Public Speaking

Invitational Speaking uses

Equality - all perspectives valid and worth exploration Value - all values valued and speaker generally tries to understand views Self-determination - identifies that people know their own lives best

Standpoint

Perspective from which a person views and evaluates society

Antithesis

Placement of words and phrases in contrast or opposition to one another. It was the best of times it was the worst of times

Connotative definition

Subjective meaning of a word based on personal experience

Deductive reasoning

generalizations and conclusions lead to example

Logical fallacies

Ad hominem Bandwagon Either/or False cause Red herring Hasty Generalization Slippery Slope

Noise

Anything that interferes with understanding the message being communicated

Visual Aids

Anything visual that is used to provide something the audience can see and relate to.

Trait Anxiety

Apprehension about communicating with others in any situation

Parallelsim

Arrangement of related words so they have related or identical structures

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Attention grabber Lay Groundwork Satisfy need Visualization of impact Call to action

Speaker Credibility

Competence Character

Audience

Complex and varied group of people the speaker addresses

3 reasons to speak

Deciding to speak Asked to Speak Required to speak

Speaker

Delivers a message while considering the needs and characteristics of the audience They are the encoder

Context

Environment or situation in which a speech occurs

Map of reasoning

Grounds ->(Backing -> Warrant) -> Claim

Problem/solution

Identifies the problem and then shows your solution

4 kinds of speeches

Impromptu Manuscript Extemporaneous Memorized

Patterns of reasoning

Inductive Deductive Causal Analogical Reasoning by sign

Slang

Informal nonstandard vocab, usually made of arbitrarily changed words

Message

Information conveyed by the speaker to the audience and these can be verbal or nonverbal This will be decoded into ideas and thoughts

Types of Credibility

Initial Derived Terminal

Red Herring fallacy

Introduction of irrelevant information to distract from real issues

Communication Apprehension

Level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person(s)

Reasoning by sign

Like "dark clouds" are a sign of a storm rolling in

Colloquialism

Local or regional informal dialect or expression

Channel

Means by which the message is conveyed

Statistics

Numerical summaries of facts, figures, and research findings

Spatial organizational pattern

Organized by location of thoughts and events

Causal organizational pattern

Organized by showing either the cause or the effect and then going to the other

Chronological organizational pattern

Organized by time of events

Value

Person's idea of what is good, worthy, or important

Belief

Person's ideas of what is real, not real, true, or not true

Types of Informative Speaking

Process Events Places/people Objects Concepts

Types of Persuasive Speaking

Question of; fact, value, or policy

Master Statuses

Significant positions occupied by a person within society that affect that person's identity in almost all social situations (your legal Information)

Signpost

Simple word or phrase identifying where you are in the speech or highlights main ideas

Ethical Public Speaking

Speaker who considers the moral impact of his or her ideas and arguments on others when involved in the public dialogue

Introduction

Start your speech by gaining credibility and you audience's attention. Then state the importance of your topic and talk about what is to come

Alliteration

Starting words with the same letter to create rhythm

Narrative

Story that recounts or foretells real or hypothetical examples/events

Connections in the semantic triangle of meaning

Symbol is what is being spoken by speaker, referent is the idea that the symbol represents, and the thought or reference is a memory/idea shared with audience members

Jargon

Technical language used by a special group or for a special activity

Public Speaking Model

This model, but contains noise 7 Things

Semantic Triangle of meaning

Thought Symbol Referent

Feedback

Verbal and nonverbal signals an audience gives a speaker

Character speaker credibility

Who the speaker is as a person

Euphemism

Word or phrase that substitutes an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant

Connectives

Words or phrases used to link ideas in a speech Transition, internal preview, internal summary, signpost

Conclusion

You are ending you speech so reinforce the thesis by summing up main points and refer back to the intro if you proposed a question or you want to make your point clear. End with a closer

Slippery Slope fallacy

a step in a certain direction will lead to undesirable further steps in that direction

Hasty generalization fallacy

argument based on too few cases to support the conclusion

Ad hominem fallacy

attacks a person not their argument

Causal reasoning

because this then this

Ethnocentrism

belief that our own cultural perspectives, norms, and ways of organizing society are superior to others

Stereotype

broad generalization about an entire group based on limited knowledge or exposure to only certain members of that group

Group Communications

communication among members of a team collective about goals, strategies, and conflict

Interpersonal communication

communication with other people that ranges from the high personal to the highly impersonal

Intrapersonal communication

communication with ourselves via the dialogue goes on in our heads

Listenable speech

considerate and delivered in an oral

Culture and Speaking Style

derived from nationality, race, ethnicity, religion making a style of communication

Considerate speech

eases the audience's burden of processing information

Public dialogue

ethical, fair, and honest. Open discussion

Bandwagon fallacy

everyone is doing it, it must be true

Inductive reasoning

examples lead to a generalization and conclusion

State or situational anxiety

feeling anxiety in a certain circumstance

Specific purpose

focused statement that identifies exactly what a speaker wants to accomplish with a speech

Attitude

general positive or negative feeling a person has about something

Idiom

is a phrase that is more than the sum of its parts, or in other words, has more of a meaning than the individual words used in the phrase.

Demographic audience analysis

knowing exactly what the audience is made of

what is mass communication

media

False Cause fallacy

mistakes correlational relationship for a causal relationship

Denotative definition

objective meaning of a word or phrase you find in a dictionary

Listener Interference

occurs during listening when anything stops one from receiving a message (decoding speech) Like thinking that you aren't interested

Testimony (and types)

opinions or observations made by others Expert, peer, personal

Analogical reasoning

resemblance of one quality between two things leads to resemblance in another quality

Pneumonic Device

something vocal used to remember something

Competence speaker credibility

speaker's knowledge of the subject

General purpose

speeches broad goal; to inform, invite, persuade, introduce, commemorate, or accept

Topical

splits up the points you are going to make into subtopics which will then lead up to the final claim

Thesis

statement summarizes in a single declarative sentence the main ideas, assumptions, or arguments you want to express in your speech

Problems with non-inclusive language

too formal, casual, or non-inclusive not using gender inclusive language or culturally inclusive language

Articulation vs. Pronunciation

way words flow and are presented vs. saying a single word or phrase correctly

Need, Plan, Practicality idea for speeking

what is the problem, how do we solve it, what is the best solution, likelihood of your plan being adopted, and pros and cons

Either/or fallacy

you give two options when more exist