PSYCH/SOC FSQs
When we experience cognitive dissonance, we are motivated to: A. reduce the dissonance. B. behave in ways that are even less in line with our beliefs. C. maintain the two beliefs that are in conflict. D. ignore the dissonance.
A. reduce the dissonance.
According to Freud's structural model of the psyche, he hypothesized that the psychic energy that drives human personality is distributed among the: A.id, ego, and superego. B.oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages. C.actualizing tendency and incongruence. D.ego defense mechanisms.
A.id, ego, and superego.
Demographically, what refers to the number of live births per 1,000 women of childbearing age each year? A. Replacement level fertility B. General fertility rate C. Crude birth rate D. Fertility
B. General fertility rate
What did the Stanford Prison Study, conducted by Philip Zimbardo, find? I. Role-playing has a powerful influence on attitude II. Social roles can lead to unexpected behaviors III. Social control is a powerful indicator of compliance A. III only B. I and II only C. II and III D. I only
B. I and II only
What is the main premise of the behaviorist theory of personality? A. Personality is the result of a person's multiple traits. B. Personality is the result of a person's unconscious mind and childhood experiences. C. Personality is the result of interactions between the person and the environment. D. Personality is the result of a person's genetics.
C. Personality is the result of interactions between the person and the environment.
Is HIV a communicable disease
yes
Which of the following is NOT true regarding macro and micro sociological perspectives? A. Both perspectives emphasize individual interactions. B. Macrosociology focuses on society as a whole, as something that is prior to, and greater than, the sum of individual people. C. Macrosociology looks at large-scale social structures and how these affect individuals. D. Microsociology looks at the smallest building blocks of society and works up to larger social structures.
A. Both perspectives emphasize individual interactions.
Freud believed that the Superego, internalized morals and values, developed in male children as a result of what innate mechanism? A. Castration anxiety B. Guilt C. Social learning theory D. Electra complex
A. Castration anxiety Freud theorized that morality developed in young males out of a fear of their father's disapproval and the resulting anxiety that their father would castrate them as punishment; to avoid this, the boy attempts to become more like his father, and to identify with him rather than to pursue his mother as a sexual object.
How might a theorist in the tradition of symbolic interactionism explain deviance? A. Deviant behavior is a response to being labeled a deviant by others. B. Deviant behavior results from performing on the back stage when one should be performing on the front stage. C. Deviance is a failure to develop a looking-glass self. D. Deviance is a failure to resolve the dilemma of identity versus role confusion in adolescence.
A. Deviant behavior is a response to being labeled a deviant by others. Labeling theory is a fundamental concept of symbolic interactionism. It states that deviance is not inherent in the act itself, but is rather an attribution from others (such as police, family, or clergy; choice A is correct).
Which of the following theorists would argue that religion promotes social solidarity and a collective consciousness? A. Durkheim B. Marx C. Weber D. Mead
A. Durkheim Durkheim was an advocate of functionalism and argued that religion promotes social solidarity as well as a collective consciousness, making individuals feel a part of an entity greater than themselves. Weber and Marx are both affiliated with conflict theory, which would suggest that religion is associated with conflict in society, rather than with solidarity. Mead is most associated with symbolic interactionism (a micro-level theory) and the development of the social self.
Which of the following has not traditionally served as a function of the family? A. Education B. Social Status C. Reproduction D. Affection
A. Education
Which of the following is not one of the factors we use when determining whether to attribute another individual's behavior to internal or external causes? A. Frequency B. Distinctiveness C. Consistency D. Consensus
A. Frequency
Which one of the following regions of the brain is most likely to be implicated in the onset and degenerative progression of Alzheimer's disease? A. Hippocampus B. Thalamus C. Posterior occipital lobe D. Superior parietal lobe
A. Hippocampus The hippocampus is associated with the formation, storage, and retrieval of memories. Since Alzheimer's often profoundly affects a sufferer's ability to remember, this region is most likely to be implicated in the onset and degenerative progression of AD
In the semantic network model, what determines the strength of a connection between a node and an association? A. How frequently and deeply connections are made B. How closely the node and association are explicitly related C. How many links there are between the node and the association D. How many state-dependent cues have been created between the node and the association
A. How frequently and deeply connections are made According to the semantic network model, the strength of a connection between a node and an association is related to how frequently and how deeply the connections are made (choice A is correct).
