Public Health Surveillance

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Examples of syndromatic surveillance

ED visit, acute care log, lab test orders, 911 calls, over the counter drug sales

Example of Passive surveillance

Reports faxed, mailed, phoned or emailed by by health care providers or laboratories

Surveillance of disease

The ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice, as well as the timely dissemination of these data to those who need to know

Types of surveillance systems

active, passive, sentinel, syndromatic

Strengths of secondary data

already collected, often have large numbers, summary stats readily available

Examples of active surveillance

calling every Monday, calls initiated as epi study to identify additional cases, and visiting hospitals regularly to check data

Person

demographic information (age, gender, social class)

Secondary data collection

demographics, vital stats, surveillance, health status and behavioral, socioeconomic,

Strengths of sentinel surveillance

detect early appearance of outbreak or epidemic

Strengths of syndromatic surveillance

early recognition of ID outbreak or bioterrorism and assures ongoing systemic surveillance once set up

syndromatic

electronic transfer of data fields describing symptomatology or presenting complaints

Limitations of passive surveillance

incomplete reporting

Sentinel

key report sources are selected to participate in an enhanced disease surveillance system

Tables

more specific, show exact values, clear simple summary, concise, no unnecessary digits, rows and columns labeled, and adequate spacing

Place

natural boundaries, political subdivisions, urban/rural, international, and migrant studies

Data sources for surveillance

notifiable diseases, laboratory specimens, vital records, registries, surveys, administrative data systems

Limitations of syndromatic surveillance

numerous software packages, requires compatible formats, and difficult to define sensitivity to individual or combined measure used

Limitations of secondary data

original purpose of collection, completeness, confidentiality issues, 'unclean' sets, timeliness of availability

Examples of sentinel surveillance

peiodic lab audits, periodic review of medical data, death certificate review, Influenza-it is reported daily; west nile virus monitored using birds

Primary data collection

personal interviews, physical examinations, and biological specimens

Limitations of sentinel surveillance

providers must be willing to cooperate and not population based

Strengths of active surveillance

rapid, complete reporting, increased specimen submission to Public Health Laboratory

passive

reporting sources send in reports of disease at will

active

reports are solicited from reporting sources at established intervals

Limitations of active surveillance

resource intensive, difficult to maintain long term

Time

secular trends, cyclic or seasonal changes, short-term fluctuations, and time/place clusters

Strengths of passive surveillance

simple, not burdensome to public health

Graphs

useful for large sets, show patterns trends and shapes, more information in small space (pie, bar, line, and histogram)


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