Psycology Test Chapter 1A
Who founded humanistic psychology?
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
In 1859, naturalist ____ explained species variation by proposing the process of ______, which works through the principle of _____ _____. This is the principles that traits contributing to ______ and ____ will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
Darwin; evolution; natural selection; reproduction; survival
French philosopher ______ believed that _____ ______ flow from the brain through what we call _____ to the muscles, enabling body movements.
Descartes; animal spirits; nerves
Under the influence of evolutionary theorist Charles Darwin, psychologist ______ assumed that thinking developed because it was ______. He founded the school of ____, which focused on how mental and behavioural processes enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
James; adaptive; functionalism;
____ and ____ were the first behaviorists
John Watson;B.F. Skinner
English philosopher ______ argued that the mind at birth is a blank slate, or ____ _____. His ideas, together with those of his countryman ______, helped form ______, the view that science should rely on ____ and _____.
Locke; tabula rasa; Bacon; empiricism; observation; experimentation
The first female president of the APA was _____ _____. The first woman to receive a Ph. D in psychology was _____ ______.
Mary Calkins; Margret Washburn
The _____ study method incorporated five steps: a) ____ b) ____ c)_____ d)_____ e)______
SQ3R; a) survey b) question c) read d) review and e) reflect
The Greek philosophers ______ and _______ concluded that the ______ is separate from the _____ and that knowledge is ______. One of their students, _____, disagreed, arguing that knowledge grows from _____ stored in our memories.
Socrates; Plato; body; mind; innate; Aristotle; experiences
The first psychological laboratory was founded in 1879 by Wilhelm _____. His student _____, introduced the school of _____, which explored the basic elements of mind using the method of ______. This method proved ______.
Wundt; Tichner; structuralism; introspection; unreliable
psychiatry
a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy
biological psychology
a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior
counselling psychology
a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being
psychodynamic psychology
a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders
clinical psychology
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
To master any subject, you must __________ process it.
actively
biopsychosocial approach
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
John Locke
argued the mind is a blank slate written on by our experiences and his views lead to empiricism
As a science, psychology is less a set of findings than a way of __________.
asking and answering questions
Psychologist may be involved in conducting ____ ____ which builds psychology's knowledge base, or ______ _____which seeks solutions to practical problems
basic research; applied research
Psychologists who study the mechanisms by which observable responses are acquired and changed are working from the ______ perspective.
behavioral
The text author defines psychology as the scientific study of ______ and _____ processes.
behavioral; mental
As a response to Freudian psychology and to ______, which they considered too mechanistic, pioneers ______ and ______ forged ______ psychology. This new perspective emphasized the ______ potential of ______ people.
behaviourism; Rogers; Marlov; humanistic; growth; healthy
Psychologists who study how the body and brain enable emotion, memories, and sensory experience are working from the _____ perspective.
biological
The nature-nurture issue is the controversy over the relative contributions of ______ and ____.
biology; experience
The historical roots of psychology include the fields of _____ and ______.
biology; philosophy
The _____ perspective explores how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
cognitive
During the 1960s, psychology underwent a _____ revolution as it began to recapture interest in how our _____ processes and retains information. The study of brain activity linked with mental activity is called ______ ______.
cognitive; mind; cognitive nueroscience
The different perspectives on the big issues _____ one another.
complement
Socrates and Plato
concluded that the mind is separate from the body and continues after we dies, and that knowledge is innate
nature-nurture issue
controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
Psychologists who help people cope with problems in living are called _____ psychologists. Psychologists who study, assess, and treat troubled people are called ____ psychologists.
counselling; clinical
William James
developed functionalism
Psychologists who investigate our persistent traits are ____ psychologists, where those who explore how we view and affect one another are _____ psychologists.
developemental
Psychologists who study how natural selection influences behaviour tendencies are working from the ______ perspective.
evolutionary
Psychologists who explore thinking and behaviour by conducting experiments are called ____ _____.
