Psychopathology

Which type of medication has been used to help reduce binges and vomiting in persons with bulimia nervosa?

antidepressants

An adult has been jailed for the third time for fraud; each time it has been for persuading investors to put money into a phony silver mine. If the adult has received a DSM-5 diagnosis, it is MOST likely either:

antisocial personality or substance use disorder

The significant clinical difference between binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa is that individuals with binge-eating disorder:

do not engage in purging behaviors

Antipsychotic drugs reduce psychotic symptoms, at least in part, because they block excessive activity of neurotransmitters at the brain's _____ receptors.

dopamine d-2

The _____ theory suggests that schizophrenia causes victims to fall from a higher to a lower socioeconomic level or to remain poor because they are unable to function effectively.

downward drift

Which category of personality disorder contains the disorders MOST commonly diagnosed?

dramatic

What are the guidelines for abnormal behavior? (4)

dysfunction deviance dangerous distress

Regular use of opioids may reduce the brain's production of:

endorphins

People with anorexia nervosa are motivated primarily by

fear

Fear differs from anxiety in that:

fear is a response to a specific threat, whereas anxiety is more general.

A good way to describe a typical manic episode would be to say that it is like a:

flash flood—spreading out wherever there is room for it to go.

A state of breathless euphoria, or frenzied energy, in which individuals have an exaggerated belief in their power, is characteristic of:

mania

A patient taking clozapine to treat his schizophrenia should be told that:

ongoing blood testing will be required to monitor for early signs of agranulocytosis.

Token economy programs relied on the systematic application of _____ techniques.

operant conditioning

Which theory explains drug-seeking behavior as led by a rewarding effect that makes using the substance again more likely?

operant conditioning

The absence of parental love results in emotional detachment and the use of power to form relationships. This is most likely believed by _____ therapists.

psychodynamic

The theoretical position that explains the origin of anxiety disorders as the overrun of defense mechanisms by neurotic or moral anxiety is the _____ approach.

psychodynamic

Agoraphobia is the fear of:

public places

The therapy for generalized anxiety disorder developed by Albert Ellis is called:

rational-emotive therapy

A cognitive-behavioral therapist would be MOST likely to use _____ to treat pedophilia.

relapse-prevention training

Although some people who have anorexia nervosa recover from the illness, studies suggest that _____ percent of these patients remain seriously troubled for many years.

25

A client has been experiencing uncontrolled anxiety. His symptoms include edginess, sleep changes, fatigue, and significant distress. To meet the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for generalized anxiety disorder, these symptoms must be present for _____ months or longer.

6 months or longer

According to recent surveys, _____ percent of transgender individuals experience at least moderate distress or dysfunction in one or more areas of life.

90

Which statement is supported by multiple research studies? 1)Electroconvulsive therapy is more effective than drugs in treating schizophrenia. 2)Drugs are not as effective as milieu therapy in reducing symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. 3)Antipsychotic drugs reduce symptoms in the majority of patients with schizophrenia. 4)Milieu therapy and token economies are more effective than drugs in treating schizophrenia.

Antipsychotic drugs reduce symptoms in the majority of patients with schizophrenia.

Which statement is true regarding gender differences related to avoidant personality disorder?

Both men and women are affected equally.

Researchers have found more blood flow in _____ of the brain in patients experiencing auditory hallucinations.

Broca's area

Which statement is NOT a sociocultural explanation for the cause of substance disorders? 1)Children whose needs are not met by parents grow up depending on others for comfort, and this may develop into a dependent relationship with a substance. 2)Substance use and dependence are more likely to occur in families in which substance use is valued or at least accepted. 3)Being a member of a low socioeconomic class contributes to substance abuse. 4)Regions with higher levels of unemployment have higher rates of alcoholism.

Children whose needs are not met by parents grow up depending on others for comfort, and this may develop into a dependent relationship with a substance.

