Public Health Exam 2

What percent of employed people have no health insurance (are uninsured), "the working poor"?

"roughly 30 million Americans of all ages have no health insurance in 2021 (9.2%)

Provide 2 examples of when medical care is a public health responsibility

- Prevention of spread of communicable diseases - Hospitals

What are the benefits for prenatal care

- Reduced risk of birth defects and pregnancy complications - Analyze the baby growth and development - Personal health progress and lifestyle tips - Regular testing opportunities - Nutrition care

Pitt County Board of Health Select Priority Areas

- chronic disease control - infant mortality prevention - risk factor reduction including physical activity, nutrition, tobacco, and substance abuse -sexually transmitted diseases

what re some examples of Possible effects/consequences of the misuse of alcohol

- motor vehicle fatalities (9,050 killed or injured) - chronic lover disease (10-15% of heavy drinkers develop this) - home injuries - Drowning - underage drinking

Number of children experiencing food insecurity

1 in 8 children or 9 million children

What is the top 3 leading causes of injury death?

1. poisoning 2. motor vehicle injuries 3. firearm injuries

1 in ___ in the US is both to a woman receiving late or no prenatal care

16

Number of Americans treated for nonfatal traumatic brain

2.2 million Americans per year are treated in hospital emergency departments for TBI. Mild TBI is a concussion and sever TBI can lead to changes in thinking, sensation, or language and may cause permanent disability.

Homicide rates

60% suicide, 37% homicides, other unintentional

US infant mortality rate and how compares to other countries

Afghanistan has a 110.6 IMR and the US has 5.8 IMR. Doubled in the US blacks than whites of health disparity

How is data used in public health

Assessment of the health of a community, raw material for research, identification, detection of new health threats, planning of public health programs, preparation of government budgets.

Examples of local records which are sources of data

Birth certificates, Death certificates, and other vital statistics

_________ _________ are the leading cause of infant mortality. Prematurity and low birth weight (leading cause among blacks).

Birth defects

The 4 most prevalent health disparities in Eastern NC

Cardiovascular disease(women) Type 2 Diabetes (men) Cancers Obesities

informs the public about healthy and unhealthy behavior. Effective approaches include health education, physicians recommendations, use of advertising, and social norms approach.

Education

What are the 3 E's of injury prevention

Education Enforcement Engineering

What are some Surveillance activities

Emergency room visits, calls to 911 and poison control centers, pharmacy records, veterinary diseases

Vidant Medical Center & Pitt Partners' Select Priority Areas

Established in 1995 as a community health partnership with representatives from local churches, businesses, communities, and health and social support organizations.

What is FEMA

Federal Emergency Management Agency

What is COBRA

Federal law that requires your employer to allow you to keep your current health insurance plan for a period. If something negatively impacts your job or your ability to keep your employer-sponsored health care COBRA ensure you will be able to maintain your insurance.

What is the Listeria outbreak

Federal officials are investigating a new multistate outbreak of infections from Listeria monocytogenes bacteria. Source of pathogen has not yet been identified. So far, 11 people across 10 states have been infected. Listeria can cause fever and diarrhea

______________ is still common in the US and hunger have resulted from prolonged periods of high or increasing unemployment and underemployment declining wages, lack of affordable housing

Food insecurity

# of mass shootings in 2019 compared to 2020...

INCREASED DURING THE CORONAVIRUS

NFL new concussion protocol

If a player is hit hard and appears to be hurt they are immediately taken off the field and evaluated immediately for a concussion

Epidemiological facts about injuries

Injuries are the US's fourth leading cause of death from ages 1-44. Many injuries are not fatal but fatal is most likely to be reported. Males have higher injury rates and black have lower injury mortality than whites

Resulting from purposeful harmful actions upon oneself. Example: interpersonal violence, sexual assault, neglect and abandonment, suicide, collective violence.

Intentional injuries

_________ is welfare program for the poor, costs are shared by federal and state government, eligibility varies determined by states

Medicaid

_________ is part of the social security system, workers are entitled to benefits at age 65, program has 2 parts, prescription drug plan

Medicare

How is binge drinking defined for men and how is it defined for

Men is 5 or more drinks within 2 hours. Women is 4 or more drink in 2 hours.

Impact of Covid-19 on employer-sponsored health insurance

Millions of workers newly gain or lose access to employer-sponsored health insurance each month.