experimental psychology
Mary Calkins
first female president of the American Psychological Association
Margaret Floy Washburn
first woman to earn a PhD in psychology (officially)
functionalism
focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt and survive
humanistic (think triangle) psychology
historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth
Psychologists working from the historically important _____ perspective explore how people attempt to fulfil their potential.
humanistic
Worldwide, the number of psychologists is _____. Thanks to international publications and meetings, psychological science is also _____.
increasing; globalizing
Why did structuralism fail?
it was based on introspection and introspection was found unreliable because it varies from person to person
Aristotle
knowledge is not preexisting; instead it grows from the experiences stored in our memories
Some early psychologists included Ivan Pavlov who pioneered the study of ______; the personality theorist ______; and Jean Piaget, who studied ______.
learning; Sigmund Freud;
In its earliest years, psychology was defined as the science of ______ life. From the 1920s into the 1960s, psychology in America was redefined as the science of ______ behavior.
mental; observable
Although the debate continues, we will see that _____ works on what _____ endows and that every _____ event is simultaneously a _____ event.
nurture; nature; psychological; biological
In this definition, "behaviour" refers to any action that we can ______ and ______, and "mental process"refers to the internal, ______ _______ we _____ from behaviour.
observe; record; subjective experiences; infer
Psychologist swho investigate our presistent traits are _____ psychologists, where thoes who explorer how we veiw and affect one another are _____ psychologists.
personality; social
Medical doctors who provide psychotherapy and treat physical causes of psychological disorders are called _____.
psychiatrists
Psychologists who believe that behaviour spring from unconscious drives and conflicts are working from the ______ perspective.
psychodynamic
The branch of psychology devoted to measuring our abilities, attitudes, and traits is ______.
psychometric
basic research
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
applied research
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
Psychologists who study how thinking and behaviour vary in different situations are working from the _____-_____ perspective.
social-cultural
Each person is a complex _____ that is part of a larger ______ _____ and at the same time composed of smaller systems. For this reason, psychologists work from three main ______ of ______ - biological, ______, and _______ - _______ - which together form an integrated ______ approach to the study of behaviour and mental process.
system; social system; levels ; anaylsis; psychological; social-cultural; bio-psycho-socio
Educational psychologists study influences on ____ and ____
teaching and learning
industrial-organizational psychology
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
levels of analysis
the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon
cognitive neuroscience
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (perception, thinking, memory, language)
natural selection
the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
psychology
the science of behavior and mental processes
cognitive psychology
the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
behavioural psychology
the scientific study of observable behaviour, and its explanation by principles of learning
developemental psychology
the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
psychometrics
the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
personality psychology
the study of an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting
experimental psychology
the study of behaviour and thinking using the experimental method
human factors psychology
the study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and environments
educational psychology
the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning
social-cultural psychology
the study of how situations and cultures affect our behaviour and thinking
evolutionary psychology
the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection
empiricism
the view that knowledge originated in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation
behaviourism
the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behaviour without reference to mental processes. Most agree with 1 not 2
structuralism
used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind
Charles Darwin
writings led William James to adopt functionalist principles about why people have the abilities that they do
Introspetion
- a necessary piece of studying structuralism - peoples immediate sensations and perceptions as a reaction to a stimulus - unreliable as it varied from person to person
Rene Descartes
- agreed with Socrates and Plato - dissected animals, leading him to believe that spirit (cranial fluid) flowed through the body (by nerves) and commanded it.
Edward Bradford Titchener
- introduced structuralism - used introspection to search for the mind's structural elements
Early schools of thought or branches of psychology:
- structuralism - functionalism - behaviourism - psychoanalysis
Wilhem Wundt
- the father of modern psychology - performed the first psych experiment
Sigmund Freud
-developed psychoanalysis -believed strongly that unconscious drives and desires guided people's actions
List five additional study tips identified in the text.
1. distribute study time 2. learn to think critically 3. listen actively in class 4. over learn material 5. be a smart testaker