Your patient is taking a first-generation antipsychotic medication to treat her schizophrenia but she is showing little improvement. What is an appropriate next step?

Consider adding a second drug to create a synergistic effect.

The first mental asylum was founded in:

Egypt

What is the name of the comprehensive treatment approach applied particularly in cases of borderline personality disorder and/or suicidal intent?

DBT

Which statement is true of the prevalence of schizophrenia in men and women?

Equal numbers of men and women receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Which statement would NOT reflect a part of the cognitive triad? 1)Everyone is out to get me. 2)Life is just too overwhelming. 3)I don't even want to wake up tomorrow. 4)I just can't go on.

Everyone is out to get me.

Dr. Newman is a sociocultural therapist. Which question would Dr. Newman be MOST interested in?

How does labeling someone as schizophrenic affect that person's behavior?

A patient is taking an antipsychotic medication to treat schizophrenia. Which is NOT a known side effect of this drug? 1)Huntington's-type symptoms 2)Parkinsonian-type symptoms 3)c. neuroleptic malignant syndrome 4)tardive dyskinesia

Huntington's-type symptoms

Which statement is TRUE regarding the prevalence of bipolar disorder? 1)It is the most common depressive disorder in the United States. 2)It affects most people at some point in their lifetime. 3)It is a rare condition, affecting fewer than 20 in 100,000 people 4)It affects millions of people in the United States, between 1 and 2.6 percent of all adults.

It affects millions of people in the United States, between 1 and 2.6 percent of all adults.

Which statement is MOST accurate? 1)Many cognitive-behavioral therapists support its use in therapy applications, but only to treat generalized anxiety disorder. 2)It has been used to treat a wide range of disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder. 3)It is so new that no one is sure of its treatment applicability 4)Its use has been resisted in therapy applications.

It has been used to treat a wide range of disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder.

Which statement is TRUE regarding the use of mindfulness-based therapy?

It has been used to treat a wide range of disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder.

What statement BEST describes modern sex therapy?

It is short term and instructive.

Which statement is MOST accurate? 1)Low GABA levels can increase activity in the fear circuit, leading to increased anxiety. 2)Anxiety is caused by deficient levels of GABA throughout the brain. 3)Long-term anxiety contributes to poor GABA reception. 4)High GABA reception causes long-term anxiety.

Low GABA levels can increase activity in the fear circuit, leading to increased anxiety.

Which drug has gained a reputation as being the drug of choice for all-night techno-dance parties?

MDMA

Which statement is accurate regarding antisocial personality disorder? 1)Most who have it are not treated, and most who are treated are not helped much. 2)Most who have it are treated, and most who are treated are helped substantially. 3)Most who have it are not treated, but most who are treated are helped substantially. 4)Most who have it are treated, but most who are treated are not helped much.

Most who have it are not treated, and most who are treated are not helped much.

Which is an anxiety disorder? schizophrenia? OCD? Major depression? Bipolar?

OCD

Harrison, a 31-year-old man, is sexually aroused by wearing women's undergarments. He enjoys wearing a woman's thong when going out in public and likes to fantasize about wearing women's lingerie. Does Harrison meet the criteria for transvestic disorder?

Probably not; there is no indication that Harrison is distressed by his fantasies or actions.

Avery, a 28-year-old woman, tells her therapist that she has an intense fear of snakes. She says she has been afraid of snakes since she was a child. Which additional criterion would suggest that Avery meets the diagnostic criteria for a specific phobia?

Refusal to go to certain places where she believes snakes could be present, such as the lake

According to Martin Seligman's theory, which person would be MOST likely to develop learned helplessness?

Someone who experienced uncontrollable negative events and then a controllable negative event

What is anxiety sensitivity?

The inability to assess bodily sensations accurately

What is the MOST likely reason that Dr. Hoover seldom prescribes drugs when treating clients with borderline personality disorder?

The risk of suicide increases because using drugs may lead to overdose.

