PUBLIC HEALTH 301 FINAL EXAM

About two-thirds of the global burden of disease from ambient air pollution is in the low and middle- income countries of ___________

Asia

Over 60% of all international migrants live in ______________ or ______________ with North American being third at 31%.

Asia, Europe

_________________ _____________ are someone whose request for sanctuary has yet to be processes. One must demonstrate that his or her fear of persecution in his or her home country is well-founded

Asylum Seeker

What are some ways to encourage the uptake of better stoves and better fuels?

1. involve end users, especially women, in helping to assess needs and design approaches 2. promote demand for better stoves and fuels to encourage the development of competitive suppliers and market choice 3. consider subsidies and microcredit for selected interventions to help defray the cost of improvements for the poor 4. establish national and local policies that encourage the needed changes in stoves and fuels

What are some important constraints for the use of sanitary excrete disposals?

1. lack of knowledge of options 2. cost 3. construction 4. local laws

What are some things the public sector can do to lead the effort in building low-cost sanitation systems?

1. subsidize the cost of toilets for the poorest families 2. enforce regulations to require the use of toilets 3. encourage private sector involvement and public demands for the toilet 4. train people in installing toilets and maintaining them

What are three of the most important risk factors in terms of the burden of environmentally related diseases in low and middle- income countries?

1. unsafe water, sanitation, hygiene 2. ambient air pollution 3. household air pollution that comes from the use of solid fuels

What is the third, fourth, and fifth leading cause of death in low and middle- income countries?

3. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 4. Lower Respiratory Infections 5. Diarrheal Disease

The Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 estimated that ____________% of global DALYs were attributable to household air pollution, ______________% of global DALYs were attributable to ambient air pollution and _____________% of global DALYs were attributable to unimproved water and sanitation

4.3; 3.1; 0.9

About _______________ percent of the people in the world have access to improved sanitation

60

What is the leading cause of death among people aged 15-29?

Car crashes

The ______________________ aims to improve safety of roads and vehicles, change driving behaviors, and improve emergency services

Decade of Action for Road Safety

What makes up the Epidemiological Triad?

Environment, Human, and Agent

Who are the Roma?

Europe's largest minority that are in high poverty.

Substantial social investment in injury prevention was spurred by a burst of ... in the U.S.

Federal regulatory action

What are the five main risk factors for car crashes?

Speed, drinking and driving, helmets, seat belts, and child restraints

________________ describes a person who is not considered as a national by any State under the operation of its law. They do not have a nationality of any country. You can become this or be born this way.

Stateless

_________________ has the highest rate of crashes per vehicle in the world

India

________________ are people who have been forced to leave their country because of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion to membership in a particular social group. Most likely, they cannot return home to are afraid to do so.

Refugees

Which type of air pollution is attributed to respiratory symptoms, including coughing and shortness of breath? This type of air pollution commonly affects the very young and very old. a. Household air pollution b. Ambient air pollution c. Household and ambient air pollution d. None of the above

b. Ambient Air Pollution

Which of the following is an example of improved water sources? a. Small bore sewers and sewer connection b. Borehole and swells c. Septic tank and ventilation-improved latrine d. All of the above

b. Borehole and swells

True or False. According to the readings, chronic obstructive lung diseases, lower respiratory infections, and diarrheal diseases (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th leading causes of death respectively in low- and middle-income countries) are not consequences of environmental factors. a. True b. False

b. False

True or False. The word "accident" implies predictability in the epidemiologic sense and amendable by prevention. a. True b. False

b. False

The Mandela Washington Fellowship Program was created under whose presidential administration? a. Trump administration b. Obama administration c. Bush administration d. Clinton administration

b. Obama administration

What is the leading cause of death among adolescents (ages 10 to 19 years)? a. Interpersonal violence b. Road Injury c. Self-harm d. HIV/AIDS

b. Road Injury

In the United States, which segment of the population has the lowest life expectancy? a. White males b. Black males and females c. Black males d. White females