Which theorists are associated with the macro-level theory of society known as Conflict Theory? I. Karl Marx II. Max Weber III. Emile Durkheim A. I and II only B. I only C. III only D. II only
A. I and II only
Research has shown that poor children in the United States experience disproportionate exposure to living conditions with serious environmental hazards. This is referred to as environmental injustice. Which of the following describes environmental injustice? I. Enduring social patterns have helped to cause and maintain the separation of social groups into different neighborhoods as a result of socioeconomic differences, as well as racial and ethnic differences. II. Poorer communities in general experience greater negative environmental impacts, such as subjection to polluting industries, contaminated water and soil, and housing with deteriorating lead-based paint. III. Environmental injustice contributes to the perpetuation of health disparities, such as disparities in the prevalence of asthma, cancer, and other diseases in both childhood and adulthood A. II and III B. I and II C. I, II, and III D. II only
A. II and III
Research has shown that poor children in the United States experience disproportionate exposure to living conditions with serious environmental hazards. This is referred to as environmental injustice. Which of the following describes environmental injustice? I. Enduring social patterns have helped to cause and maintain the separation of social groups into different neighborhoods as a result of socioeconomic differences, as well as racial and ethnic differences. II. Poorer communities in general experience greater negative environmental impacts, such as subjection to polluting industries, contaminated water and soil, and housing with deteriorating lead-based paint. III. Environmental injustice contributes to the perpetuation of health disparities, such as disparities in the prevalence of asthma, cancer, and other diseases in both childhood and adulthood. A. II and III B. I and II C. I, II, and III D. II only
A. II and III Environmental injustice refers to the fact that economically disadvantaged groups are more exposed to dangerous environments, which in turn has adverse consequences for their health (II and III are correct).
Insufficient control of extraneous variables is a threat to: A. Internal Validity B. External Validity C. Internal and External Validity D. Neither
A. Internal Validity
Which of the following is not an element of socioeconomic status? A. Popularity B. Privilege C. Wealth D. Power
A. Popularity
Which of the following is not an element of socioeconomic status? A. Popularity B. Privilege C. Wealth D. Power
A. Popularity
Alex and Pilar were both infected with the Chikungunya virus. While Alex had good health insurance and received excellent treatment for his condition, Pilar had to suffer the symptoms without medication because she could not afford and did not have health insurance. Which of the following would be concerned about this disparity in access to the healthcare system? A. Social epidemiology B. Feminism C. Social cognitive perspective D. Social constructionism
A. Social epidemiology
Mature ego defenses are employed by well-adjusted adults. One of these defenses involves the voluntary withholding of information from conscious awareness. Which of the following terms applies to this type of defense? A. Suppression B. Regression C. Rationalization D. Repression
A. Suppression Suppression is the act of voluntarily withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness. This is, perhaps, most easily confused with repression, which involves involuntarily withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness, which is an immature ego defense. Rationalization involves logically explaining actions performed for different reasons in an effort to avoid blame and is an immature ego defense. Regression involves the use of coping mechanisms that are characteristic of an earlier point in development and is an immature ego defense.
Rational choice and social exchange theories: A. assume that individuals weigh the costs and benefits of potential actions, and always behave according to whichever outcome will be most favorable. B. are macro-level sociological perspectives. C. view society as striving toward dynamic equilibrium. D. are sociological theories because they are the most accurate.
A. assume that individuals weigh the costs and benefits of potential actions, and always behave according to whichever outcome will be most favorable.
Upon entering medical school, all of the following are culture shock issues you might experience, EXCEPT: A. discrimination B. language barriers (specific to medical jargon) C. information overload D. a gap in your skills
A. discrimination
Residential segregation is often studied in an attempt to understand problematic health behaviors and subsequent health outcomes. Research on racial disparities in health and health care found that residential segregation contributes to health disparities through a complex mechanism: residential segregation contributes to intermediate disparities which, in turn, contribute to health disparities. Residential segregation contributes to health disparities because it has a direct effect on all of the following, except: A. disparities in health behaviors. B. disparities in environmental exposures. C. disparities in built environment. D. disparities in health care resources.
A. disparities in health behaviors.
In the United States, there are an estimated 13 million children living in poverty. This has a number of consequences for the children, including increased exposure to geographic locations with conditions that are hazardous to their health. For this reason, poor children experience greater rates of asthma, cancer, and lead poisoning, among other illnesses. This unfortunate situation is described as: A. environmental injustice. B. residential segregation. C. absolute poverty. D. global inequalities.
A. environmental injustice.
An individual's description of her behavior at work earlier that day is an example of retrieval from: A. episodic memory. B. semantic memory. C. procedural memory. D. olfactory memory.
A. episodic memory.
According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion, the source characteristics: A. include the person or organization delivering the message; messages from individuals or organizations of high repute are more likely to be persuasive than from less credible sources. B. include the route of processing of the message; if the message is processed via the central route, it is more likely to lead to lasting change than if it is processed via the peripheral route. C. include the features of the message itself, including length, complexity, and logic. D. include the features of the person receiving the message, such as self-esteem, motivation, mood, and intelligence.
A. include the person or organization delivering the message; messages from individuals or organizations of high repute are more likely to be persuasive than from less credible sources.
Anomie is most likely to occur in societies in which: A. individualism and autonomous decision-making predominate. B. social ties are more pronounced. C. there is a significant level of moral guidance. D. there are firm guidelines regarding norms and values.
A. individualism and autonomous decision-making predominate.
Anomie is most likely to occur in societies in which: A. individualism and autonomous decision-making predominate. B. social ties are more pronounced. C. there is a significant level of moral guidance. D. there are firm guidelines regarding norms and values.