What is a common reason for the hospitalization of people with borderline personality disorder?

They may attempt suicide or otherwise hurt themselves.

Which statement BEST reflects the gender differences seen in unipolar depression?

Women are at least twice as likely as men to have unipolar depression, but prevalence among boys and girls is similar.

Samuel cannot leave for work without going back into his house and making sure that he has taken all of his writing materials. He does this several times before he allows himself to start the car and drive to work. He is frequently late for work because he is so unsure about remembering everything. Samuel is displaying:

a checking compulsion

What is the diathesis-stress model?

a psychological theory that attempts to explain a disorder as the result of an interaction between a predispositional vulnerability and a stress caused by life experiences.

Manuel is afraid of eating in public because he expects to be judged negatively and to feel humiliated. As a result, he makes up excuses when asked out to eat. His diagnosis would probably be:

a social phobia

According to the multidimensional risk perspective, which is NOT a factor in the development of eating disorders?

academic problems

Aversion therapy has been mainly used in the treatment of _____ use disorder.

alcohol

Psychodynamic theorists explain obsessive-compulsive personality disorder as a fixation at the:

anal stage

A defining characteristic of melancholic depression is:

anhedonia

Brody no longer enjoys his usual hobbies, talking to his friends, or even playing with his dog. In fact, Brody didn't even care when he learned that he was up for a promotion at work. This BEST describes someone with:

anhedonia

An inpatient at a hospital is going through detoxification. To reduce severe alcohol withdrawal reactions such as delirium tremens and seizures, the clinician would MOST likely administer:

anti-anxiety drugs

One reason that the personality disorders are difficult to treat is that the afflicted individuals:

are frequently unaware that they have a problem.

Giving in to a child's refusal to comply with a parental request may inadvertently reinforce stubborn and defiant behavior, setting the scene for the development of antisocial personality disorder. This is most like a _____ view.

behavioral

Which theoretical position explains the origin of phobias as due to classical conditioning?

behavioral

A young boy's parents constantly tell him to "Be a man!" whenever he is in conflict with friends. In turn, his parents themselves often act aggressively toward each other and toward him. The theorist who would BEST be able to explain an adult diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder for this boy would be a _____ theorist.

behavioral (modeling)

If people with unipolar depression were found to have lower levels of norepinephrine, such a finding would support which perspective?

biological

The strongest evidence for the cause of bipolar disorders BEST supports which theoretical perspective?

biological

A patient has enlarged brain ventricles and a measurable loss of gray matter. These symptoms are:

biological, and the most likely diagnosis is schizotypal personality disorder.

"I can't work with that client!" says your friend, the psychotherapist. "As soon as I show any empathy at all, it becomes almost impossible to challenge the client, and the client keeps calling me at all hours of the day." MOST likely, this is a client with:

borderline personality

Louis frequently sits upright for hours at a time and resists being moved. Louis is displaying:

catatonic rigidity

Which theory of conditioning has been used to help explain the origins of sexual masochism?

classical conditioning

A therapist is treating an individual with schizophrenia; the therapist focuses on teaching the person appropriate responses to others' social cues. This therapist is MOST likely a(n):

cog/beh. therapist

A friend who has unipolar depression says, "I can't do anything right. Nobody will ever love me again." This statement reflects a(n):

cognitive symptom

The _____ requires that people with mental disorders receive treatment in their communities rather than being transported to institutions far from home.

community mental health act

If a person criticized everything he did, looking for flaws, and never could measure up to his personal standards, he would be exhibiting what Rogers called:

conditions of worth

Sometimes two or more drugs are so similar in their actions on the brain and the body that as people build a tolerance for one drug, they are simultaneously developing a tolerance for the other. This is known as:

cross-tolerance

A person experiencing a panic disorder is MOST likely to also have a fear of:

leaving home

A therapist is treating a client for cocaine abuse. As part of the treatment, the therapist addresses the stresses that commonly lead to relapse. This therapist is MOST likely providing:

culturally sensitive treatment

According to the DSM-5, a pattern diagnosed as a personality disorder must deviate substantially from the norms and expectations of the individual's:

culture

A milder pattern of mood swings that does not reach the severity of bipolar disorder but does include brief depressive and manic episodes is called _____ disorder.

cyclothymic

The disorder marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms is called:

cyclothymic disorder.