c. Black Males

Which of the following statements are correct? a. Intentional injury is a subset of injury for which there is no evidence of predetermined intent b. Examples of intentional injury include road injury, exposure to forces of nature, and fires c. Examples of unintentional injury are poisoning, drowning, and falls d. Unintentional injury is a subset of injury for which there is evidence of predetermined intent

c. Examples of unintentional injury are poisoning, drowning, and falls

In 2008, what country had the highest rate of crashes per vehicle in the world? HINT: This country also reported having one crash every minute in 2011. a. China b. Libya c. India d. Brazil

c. India

What segment of the population is disproportionally affected by environmental health issues because of their social and economic status in society? a. Elderly people b. Wealthy people c. Relatively poor people d. Children

c. Relatively poor people

The burden of disease related to water, sanitation and hygiene will fall disproportionately on ______________ who suffer such a large share of the burden of disease from _____________

children, diarrhea

The United Nations Secretary General has said that _______________ __________ is the major, overriding environmental issue of our time, and is also considered a significant threat to the fight to improve the health of poor people in the poorest countries

climate change

Why is addressing global mental health issues challenging? a. Low-resource countries lack the availability of effective treatments b. Cultural issues surrounding mental health and therapeutic intervention c. There are many cures and prevention solutions available d. Both A and B e. All of the above

d. Both A and B

Through the lens of an injury epidemiologist, which of these terms are correct? a. Car crash b. Car accident c. Car collision d. Both A and C e. All of the above

d. Both A and C

Globally, which mental disorder is most prevalent? a. Anxiety disorder b. Bipolar disorder c. Schizophrenia d. Depression

d. Depression

According to the chapter reading on child health, what is the number one leading causes of death for children under the age of 5 years in high income countries? a. Diarrheal diseases b. HIV/AIDs c. Malaria d. Preterm birth complications

d. Preterm birth complications

What was established from the Act of 1912? a. The Secretary of Labor Department b. The department of Health and Human Services c. Child labor laws d. US Children Bureau

d. US Children Bureau

"Transmission by insects that breed in water or bite near water" is which category of water-related infections? a. Waterborne b. Water-washed (or water- scarce) c. Water based d. Water-related insect vector

d. Water- related insect vector

_______ can be define as the external physical, chemical, and microbiological exposures and processes that impinge upon individuals and groups and are beyond the immediate control of individuals. a. Community b. Atmosphere c. Social milieu d. Environment

d. environment

The improved disposal of human waste is associated with reductions in:

diarrheal disease, intestinal parasites, and trachoma

Which populations are most vulnerable to the effects of climate change? a. Everyone will be affected b. Low-income women and children c. People living in low- and middle-income countries. d. Farmers e. Both B and C

e. Both B and C

What factor(s) contributed to the spread of disease, especially infectious disease, throughout the world? a. Globalism b. Colonialism c. Urbanization d. A and C e. All of the above

e. all of the above

__________________ is the act of leaving one country to move to another

emigration

The __________________ is largely defined as external physical, chemical, and microbiological exposures and processes that impinge upon individuals and groups and are beyond the immediate control of the individuals

environment

Between 25 and 33 percent of the global burden of disease can be contributed to ___________________ risk factors.

environmental

_____________________ _______________ generally refers to a set of public health efforts that is concerned with preventing disease, death, and disability by reducing exposure to adverse environmental conditions and promoting behavior change

environmental health

William Haddon's idea was that patterns of injury distribution and causation could be analyzed using epidemiological tools and that etiology of injury includes environmental factors and interactions between _________ and those _____________________ __________________

humans, environmental factors

___________________ is moving into a new country

immigration

__________________ ____________ _____________ are the leading cause of death for children 0-5 years old and ________________ ____________ is fourth. For children ages 5-9, ______________________ __________________ are the leading cause of death and ___________ __________ _______ are third.

lower respiratory infections, diarrheal disease, diarrheal disease, lower respiratory infection