A. individualism and autonomous decision-making predominate. Anomie is a state of few to no moral or social guidelines; therefore, anomie is most likely to occur in societies in which individualism and autonomous decision-making predominate. Anomie occurs when a society does not provide individuals with firm guidelines in relation to norms and values, and there is little moral guidance or social ethic. Each of the remaining choices describes conditions opposite those related to anomie.
All of the following would help make an argument for a causal relationship between the dependent variable and independent variable, rather than just a correlation, except: A. larger sample size. B. repeated measures. C. longitudinal study. D. randomized controlled trial.
A. larger sample size.
We are most likely to attribute an individual's behavior to external or situational causes when: A. many other people are behaving the same way as the individual. B. the individual displays this behavior fairly frequently. C. the individual displays this behavior in many situations. D. the individual is the only one behaving in this way.
A. many other people are behaving the same way as the individual.
Justification of effort predicts that you: A. might attribute more weight to the importance of the MCAT in your overall medical school application because you have spent so much time studying for it. B. will behave in ways that align with your attitude if you are given time to reflect on your actions. C. are more likely to believe something is true if you repeatedly tell other people that you believe it. D. will downplay the amount of effort that something cost you in order to preserve your ego.
A. might attribute more weight to the importance of the MCAT in your overall medical school application because you have spent so much time studying for it.
The main difference between schizotypal and schizoid personality disorders is that: A.people diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder are eccentric and experience thought distortions, while those with schizoid personality disorder are withdrawn and detached from close relationships. B.people with schizotypal personality disorder have social inhibition and feelings of inadequacy, while those diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder experience distortions of the self. C.people diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder are self-centered and lack empathy, whereas those with schizoid personality disorder are withdrawn and detached socially. D.people diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder have difficulty with social interactions and exhibit odd behaviors, while those with schizoid personality disorder have a pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and impulsivity.
A.people diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder are eccentric and experience thought distortions, while those with schizoid personality disorder are withdrawn and detached from close relationships.
The James-Lange theory of emotion proposes that: A.physiological responses lead to the experience of emotion. B.physiological responses and emotional responses happen simultaneously. C.a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation lead to the labeling of emotion. D.an emotional experience is followed by the physiological experience.
A.physiological responses lead to the experience of emotion.
Which of the following is likely to view the institution of marriage as a means for consolidating power and wealth? A. Functionalism B. Conflict Theory C. Symbolic Interactionism D. Social Constructionism
B. Conflict Theory
During clinical rounds, what characteristics of a physician would make them most persuasive to educated peers in arguing for a particular differential diagnosis? A. Status of the speaker B. Content of the argument C. Brevity of the argument D. Attractiveness of the speaker
B. Content of the argument
Which of the following sociologists is NOT considered a conflict theorist? A. Weber, Max (1864-1920) B. Cooley, Charles (1864-1929) C. Marx, Karl (1818-1883) D. Gumplowicz, Ludwig (1838-1909)
B. Cooley, Charles (1864-1929)
Which of the following influences could best account for a typically mild-mannered man becoming rowdy and boisterous at a rally? A. Social facilitation effect B. Deindividuation C. Deviance D. Social loafing effect
B. Deindividuation
Which of the following is not one of the three ways that behavior may be motivated by social influences? A. Identification B. Externalization C. Internalization D. Compliance
B. Externalization Compliance, identification and internalization are the three ways that behavior can be motivated by social influences. Compliant behavior is motivated by the desire to seek reward or to avoid punishment. Compliance is easily extinguished if rewards or punishments are removed. Identification behavior is motivated by the desire to be like another person or group. Internalized behavior is motivated by values and beliefs that have been integrated into one's own value system. Someone who has internalized a value is less likely to behave in ways that do not reflect this value.
How are B. F. Skinner's and Albert Bandura's perspectives on personality development similar? I. Both emphasized the importance of environmental factors in shaping personality development II. Both believed that behavior can be shaped by conditioning principles III. Neither thought that cognition played a role in personality development A. I, II, and III B. I and II only C. I only D. II and III only
B. I and II only B. F. Skinner's and Albert Bandura's perspectives on personality development are similar because both emphasized the importance of environmental factors in shaping personality development (I is true) and both believed that behavior can be shaped by conditioning principles (II is true).
Many health disparities exist among social groups in the United States based on sociodemographic characteristics, including gender. For example, men have a shorter lifespan and higher rates of death by all leading causes. This can be explained by which of the following? I. Men experience greater occupational demands and stress as a result of persistent patriarchal patterns of authority in families. II. The traditional approach to medical research recruited more female than male participants, thus leading to a dangerous misunderstanding of male health. III. Gender biases present in health care structures cause differences in treatment for the same disease among men and women, and tend to offer more aggressive treatments to save the lives of women. A. I and II only B. I only C. I and III only D. II only
B. I only
In what situations do attitudes serve as a very good predictor of behavior? I. When social influences are minimal II. When people self-reflect on their attitudes, and these attitudes are then strengthened III. When observing an individual's general behavior patterns, instead of analyzing specific behaviors A. II and III only B. I, II and III C. III only D. I and II only
B. I, II and III
Which of the following are all social institutions? A. Economy, family, language, and medicine. B. Medicine, religion, education, and family. C. Government, language, religion, and economy. D. Family, divorce, religion, and education.
