Public Speaking

Attention

1st Step in Monroe's Motivated Sequence: Gain the attention of your audience by using an attention grabber: -- Relating it to the audience -- Showing the importance of the topic -- Making a startling statement -- Arousing curiosity or suspense -- Posing a question -- Telling a dramatic story -- Using visual aids.

Need

2nd Step in Monroe's Motivated Sequence: Make the audience feel a need for change: --You show there is a serious problem with the existing situation. --It is important to state the need clearly and to illustrate it with strong supporting materials. --By the end of this step, listeners should be so concerned about the problem that they are psychologically primed to hear your solution.

Brevity, Humility, Graciousness

3 Major Traits of a GOOD Acceptance Speech

Satisfaction

3rd Step in Monroe's Motivated Sequence: Having aroused a sense of need, you satisfy it by providing a solution to the problem: -- You present your plan and show how it will work. -- Be sure to offer enough details about the plan to give listeners a clear understanding of it.

Red Herring

A fallacy that introduces an IRRELEVANT issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion.

Bandwagon

A fallacy which assumes that because something is POPULAR, it is therefore good.

Appeal to Novelty

A fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old.

Problem-Solution Order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which: - First main point deals with the existence of a problem - Second main point presents a solution to the problem.

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are: 1. Attention 2. Need 3. Satisfaction 4. Visualization 5. Action.

Invalid Analogy

An analogy in which the cases being compared are NOT essentially alike.

Fallacy

An error in reasoning.

Question of Fact and Value

Both persuasive speeches on these are usually organized TOPICALLY

Analogical Reasoning

Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.

Reasoning From Specific Instances

Reasoning that moves from PARTICULAR facts to a GENERAL conclusion.

Reasoning From Principle

Reasoning that moves from a GENERAL principle to a SPECIFIC conclusion.

Causal Reasoning

Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects.

Topically

Speeches organized this way have the main points divide the topic into logical subtopics

Evidence

Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something. Tips for Using It: 1. Make it specific 2. Make it novel (something the audience won't know) 3. Make sure it's from credible sources (preferably unbiased) 4. Make your point clear

Credibility

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing it are: 1. Competence 2. Character

Initial Credibility

The credibility of a speaker BEFORE she or he starts to speak.

Derived Credibility

The credibility of a speaker PRODUCED by everything she or he says and does DURING the speech.

Terminal Credibility

The credibility of a speaker at the END of the speech.

Need

The first basic issue in analyzing a Question of Policy. Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?

Mental Dialogue with the Audience

The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.

Burden of Proof

The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.

Persuasion

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.

Reasoning

The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.

Ethos

"Credibility" Name used by Aristotle

Pathos

"Emotional Appeal" Name used by Aristotle Examples should be: - Real - Grounded in Fact

Logos

"Logical Appeal" Name used by Aristotle The two major elements of it are: 1. Evidence 2. Reasoning

Visualization

4th Step in Monroe's Motivated Sequence: Having given your plan, you intensify desire for it by visualizing its benefits: -- The key to this step is using vivid imagery to show your listeners how they will profit from your policy. -- Make them see how much better conditions will be once your plan is adopted.

Action

5th Step in Monroe's Motivated Sequence: Once the audience is convinced your policy is beneficial, you are ready to call for action: -- Say exactly what you want the audience to do- and how to do it. -- Then conclude with a final stirring appeal that reinforces their commitment to act.

Slippery Slope

A fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

Comparative Advantages Order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which: Each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions.

Speech to Gain Immediate Action

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.

Question of Value

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.

Question of Policy

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

Speech of Introduction

A speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience. Three Objectives of It: 1. Build enthusiasm for upcoming speaker 2. Build enthusiasm for upcoming topic 3. Establish a welcoming climate that will increase the speaker's credibility

Practicality

The third basic issue in analyzing a Question of Policy: Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?

Hasty Generalization

A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a GENERAL conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence.

False Cause

A fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the CAUSE of the second.

Ad Hominem

A fallacy that ATTACKS the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute.

Either/Or

A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist.

Appeal to Tradition

A fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new.

Problem-Cause-Solution Order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which: - First main point identifies a problem - Second main point analyzes the causes of the problem - Third main point presents a solution to the problem.

Speech to Gain Passive Agreement

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.

Question of Fact

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.

Acceptance Speech

A speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition. Must Include: 1. Thanking the people that gave you the award 2. Thanking the people that helped you The major traits of a good speech: 1. Brevity 2. Humility 3. Graciousness

Commemorative Speech

A speech that pays tribute to a person, an institution, or an idea. General purpose: To Inspire (NOT Inform) Conclusion: - Very Important - Should be EMOTIONAL

Speech of Presentation

A speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition. The main purpose: tell audience why recipient is receiving the award Depending on the audience and occasion, discuss: 1. What the award is 2. How great the losers are (praise them)

Creating Common Ground

A technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.

Target Audience

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.

Plan

The second basic issue in analyzing a Question of Policy. If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

Persuasion

This occurs in a situation where 2 or more points of view exist. There has to be: DISAGREEMENT

Speeches for Special Occasions

This speech's primary purpose is to fit the special needs of a Special Occasion. - The speeches themselves are part of the CEREMONIAL AURA that makes certain events seem special.