Which perspective assumes that the likelihood of depression is increased by the presence of several factors and the sequence in which they unfold?

developmental psychopathology

A person with _____ experiences wide-ranging and persistent feelings of worry and anxiety.

generalized anxiety disorder

A 12-year-old middle-school European American girl from a middle-class socioeconomic background has been diagnosed with bipolar I disorder. Which of her characteristics is MOST unusual for those with bipolar I disorder diagnosis?

her age

People with _____ personality disorder are extremely emotional and seek to be the center of attention.

histrionic

The milieu therapy approach to treating schizophrenia is based on _____ principles.

humanistic

A phobic person is taken to a snake-handling convention to confront snakes as part of desensitization training. This is an example of the _____ technique.

in vivo

Unipolar depression and bipolar disorder share all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:

inappropriate rises in mood.

People with avoidant personality disorder have difficulty _____ relationships, whereas people with dependent personality disorder have difficulty _____ relationships.

initiating: ending (or separation)

A person who believes that it is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way he or she would like them to be is displaying:

irrational assumptions

A woman in a middle-level manager's job is repeatedly not promoted, no matter how hard she tries, even though she seems as qualified as the men who are promoted. If she develops depression because of her work experiences, the theory that BEST explains the onset of her depression is:

lack of control theory

Cognitive-behavioral theorists believe that because those with schizoid personalities have difficulty scanning the environment, perceiving accurately, and picking up emotional cues, they develop _____ very slowly.

language and motor skills

Which factor is NOT associated with increased risk of relapse in people who have recovered from bulimia nervosa?

living alone

Which brain area is rich in neurons and uses norepinephrine?

locus coeruleus

An older person retires and begins experiencing health problems. Consequently, the person loses contact with old friends and becomes unpleasant to be around. A cognitive-behaviorist would explain the resulting depression in terms of:

loss of positive social rewards.

Studies have shown that the more _____ a person has, the more depressed he or she tends to be.

maladaptive attitudes

The premise of _____ is that institutions need to promote productive activity, self-respect, and individual responsibility.

milieu therapy

A client is taking a first-generation antipsychotic medication to treat his schizophrenia. Which side effect is MORE likely with this drug than with a second-generation antipsychotic?

muscle tremors

The millennial generation is thought to be extremely self-centered, often posting photos of themselves online for others to admire. If this is true, a sociocultural theorist would predict a larger-than-usual percentage of which kind of personality disorder among this generation?

narcissistic

What is the cognitive triad?

negative views of: The self (i.e., I am worthless) The world/environment (i.e., the world is unfair), and The future (i.e., the future is hopeless).

Individuals with schizophrenia sometimes make up words that have meaning only for themselves. These words are called:

neologisms

If you wanted to be on the cutting edge of research regarding the causes of bipolar disorders as we understand them today, you would MOST likely do research on:

neurotransmitters in the brain

Unlike unipolar depression, bipolar depression is associated with high _____ activity.

norepinephrine

Rosa's heart was racing from the four cups of coffee she had just finished, but she thought she might be having a heart attack. Her fear seemed to be increasing without end. This might be the beginning of a

panic attack

Reese is distrustful of others and reacts quickly to perceived threats. Even though he has no evidence, he is sure his wife is unfaithful. He finds it almost impossible to forgive those he thinks have wronged him. Reese displays the characteristics of:

paranoid personality

Since immediately after the birth of her son, Aubree has experienced a period of sadness that interferes with her ability to take care of him. She has never felt this way before, and this sadness has been going on for several weeks. With which type of major depression would Aubree MOST likely be diagnosed?