B. Medicine, religion, education, and family.
In which of the following scenarios should the individual's performance be expected to improve, according to the social facilitation effect? A. Beka is a third year medical student who is conducting a mock psychiatric patient interview and assessment for the first time in front of her fellow third year medical students. B. Mila has been a phlebotomist for 15 years and is considered the best in the clinic; she has been asked to show several first year medical students how to draw blood. C. Vince is a first year surgical resident and has been asked to perform a complicated surgical procedure by himself for the first time in front of several senior residents. D. Jayce is a psychiatrist who specializes in post-traumatic stress disorder. He has been asked to give a presentation to a national audience about anxiety disorders.
B. Mila has been a phlebotomist for 15 years and is considered the best in the clinic; she has been asked to show several first year medical students how to draw blood. Mila has been a phlebotomist for 15 years and is considered the best in the clinic; she has been asked to show several first year medical students how to draw blood, so her performance should be expected to improve, according to the social facilitation effect.
Research indicates that professional burnout can result in thoughts of suicide. Suicidal ideation is most often associated with a psychological disorder in which broad category? A. Anxiety disorders B. Mood disorders C. Personality disorders D. Psychotic disorders
B. Mood disorders
Which of the following is not a social identity? A. Senior citizen B. Occasional vegetarian C. Schizophrenic D. Buddhist
B. Occasional vegetarian Occasional vegetarian would be a personal identity (which consists of all of the personal attributes that one finds important to their own identity), not a social identity (which consists of socially defined attributes).
Cultural competence is necessary for effective medical research with people of different sociocultural backgrounds. Culturally competent communication necessitates an awareness of core issues in the target community, as well as an understanding of local theories. There are many methods that can be implemented to improve cultural awareness in research recruitment. If a hospital in a suburban area is having difficulties recruiting individuals from a particular minority group, which of the following changes is least expected to show lasting effectiveness? A. Hosting community health fairs, involving both researchers and community members in presentations B. Offering incentives, such as a hiring bonus, to health professionals from underrepresented groups C. Consulting with community leaders in order to better understand the social context and needs D. Developing long-term partnerships through an affiliation with a community health center
B. Offering incentives, such as a hiring bonus, to health professionals from underrepresented groups
Which of the following is not a key element of persuasion? A. Target characteristics B. Proximity characteristics C. Source characteristics D. Message characteristics
B. Proximity characteristics
Modern conflict theorists are interested in the structured inequalities inherent in capitalist societies. This sociological paradigm is most associated with which of the following founding fathers of the field? A. The French sociologist Émile Durkheim B. The German sociologist Karl Marx C. The American sociologist George Herbert Mead D. The German sociologist Max Weber
B. The German sociologist Karl Marx
Which of the following of Erikson's psychosocial developmental stages is correctly matched with the age at which this stage is theorized to occur? A. Identity vs. role confusion; young adulthood (roughly ages 18-25) B. Generativity vs. stagnation; old age (roughly age 60 and beyond) C. Industry vs. inferiority; school age (roughly ages 6-12) D. Autonomy vs. shame/doubt; preschool age (roughly ages 3-6)
C. Industry vs. inferiority; school age (roughly ages 6-12)
Suppose that when an individual behaves in a negative way, she tends to blame the situation for her negative behavior, and not her personality. What error is this person committing? A. The fundamental attribution error B. The actor/observer bias C. The self-serving bias D. The optimism bias
B. The actor/observer bias The actor/observer bias occurs when we tend to blame situational factors for our own behavior; therefore, an individual who behaves in a negative way, and blames the situation (not her personality) for her negative behavior is committing the actor/observer bias (choice B is correct). The fundamental attribution error occurs when we tend to blame dispositional factors for others' behavior (e.g. "he yelled at me because he's a jerk"; choice A is wrong). The self-serving bias is the tendency to attribute our successes to ourselves (e.g. "I worked hard and deserved a good grade") and our failures to others (e.g. "the teacher failed me because he hates me"; choice C is wrong). The optimism bias is the belief that bad things happen to others but not to ourselves (choice D is wrong).
Hate crimes committed against immigrants are a consequential example of: A. homophobia. B. xenophobia. C. a social phobia. D. a specific phobia.