A majority of ambient air pollution deaths were among ___________

men

Interventions can be divided into three temporal phases:

pre-event, event, and post-event

The most common effects of ambient air pollution are:

respiratory symptoms including cough, irritation of the nose and throat, and shortness of breath

_______________ ___________ is moving back to where you came from

return migration

________________ ____________ is moving with each season in response to labor or climate conditions

seasonal migration

Half of car crash deaths are ______________ ___________ ___________ such as pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists

vulnerable road users

What is the main message when looking at hygiene?

wash your hands

_____________ ___________ __________ _________ describes transmission by insects that breed in water or bite near water

water- related insect vector

______________ _____________ transmission is person-to-person transmission because of a lack of water for hygiene

water- washed

________________ ____________ is transmission via an aquatic intermediate host

water-based

___________________ ______________ are the most important in terms of the burden of diseases and they are numerous in low and middle- income countries

waterborne diseases

What are leading causes of refugees fleeing their country?

War and ethnic, tribal, and religious violence

_________________ transmission occurs when the pathogen is in water that is ingested

Waterborne

In 2016, _____________ hosted the largest refugee population, followed by Jordan, Palestine, Lebanon, and Pakistan

Turkey

_______________ ____________ observed that all injury events are attributable to the uncontrolled release of physical energy: kinetic, chemical, thermal, electrical, and radiation

William Haddon

Who is often most affected by household air pollution?

Women and children

Political movements developed in Europe and the U.S. in the mid-19th century that focused on __________________ ______________. Examples are the 1913 National Safety Council (US) and the 1916 Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (UK)

Worker Protection

Approximately, what percentage of the US budget do we allocate to foreign aid, specifically international development and humanitarian assistance? a. 1% b. 24% c. 15% d. .001%

a. 1%

Based on the example from lecture, the horse is considered what component of the epidemiologic triad of disease? a. Agent b. Human c. Environment d. Vector

a. Agent

According to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010, which income level of countries account for a greater percentage of mental health related disability adjusted life years (DALYs)? a. High-income countries b. Low- and -middle income countries c. The percentage is equal between high-income countries and low-and-middle income countries d. None of the above

a. High-Income countries

In the United States, which sex is more likely to commit suicide? a. Males b. Females c. Both

a. Males

True or False. According to the morality data from "death of despair"; higher education, specifically a 4-year college degree or more, appears to be a protective factor among Non-Hispanic white males and females. a. True b. False

a. True

True or False. Overall, mental health is a bigger global problem than either cancer or cardiovascular disease? a. True b. False

a. True

True or False. There is a greater burden of disease in low- and middle-income countries resulting from household air pollution compared to ambient air pollution. a. True b. False

a. True

______ is characterized/ defined as "...the unilateral transfers of US resources by the US government to or for the benefit of foreign entities." a. US foreign aid b. Peace Corporations c. Both d. Neither

a. US Foreign Aid

When understanding injuries as non-random events, what is the best epidemiologic model? a. Utilizing the Hadden Model to investigate the interaction between host, agent, and environment through three temporal phases. b. Prayer and divine intervention c. Examine the probably of the injury occurring again d. None of the above

a. Utilizing the Hadden Model to investigate the interaction between host, agent, and environment

This refers to the increase in the earth's average temperature that has been observed and the consequences that might be associated with this rise in temperature? a. Climate change b. Global warming c. Ozone depletion d. None of the above

a. climate change

What are the immediate, urgent issue for migrants?

Nutrition, clean water, measles vaccination, treatment and control of diseases like cholera, surveillance, reproductive health and control over other communicable diseases

What are three reasons that the social and economic consequences of key environmental health issues are enormous?

1. 25% of the total global burden of disease is due to environmental risk factors 2. The burden of these risk factors and their related causes of disease fall disproportionately on relatively poorer people 3. these environmental health burdens have very negative consequences on productivity

In the Roma Study, what were some of the observable/ perceived hazards?

