemata are networks of information that allow certain other kinds of information to be transmitted more easily.

What is self-monitoring?

self-monitoring involves trying to understand how individuals and groups perceive a person's actions. While self-monitoring is closely related to impression management, a person actively presenting information in such a way as to shape the others' opinion of the person presenting the information is itself impression management, not self-monitoring.

What are Piaget's development theories?

sensorimotor stage, where an individual recognizes the self as agent of action and begins to act intentionally, occurs during infancy (bedwetting) The preoperational stage - this stage occurs at ages 2-7. The concrete operational stage - this stage occurs at ages 7-11. The formal operational stage -this stage begins at age 12.

What is the convergence theory?

states that as nations transition from the beginning stages of industrialization to highly industrialized nations, the same societal patterns will emerge, eventually creating a global culture.

What is Sublimation?

sublimation occurs when a person channels unacceptable urges, like a craving to smoke, into something more acceptable, like helping others to quit.

What is Stage 2?

the population grows dramatically because mortality rates drop and fertility rates remain high

What is the primary effect?

the primacy effect is a phenomenon in which information that is presented first has a disproportionate influence on your perception of a person. Elena's mom heavily relies on first impressions and the primacy effect.

What is the undifferentiated type?

undifferentiated subtype is diagnosed when people have symptoms of schizophrenia that are not sufficiently formed or specific enough to permit classification of the illness into one of the other subtypes. Their cognitive abilities can fall within a wide range of ability.

What is smoking cessation?

when indicated (the patient reported a history of regular tobacco use) and if so, what prescription. Thus we have some reason to believe that there is a broad norm here for doctors across the country to discuss smoking cessation. The passage does not make clear, however, if there are variations in which type of patients and under what circumstances doctors should discuss or prescribe smoking cessation. So either there are different professional norms between urban and rural doctors, or there are similar norms but varying degrees to which physicians stick to those norms.

What is a panel study of income dynamics?

world's longest- running household panel survey.