B. xenophobia.
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of physical drug dependence? A.Tolerance to a drug; the user needs more and more to achieve the same high B.A strong psychological need for the drug because of the enjoyable mental effects associated with drug use C.Withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of drug use D.Alteration in brain neurochemistry after prolonged drug use
B.A strong psychological need for the drug because of the enjoyable mental effects associated with drug use A strong psychological need for the drug because of the enjoyable mental effects associated with drug use is a symptom characteristic of psychological drug dependence, not physical drug dependence
In which types of situations do attitudes serve as a good predictor of behaviors? I. When social influences are minimized II. Specific attitudes best predict specific behaviors III. When people act impulsively and don't spend too much time reflecting A.I only B.I and II only C.II and III only D.I, II, and III
B.I and II only Item I is true: When social influences are minimized, behavior is less susceptible to be altered by social interactions; therefore, people are more likely to behave in ways that align with their attitudes, so attitudes are a better predictor of behaviors when social influences are minimized (choice C can be eliminated). Item II is true: Specific attitudes are better predictors of specific behaviors than general attitudes (choice A can be eliminated). Item III is false: When people are allowed more time to self-reflect, they are more likely to behave in ways that align with their attitudes; when acting impulsively, people are less likely to behave in ways that align with their attitudes
Which theory of emotion proposes that physiological responses and emotional responses happen simultaneously? A. The James-Lange theory B.The Cannon-Bard theory C.The Schachter-Singer theory D.The theory of universal emotions
B.The Cannon-Bard theory
All of the following describe the adaptive value of emotions, EXCEPT: A.allowing for quick decisions in possibly threating situations. B.hindering performance under conditions of extreme arousal. C.influencing behaviors in a social context. D.moderating behavior through consideration of possible emotional outcomes.
B.hindering performance under conditions of extreme arousal.
What is medicalization? A. A way to reduce the costs of medicine. B. A way to provide better access to healthcare for lower-income individuals. C. A social process whereby human conditions come to be defined and treated as medical conditions. D. A medical process meant to standardize the practice of medicine.
C. A social process whereby human conditions come to be defined and treated as medical conditions.
Miss Smith places Juan, a new student from Colombia, in a remedial math class because she assumes he does not understand the material covered in the more advanced courses. However, Juan was actually in a much higher level math course in his home country and has always excelled in the subject. As a result of this incorrect categorization, which of the following is most likely to occur? A. Juan will feel challenged and will struggle to keep up with his assignments. B. Juan will feel challenged and work hard to impress his new teacher. C. Juan will not feel challenged and will simply do what he must to meet his teacher's expectations. D. Juan will not feel challenged and will struggle to learn English.
C. Juan will not feel challenged and will simply do what he must to meet his teacher's expectations.
Which of the following scenarios accurately describes an individual utilizing their social capital in order to obtain something? A. A young African American male college student participates in a special medical education program that specifically recruits underrepresented minorities to apply to medical and dental school. B. A young man who has inherited a large trust donates a substantial amount of money to a hospital, with the hopes that when he applies to medical school at the university affiliated with that hospital he will be accepted. C. A young woman interested in becoming a doctor asks her father, who is a surgeon, to call his colleague on the medical school admissions committee to see if he can help her prepare her application for medical school. D. A 30-year-old nurse decides that she wants to return to school to earn her MD; she is confident that her years of medical experience will help her do well in medical school.
C. A young woman interested in becoming a doctor asks her father, who is a surgeon, to call his colleague on the medical school admissions committee to see if he can help her prepare her application for medical school.
Which of the following scenarios accurately describes an individual utilizing their social capital in order to obtain something? A. A young African American male college student participates in a special medical education program that specifically recruits underrepresented minorities to apply to medical and dental school. B. A young man who has inherited a large trust donates a substantial amount of money to a hospital, with the hopes that when he applies to medical school at the university affiliated with that hospital he will be accepted. C. A young woman interested in becoming a doctor asks her father, who is a surgeon, to call his colleague on the medical school admissions committee to see if he can help her prepare her application for medical school. D. A 30-year-old nurse decides that she wants to return to school to earn her MD; she is confident that her years of medical experience will help her do well in medical school.
C. A young woman interested in becoming a doctor asks her father, who is a surgeon, to call his colleague on the medical school admissions committee to see if he can help her prepare her application for medical school.
Which of the following is not predicted to increase the likelihood that deindividuation will occur? A. Arousing activities B. Larger group size C. Close in-group associations D. Physical anonymity
C. Close in-group associations Deindividuation is more likely to occur when people lose their self-awareness; factors that increase the likelihood of deindividuation occurring are: larger group size, physical anonymity, and participating in arousing activities. When people have close in-group associations, they are less likely to lose their self-awareness, and deindividuation is less likely to occur.