1. Chimneys stopped in the attic 2. Abandoned machinery, piles of metal garbage 3. Boys playing with ax 4. Piles of Bricks 5. Loose Dogs 6. Wood Stoves 7. Car Injuries

How did The WHO respond to the burden of car crashes?

1. Decade of Action for Road Safety 2. Global Status Reports 3. Providing technical support to 10 countries

What makes injury a Public Health problem?

1. Lost days of work/ productivity 2. Pain/ Suffering 3. Family implications 5. Hospitalization and Rehabilitation costs

What are health issues associated with migration?

1. Poor/ no housing 2. lack of access to food, water, and sanitation 3. exhaustion 4. mental health such as PTSD 5. Loss of the protective structure go families and communities and lose connections to social networks 6. violence 7. dangerous environments 8. fear 9. no treatment for NCDs/ treatment is interrupted 10. injury due to violence and traffic accidents 11. unsafe working and living conditions

Interventions for car crashes can be summarized as:

1. Preventing/ Limiting energy build-up 2. Controlling the circumstances of energy use to prevent uncontrolled release 3. Modifying energy transfer to limit damage 4. Improving emergency response, treatment, and rehabilitative care o limit disability and promote recovery

What is the burden of car crashes?

1. Treatment of Injuries 2. Economic losses to victims, their families, and nations as a whole 3. Reduced/ Lost productivity 4. cost of injury (1-3% of GNP)

15 percent of the total deaths among all age groups globally are attributable to five environmental causes:

1. Unimproved Water 2. Poor Sanitation 3. Ambient Air Pollution 4. Household Air Pollution 5. Lead

How can countries reduce household air pollution?

1. cooking devices can be improved 2. less polluting fuels can be used 3. families can reduce their need for fuels by using solar cooking and heating 4. mechanisms for venting smoke can be built into the house 5. kitchen can be moved away from the main part of the house 6. can use dried fuels 7. can maintain their stoves and chimneys 8. keep children away from the cooking area 9. the government can promote information and education about such pollution and how to reduce it 10. government can also implement tax policy to reduce the cost of cooking appliances and fuels that will reduce pollution

What are some steps that countries can take to reduce ambient air pollution?

1. introduction of unleaded gasoline 2. low-smoke lubricant for two- stroke engines 3. the banning of two-stroke engines 4. shifting to natural gas to fuel public vehicles 5. tightening emissions inspections on vehicles 5. reducing the burning of garbage

_____________ _____________ refers to the increase in the earth's average temperature that has been observed and the consequences that might be associated with this rise in temperature

Climate Change

____________________ are people forced to flee due to changes in the natural environment related to sea-level rise, extreme weather events, and rough to water scarcity

Climigrants

What are the common fuels used that often result in household air pollution from cooking and heating?

Fossil fuel such as coal and biomass fuel such as cow dung, wood, logging wastes, and crop wastes

The _____________ ____________ demonstrates the epidemiological triad in association with the three temporal phases

Haddon Matrix

__________________ _________ __________________ is the fourth most important risk factor globally and in low and middle- income countries

Household air pollution

_______________ ____________ is the movement of people from one place to another with the intention of settling, permanently or temporarily, in the new location

Human Maigration

The _________________ ________________ brought with it more discernible environmental and occupational conditions- the challenges for "accident" prevention started to gain attention

Industrial Revolution

_____________ suggests predicability in the epidemiological sense and amendability to prevention while ______________ implies random events or bad luck

Injury, Accident

________________ _____________ is moving within a state or country

Internal Migration

An ________________ ____________ ___________ is someone who has been forced to flee their homes but never crossed an international border.

Internally Displaced Person

_______________ ___________ ___________, which include people displaced by internal strife and natural disasters, are the largest group that UNHCR assists

Internally Displaced Persons

Is an injury an accident?

NO

In the past, when injuries were thought of as accidents, the main strategies for prevention would be _______________ or _______________ ______________.

Prayer, Divine Intervention