peripartum

Delusions of _____ are the most common type of delusions in schizophrenia.

persecution

Dyspareunia in women usually has a _____ cause.

physical

Inappropriate affect, the experiencing of emotions that are unsuited to a situation, is classified as a(n) _____ symptom of schizophrenia.

positive

Define equifinality

principle that a number of different pathways can lead to the same psychological disorder

Define multifinality

principle that persons with similar developmental histories may nevertheless have different clinical outcomes or react to comparable current situations in very different ways

Dominic, who has schizophrenia, was experiencing hallucinations and disorganized speech for the past six weeks. His psychosis has subsided but he has become very quiet, socially withdrawn, and has a flat affect. Dominic is in the _____ phase of schizophrenia.

residual

Rhoda's fear of attending a party is debilitating. To treat this fear, her therapist has Rhoda rehearse introducing herself. This is called:

role-play

Researchers have found that young adults who browse and post on social media most frequently are more likely to feel:

sad

Sadness differs from depression in all of the following ways EXCEPT: 1)sadness is context specific. 2)sadness lingers long after the triggering loss has ended. 3)sadness ends when the loss situation ends. 4)the intensity of sadness is proportionate to the loss that triggered it.

sadness lingers long after the triggering loss has ended.

Which theorist believed that enmeshed family patterns often lead to eating disorders?

salvador minuchin

The disorder that appears to be MOST closely related to the schizotypal personality disorder is:

schizophrenia

As many as 90 percent of men with _____ experience some degree of erectile dysfunction.

severe depression

Many people who are recovering from schizophrenia and other severe mental disorders receive occupational training in a(n) _____ workshop, which is a supervised workplace for individuals who are not ready to work independently in competitive or complicated jobs.

sheltered

Avoidant personality disorder seems MOST closely related to:

social anxiety

As a result of institutionalization, many patients developed:

social breakdown syndrome

Some multicultural theorists believe that borderline personality disorder is actually a reaction to persistent feelings of marginality, powerlessness, and social failure. If they are correct, then the disorder is a result of:

social inequities

Someone interested in the effects of social change, poverty, and race on the risk for generalized anxiety disorders probably supports the _____ perspective.

sociocultural

A therapist is treating an individual with schizophrenia. The therapist asks the client various questions to determine the level of expressed emotion at home. This therapist is MOST likely a(n):

sociocultural therapist

Which term is applied to an individual who demonstrates a pattern of maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by a repeated use of a substance?

substance use disorder

Researchers have found that when an identical twin has unipolar depression, there is a 38 percent chance that the other twin has already had or will eventually have the same disorder. A fraternal twin is only 20 percent likely to have the same disorder. This finding:

supports the idea that people may inherit a predisposition for developing unipolar depression.

Austin is taking two different drugs that have similar actions in the body. The primary concern is that this could cause a(n):

synergistic effect

Dylan is suffering from arachnophobia. His therapist first has him go through relaxation training, and then has him construct a fear hierarchy. Finally, the therapist has Dylan go through a phase of graded pairings of spiders and relaxation responses. This approach is called:

systematic desensitization

People who experience obsessions show:

thoughts that are intrusive and foreign to them.

Cognitive-behavioral theorists propose that people who develop narcissistic personality disorder may have been treated:

too positively early in life

The recent recognition of binge eating disorders has led to treatments that resemble:

treatments that have evolved for bulimia nervosa.

Compared with men, women are _____ to develop generalized anxiety disorder.

twice as likely

With the help of a therapist, a client with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder has experienced a dramatic decrease in both dichotomous thinking and worrying. The client's behavior is:

uncommon; most with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder do not seek help, and this person is most likely receiving cognitive therapy.

Of the few psychotherapists who treated patients with schizophrenia before the discovery of antipsychotic drugs, most believed that the first task of therapy was to:

win the trust of patients and build a close relationship with them.