Optimism, a term which describes the tendency to expect the best outcomes, is a protective factor against which of the following disorders? A. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder B. Autism C. Depression D. Learning Disability
C. Depression
What is social constructionism? I. A micro-level theory of society that is interested in how individuals and groups participate in the construction of society and social reality. II. A macro-level theory of society that looks at how humans learn sets of associations for specific concepts through socialization. III. A macro-level theory of society that looks at how various individuals and groups compete for resources within society. A. I only B. II only C. I and II only D. I, II, and III
C. I and II only
What is social constructionism? I. A micro-level theory of society that is interested in how individuals and groups participate in the construction of society and social reality. II. A macro-level theory of society that looks at how humans learn sets of associations for specific concepts through socialization. III. A macro-level theory of society that looks at how various individuals and groups compete for resources within society. A. I only B. II only C. I and II only D. I, II, and III
C. I and II only
Which of the following correctly pairs each type of status with an accurate example of that status? I. Achieved status: medical student II. Ascribed status: female III. Ascribed status: African American A. I only B. II and III only C. I, II, and III D. I and II only
C. I, II, and III
There are multiple sociological perspectives on deviance. Which of the theorists below are expected to consider the associated questions about non-normative behaviors? I. Differential association theorists; "How can people resist deviance?" II. Labeling theorists; "Who defines deviance?" III. Structural strain theorists; "How do norms affect deviance?" A. III only B. I and II only C. II and III only D. I, II, and III
C. II and III only Item I is false: differential association theorists argue that deviant behaviors are learned through interactions between individuals and their communities. These theorists contend that people become deviant when they are exposed to deviant behavior and attitudes. "How can people resist deviance?" is therefore not a pertinent question Item II is true: labeling theory asserts that behaviors are seen as deviant as the result of social processes of labeling. "Who defines deviance" is therefore a pertinent question (choice A can be eliminated). Labeling theorists do indeed address this concern; for example, these theorists are interested in the mechanisms through which power contributes to deviance labeling (e.g., agents of social control). Item III is true: structural strain theory suggests that deviant behaviors are the result of tension between the accepted social goals and the institutionalized means available to achieve those goals. "How do norms affect deviance?" is therefore a pertinent question (choice C is correct). Structural strain theorists consider the effects that social norms have on behavior, normative or not, and suggest that there is pressure to use deviant methods when the social structure does not support the achievement of the accepted goals.
Which of the following are markers of neuroticism, as conceptualized by Costa & McCrae? I. Assertiveness II. Irritability III. Emotional reactivity A. II only B. I only C. II and III only D. I and III only
C. II and III only Neuroticism is a personality trait that describes a person's emotional resilience and ability to handle stress. People high in neuroticism have a lower tolerance for stress and tend to express negative emotions like anxiety and pessimism, and they tend to become frustrated more quickly than people who score lower in neuroticism; therefore, irritability and emotional reactivity are both markers of neuroticism (II and II are true). Assertiveness is not a hallmark of neuroticism (I is false).
Suppose that Sarah is kneading a piece of clay in her hands. Which of the following is NOT a strategy relevant to conservation? A. Sarah realizes that the clay is the same piece of clay, regardless of its shape. B. Sarah notices that she can shape the clay into a ball, then a pancake, then back into a ball again. C. Sarah knows that the clay still exists even when her mother puts it back into its container. D. Sarah discovers that squeezing the clay in the middle forces it to become bulkier on the sides.
C. Sarah knows that the clay still exists even when her mother puts it back into its container. Conservation is the term that Piaget used to describe children's recognition of constancy and consistency in physical matter despite changes in shape or container. This awareness is characteristic of the stage of concrete operational thought, which is usually achieved between the ages of 6 or 7 and 11 or 12. Conservation is realized through three insights: identity, reversibility, and reciprocity. Identity involves the child's recognition that the physical object is the same object, regardless of how it is manipulated
Situational context is most relevant for which theory of emotion? A. Universal B. Cannon-Bard C. Schachter-Singer D. James-Lange
C. Schachter-Singer
A patient with type II diabetes tells her physician that, despite the fact that she knows she should be getting more exercise and eating healthier, she hasn't been doing so lately. The doctor sighs and thinks, "This patient is really lazy." What error or bias has the doctor just committed? A. The actor/observer bias B. The pessimism bias C. The fundamental attribution error D. The self-serving bias
C. The fundamental attribution error
Which of the following is NOT a right or an obligation of a sick person, according to sick role theory? A. The sick person is exempt from normal social roles. B. The sick person should seek treatment and cooperate with the medical professional. C. The sick person is responsible for not getting anyone else sick. D. The sick person should try to get well.
C. The sick person is responsible for not getting anyone else sick.
What is intersectionality? A. A theory suggesting a positive correlation between socioeconomic status and health outcomes. B. A suggested continuum of sexuality. C. The study of how various oppressive institutions (like racism, sexism, homophobia, xenophobia, classism, etc.) are interconnected and cannot be examined separately from one another. D. A law that suggests that all organizations, regardless of how democratic they may intend to remain, will eventually and inevitably develop into oligarchies.
C. The study of how various oppressive institutions (like racism, sexism, homophobia, xenophobia, classism, etc.) are interconnected and cannot be examined separately from one another.
All of the following statements about Carl Rogers are true, except: A. he suggested that when the real self and ideal self were incongruent, this may lead to psychopathology. B. he believed that unconditional positive regard and genuineness were essential elements of therapy. C. he focused on exploring an individual's unconscious in order to diagnose and treat mental issues. D. he asserted that everyone has a self-actualizing tendency, an innate drive to attain their highest human potential.
C. he focused on exploring an individual's unconscious in order to diagnose and treat mental issues. Carl Rogers did not believe in exploring an individual's unconscious in order to diagnose and treat mental issues; this is more aligned with psychoanalysis, not humanistic psychology (Roger's school of thought).
Studies show that, at the primary school level, female students are called on less frequently in math and science classes than are male students, even by female teachers. Furthermore, teachers are almost always completely unaware that they are doing this. The concept that best accounts for this is: A. institutional discrimination. B. ageism. C. hidden curriculum. D. educational segregation.