__________ is Public education, hazard and vulnerability assessment, and improved infrastructure

Mitigation

What are the 4 phases of emergency management

Mitigation, preparedness, response, and recover

Infant mortality rates for Pitt Co. compared to NC

More infant mortality in Pitt County compared to NC???? (could be wrong)

What are 3 states that have not expanded Medicaid

North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida

GO OVER WHAT IS NEW IN PUBLIC HEALTH

OKAY

Poverty rates for Pitt Co. compared to NC

Pitt (23%) has a higher poverty level than NC (15%). Poverty by race and Ethnicity Black then White, then Hispanics. Children living below poverty level Pitt (28%) NC (21%). Pitt has more Poverty

What are some social factors in Infant Mortality

Poverty, environmental hazards, poor nutrition, maternal risk behaviors, lack of prenatal care

_________ __________ occurs or exists before birth. It is the regular health care women should receive from an obstetrician or midwife during pregnancy. Prenatal visits to a health care provider usually include a physical exam, weigh checks, and providing a urine sample.

Prenatal care

____________ is emergency response plans, training and exercises, and sirens. Activities that should protect public safety, health, and well-being. They should minimize the extent of death, injury, disease, disability, and suffering during and after an emergency.

Preparedness

What does medical care include

Preventive care, testing for risk factors and second prevention, treatment of injuries, diagnosis and treatment of illnesses, provision of emergency medicine services, dealing with failures of public health

18th Amendment banned alcohol was effective in reducing diseases caused by alcohol. Prohibition against drugs such as heroin, marijuana, and cocaine is generally accepted. "The war on drugs" however may not be working.

Prohibition

Example of a health disparity

Providing low-cost basic healthcare services to low-income neighborhoods

____________ is Economic recovery, debris management, housing, health, and social services

Recovery

Definition of health disparity

Refers to the unequal distribution of health, disease, and death by social status. Social status includes race, ethnicity, gender, age, geographical region, occupation, and other factors.

warranted when its intent is to restrain people from harming others. PH laws include" laws against murder and assault, traffic regulations, restriction on alcohol, drugs, and tobacco, laws requiring vaccination

Regulation

What did the Ohio train derailment do

Released poison in the water and land and the water leads into the Missippi River. It also ignited a fire that covered the town of East Palestine in smoke. The authorities carved out an evacuation zone and carried out a controlled release of toxic fumes to neutralize burning cargo inside some of the train cars.

_________ is Life safety, incident stabilization, property preservation, evacuation and shelters, mass care

Response

All types of diesters require __________ and __________; natural disasters, terrorism, search and rescue, etc.

Response; planning

_________________ is defined by either the use of illicit substances or the misuse of medication. This abuse can appear to be casual in certain settings.

Substance abuse

__________________ is defined by using substances that have an impact on the brain's reward center that's so strong, it alters brain functionality.

Substance addiction

What does SIDS stand for?

Sudden infant death syndrome

Definition of health inequity

Systematic differences in health outcomes. Healthy inequity causes preventable deaths.

________________________ requires all qualified health insurance plans to cover routine prenatal care with no cost sharing.

The affordable care act

What are some leading actual causes of death

Tobacco, Poor diet and physical activity, alcohol consumption, motor vehicles, firearms, illicit drug use

What is impact of employment on probability of being insured?

Unemployed individuals tend to suffer more from stress related illnesses such as high blood pressure, stroke, heart attack, heart disease, and arthritis.

harmful acts that occurred without any intention of causing damage to oneself or others. Example: Traffic injuries, falls, fire, drowning

Unintentional injuries

US maternal mortality and how compares to other countries

Vinice Mabansag was the 8 billionth baby to be born in the US. The US has the highest maternal mortality rate compared to other counties. France being the second highest maternal mortality rate and Norway has the least mortality rate.

What is WIC?

Women Infants and Children. Provides vouchers for nutritious foods for pregnant women, lactating mothers, and children up to 5 and is very effective

Example of health inequity

black and white babies born in the US and black people are more likely than white people to have babies with a low birth weight

What are the public health interventions

education, regulation, and prohibition

What are some Cancer inequities

higher rates of new diagnoses and cancer death rates among certain races, ethnicities, or other population groups.

_____ is an indicator of the health status of a population

infant mortality rate (IMR)

What are some medical services that are mandatory for medicaid

inpatient and outpatient hospital services, physicians' services x-rays, and home health services.

Suicide rates are used for __________ __________

intentional violence

Firearm injury statistics

over 31,000 deaths. Homicide rates are 2-5 times higher in the US. More likely criminal justice. 38% households possess at least 1 firearm. Residents that own a gun in the house are 3 times more likely to die in a homicide.

What are some medical services that are optional of medicaid

prescription drugs, case management, physical therapy, and occupational therapy.

Adult intimate partner violence statistics

rape, physical violence, and stalking. 20 people are abused by an intimate partner every minute in the US. More than 12 million are affected each year More than 2,300 such deaths occurred in 2007

Who collects prenatal care data

state and federal governments

What does FEMA do?

supports citizens and emergency personnel to build, sustain, and improve the nations capability to prepare for, protect against, respond to, recover from, and mitigate all hazards

What are the two categories of injury death

unintentional and intentional injuries