C. hidden curriculum.
RJ is a pre-med major in college and very much wants to go to medical school. After a particularly difficult semester, though, RJ fails two pre-med classes and then changes his major. RJ rationalizes this decision by telling himself and others that "he really didn't want to be a doctor anyway." This rationalization most exemplifies: A. justification of effort. B. role-playing. C. the cognitive dissonance theory. D. a public declaration.
C. the cognitive dissonance theory. Cognitive dissonance theory explains that we feel tension ("dissonance") whenever we hold two thoughts or beliefs ("cognitions") that are incompatible, or when attitudes and behaviors don't match. RJ's belief that he wants to become a doctor is challenged by his behavior of dropping his pre-med major. Cognitive dissonance can also be used to explain the way people react after they make decisions, which best exemplifies RJ's scenario.
Which of the following is NOT a component of the limbic system? A.Hypothalamus B.Hippocampus C.Pons D.Amygdala
C.Pons
Suppose two research subjects are exposed to differing stimuli (one observes a sexually arousing situation while the other observes a fear-inducing situation), but their physiological responses (heart rate, respiration rate, perspiration, and temperature) are identical. Which theory of emotion best accounts for this? A.James-Lange theory B.Yerkes-Dodson Law C.Schachter-Singer theory D.Cannon-Bard theory
C.Schachter-Singer theory The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion states that similar bodily responses may be interpreted as different emotions depending on the particular scenario in which the response is stimulated. Both situations elicited an identical physiological response, but the particular quality of the emotion and the interpretation of the emotion was dependent on the specific situation.
Which of the following sleep stages is correctly paired with the type of EEG waves characteristic of that stage? A.Stage 1; alpha waves B.Stage 2; beta waves C.Stage 3; delta waves D.REM; delta waves
C.Stage 3; delta waves During stage 3 sleep, EEG measures demonstrate delta waves, which are high amplitude, low frequency waves (choice C is correct). During stage 1 sleep, EEG measures demonstrate theta waves: waves of low to moderate intensity and intermediate frequency; alpha waves are detected on EEG during restful waking periods (choice A is wrong). During stage 2 sleep, EEG measures demonstrate two distinct wave patterns; although theta waves are still detected, these waves are intermixed with K-complexes and sleep spindles. Beta waves are detected on EEG during normal waking consciousness (choice B is wrong). During REM sleep, EEG measures demonstrate waves that most resemble the beta waves seen during wakefulness; however, the waves in REM sleep are more jagged in appearance than beta waves, which are also low intensity, but high frequency.
All of the following are positive symptoms of schizophrenia, EXCEPT: A.delusions. B.hallucinations. C.avolition. D.catatonic behavior.
C.avolition.
The personality disorder characterized by unstable interpersonal relationships, frantic efforts to avoid abandonment (real or imagined), unstable self-image, and chronic feelings of emptiness is: A.histrionic. B.narcissistic. C.borderline. D.schizoid.
C.borderline. Histrionic personality disorder is characterized by excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior (choice A is wrong). Narcissistic personality disorder is characterized by grandiosity, need for admiration and a lack of empathy for others (choice B is wrong). People diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder are detached from social relationships, though they do not appear to mind their isolation, and exhibit only a limited amount of emotions (choice D is wrong).
Which of the following scenarios is the best example of stereotype threat? A. A group of African American males is told that, on average, African American males jump higher than white males, and subsequently jump significantly higher than their white counterparts in a physical assessment. B. A group of Asian American males is given a standardized math test and performs significantly better than their white male counterparts. C. A group of Asian American males is told that, on average, Asian American males do not jump as high as white males, but there is no significant difference between the Asian American males and their white counterparts in a physical assessment that measures jumping. D. A group of African American males is told that a standardized test is meant to measure "intelligence and ability to succeed in college" and performs worse on the test than white males.
D. A group of African American males is told that a standardized test is meant to measure "intelligence and ability to succeed in college" and performs worse on the test than white males. Stereotype threat is a phenomenon whereby the performance of individuals who belong to negatively stereotyped groups is reduced because these individuals experience anxiety in situations in which an individual has the potential to confirm a negative stereotype about his or her social group.
Which of the following best describes a meritocracy? A. A society in which individual status is rigidly defined by birth; the class that one is born into is the class that they will remain in for life. B. A society where social mobility is rather limited and few people are capable of upward or downward social mobility. C. A society where individual accomplishment is important, but not as important as the class that one is born into, in terms of determining social status. D. A society in which individual status is based on ability and personal accomplishments, and any given individual is theoretically capable of upward (or downward) social mobility.
D. A society in which individual status is based on ability and personal accomplishments, and any given individual is theoretically capable of upward (or downward) social mobility.
In Stanley Milgram's famous shock experiments, which of the following reduced obedience? A. An increased distance between the "teacher" and the "learner" B. An increase in the apparent authority of the experimenter C. An increased prestige of the experimenter and/or university that the experiment was affiliated with D. An increased distance between the experimenter and the "teacher"
D. An increased distance between the experimenter and the "teacher" An increased distance between the "teacher" and the "learner" increased obedience. Similarly, an increase in the apparent prestige or authority of the experimenter (or institution where the experiment was conducted) both also increased obedience.
All of the following biological developmental milestones that change the brain occur during the adolescent years EXCEPT: A. Cell proliferation (particularly in the limbic system and prefrontal lobes) B. Myelination C. Synaptic pruning (of unused or unnecessary connections) D. Codification of neural networks for basic motor skills
D. Codification of neural networks for basic motor skills
Wernicke's area would be associated primarily with which of the following activities? A. Decoding the text B. Circling the ratings on the IITQ C. Asking a research assistant for help D. Comprehending the text
D. Comprehending the text
According to Freud, which personality structure would employ the defense mechanism of splitting? A. Id B. Preconscious C. Superego D. Ego
D. Ego
Both Erik Erikson and Sigmund Freud were psychoanalytic theorists. How did Erikson's theory differ from Freud's? I. Erikson expanded upon Freud's developmental stages by adding stages through adulthood and old age II. Erikson's theory included social and interpersonal factors III. The first five stages of Erikson's theory are identical to Freud's theory, and Erikson added three more stages A. I, II, and III B. II only C. I only D. I and II only
D. I and II only Erik Erikson extended Freud's theory of developmental stages in two ways: he added social and interpersonal factors, to supplement Freud's focus on unconscious conflicts within a person (II is true), and Erikson delineated eight developmental stages and conflicts in adolescence and adulthood, to supplement Freud's focus on early childhood (I is true). All eight of Erikson's stages are unique to Freud's; even though there are parallels, it is not true that the first five stages of Erikson's theory are identical to Freud's theory (III is false).
Which of the following is not a macro-level theory of sociology? I. Symbolic interactionism II. Conflict theory III. Functionalism A. I and II only B. III only C. II only D. I only
D. I only
People who live in certain areas and regions in the U.S. have significantly lower lifespans than people who live elsewhere in the U.S. Which of the following is likely a factor contributing to disparities in life expectancy rates across the country? I. Variable access to quality healthcare II. Differences in obesity prevalence III. Relative poverty levels A. I and III only B. I and II only C. II and III only D. I, II, and III
D. I, II, and III
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the relationship between values and beliefs? I. Values are the laws that people in a culture abide by, while beliefs are a culturally approved concept about what is right or wrong. II. Values are a culture's principles about how things should be, while beliefs are the ideas that people in a culture feel to be true. III. People within a given culture share similar values and beliefs; therefore, both terms are used interchangeably. A. I only B. III only C. II and III only D. II only
D. II only
In some cultures, the common response to a sexual assault may be to "blame the victim" for her or his dress or provocative behavior rather than to assign blame to the perpetrator. Which of the following may contribute to this response? A. Situational attribution bias B. Self-serving bias C. Physical attractiveness stereotype D. Just world phenomenon
D. Just world phenomenon
The hippocampus is a subpart of which brain structure? A. Executive functioning B. Basal ganglia C. Occipital lobe D. Limbic system
D. Limbic system The hippocampus is part of the limbic system of the brain; a system which is responsible for many aspects of human functioning, including emotions and memory
Which of the following is NOT a cluster B personality disorder? A. Antisocial personality disorder B. Borderline personality disorder C. Histrionic personality disorder D. Paranoid personality disorder
D. Paranoid personality disorder Personality disorders are grouped based on similarities in their characteristics. Cluster B disorders are characterized by heightened emotional arousal, as well as by dramatic, erratic, or impulsive behavior.
Recent data has revealed significant racial disparities in biomedical research participation, which is a source of interest for many sociologists today. The persistent underrepresentation of minorities poses many limitations in research. Which of the following is not an expected limitation? A. Racial disparities in research participation limit the generalizability of study findings. B. Racial disparities in research participation limit the ability to understand social determinants of disease. C. Racial disparities in research participation limit the ability to address current disparities in health outcomes. D. Racial disparities in research participation limit the reproducibility of the study findings.
D. Racial disparities in research participation limit the reproducibility of the study findings.
If a bisexual female reports feeling social pressure to be either lesbian or straight, which causes her significant stress, what term best describes the stress this subject is feeling about her social role? A. Role conflict B. Master status C. Role exit D. Role strain
D. Role strain
Demographic transition is defined as the transition from: A. lower to higher birth and death rates as a society becomes decreasingly based on manufacturing. B. lower to higher birth and death rates as a society becomes increasingly based on manufacturing. C. higher to lower birth and death rates as a society becomes decreasingly based on manufacturing. D. higher to lower birth and death rates as a society becomes increasingly based on manufacturing.
D. higher to lower birth and death rates as a society becomes increasingly based on manufacturing.
Which of the following is NOT true regarding humanist psychology? A.It is most associated with the psychologist Carl Rogers. B.It focuses on healthy personality development, and emphasizes an individual's inherent drive toward self-actualization and creativity. C.humanistic therapy focuses on empathy and unconditional positive regard. D.humanistic therapy focuses on discovering the unconscious motivations of behavior.
D.humanistic therapy focuses on discovering the unconscious motivations of behavior.