Public Speaking Final exam ICC

Pronunciation

Accepted standard of sound, rhythm in given language

Stage Fright

Anxiety over prospect of speaking in front of an audience

Event

Anything that happens or is regard as happening

Object

Anything visible, tangible or stable in form

Nonverbal communication

Based on use of voice and body

Concept

Belief, theory, idea, notion, principle etc

Ethnocentrism

Believing one's group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.

Signposts

Brief statement showing where speaker is or focusing attention on key ideas

General purpose

Broad goal of speech

Crescendo ending

Building to zenith of power and intensity

Extemporaneous

Carefully prepared and rehearsed and presented speech based of brief notes

Vocal variety

Changes in rate, pitch, and volume. Also gives voice expressiveness

Positive nervousness

Controlled nervousness that energizes speaker for presentation

Ethics

Deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs

Informative speech

Designed to convey knowledge and understanding

Spare "Brain time"

Difference between rate of talk and rate at which brain processes language

Your knowledge

Drawing on personal experience

Incremental plagiarism

Failing to give credit for parts borrowed from other sources

Problem-Solution order

First main point is the problem and the second main point is the solution

Critical thinking

Focused and organized thinking, and involves relationships among ideas, soundness of evidence, differences between fact and opinion

Dissolve ending

Generating emotional appeal by fading to dramatic final statement

Brainstorming

Generating ideas by free association

Pitch

Highness or lowness of voice

Make the speech an two-way street and listeners have ethical obligations

How can listeners be ethical listeners?

Making ideas public, importance for career and importance for civic engagement

How can public speaking be powerful and important?

Respect listeners' cultural values, adapt messages to expectations, imagine oneself in place of listeners, be alert to feedback, and listeners also have to avoid ethnocentrism

How can you avoid ethnocentrism?

Focus speech to fit time limit, develop topic creatively, and use colorful and descriptive language

How can you focus on speech development?

Relate topic to audience, state importance of topic, startle audience, arouse curiosity, question audience, begin with quotation, tell a story, and use visual aids

How can you gain an audience's attention?

Look for materials while researching, conclude with a bang and not a whimper, be brief, and work out content and delivery in detail

How can you prepare for a conclusion?

Be concise, look for materials as you research, be creative, finalize after body is done and work out content and delivery in detail

How can you prepare for a good introduction?

Cite sources when using internet materials and take careful notes

How can you prevent plagiarism on the internet?

Summarize speech, end with quotation, make dramatic statement and refer to intro

How can you reinforce the central idea?

Go through prep outline aloud, prepare speaking outline, practice speech around, polish and refine delivery and give dress rehearsal

How should you affectively practice your delivery?

Approach with positive attitude, listen carefully, direct answers to entire audience, be honest and straightforward, and stay on track

How should you manage a Q and A session?

Formulate answers to possible questions and practice delivery of answers

How should you prepare for a Q and A portion of a speech?

Transition

Indicates speaker has finished one thought and is moving to another

Catalogue

List of books, periodicals, and other resources owned by library

Transition, internal preview, internal summary and signpost

List the different types of connective

Appreciative listening

Listening for pleasure, enjoyment

Critical listening

Listening to evaluate message

Empathic listening

Listening to provide emotional support for speaker

Comprehensive listening

Listening to understand message

Impromptu

Little or not immediate preparation

Volume

Loudness or softness of voice

Topical order

Main points divide topic into logical, consistent subtopics

Spatial order

Main points follow directional pattern

Chronological order

Main points follow time pattern

Causal order

Main points show cause-effect relationship

Main points

Major points developed in body of speech and most speeches have 2-5 points

Supporting materials

Materials used to support speaker's ideas

Pauses

Momentary break in vocal delivery

Central Idea

One-sentence statement and encapsulates the major idea of speech

Strategic organization

Organizing speech to achieve a particular result with a particular audience

Listening

Paying close attention to what we hear

Credibility

Perception of speaker's qualifications

Goodwill

Perception of whether speaker has best interests of audience in mind

Articulation

Physical production of speech sounds

Visualization

Picturing oneself giving successful presentation

Plagiarism

Presenting language, ideas of another as one's own

Conclusion

Signal end of speech and reinforce central idea

Specific purpose

Single infinitive phrase and states what speaker hopes to accomplish

Conversational quality

Sounds spontaneous no matter how often rehearsed

Rate

Speed at which person speaks

Internal preview

Statement in body indicating what speaker will discuss next

Internal summary

Statement in body summarizing preceding point or points

Preview statement

Statement in intro identifying main points of body

Global plagiarism

Stealing from single source, passing off as one's own

Patchwork plagiarism

Stealing ideas, language from two or three sources, passing off as one's own

Kinesics

Study of body motions as mode of communication

Frame of reference NOTE: Everything filtered through listener's frame of reference and no two people have the same frame of reference

Sum of person's knowledge experience, goals, values, and attitudes.

Process

Systematic series of actions leading to a specific result

Keep points separate, try for same pattern of wording and balance time devoted to each

Tips for good main points

Volume, pitch, rate, pauses, vocal variety and pronunciation, articulation and dialect

To have a good speaker's voice you must have good...

Name-calling

Using language to defame, demean, degrade individuals or groups

Dialect

Variety of language distinguished by accent, grammar, and vocabulary

Hearing

Vibration of sound waves on eardrums

Not concentrating, listening too hard, jumping to conclusions, and focusing on deliver/appearance

What are some causes of poor listening?

Public speaking is more highly structured, public speaking requires more formal language and public speaking requires a different method of delivery

What are some differences of public speaking and normal conversations?

Speaker, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference, and situation

What are some factors of speech communication process?

Plant feet and smile to audience, gesture naturally, establish and maintain eye contact, speak expressively, and take steps to reduce nervousness

What are some good ways to stand and have good posture for your speech presentation?

select effective method of organization, limit and focus number of main points and include transition statements

What are some key details for a good body in speeches?

Librarians, catalogue, reference works, newspaper and periodical databases, and academic databases

What are some library resources?

Manuscript, memory, impromptu, and extemporaneous

What are some methods of delivery?

Appreciative, empathic, comprehensive, and critical

What are some of the types of listening?

Organize thoughts logically, tailor message to audience, tell stories for maximum impact and adapt to feedback

What are some similarities of public speaking and normal conversations?

Full infinitive phrase, statement and not a question, avoid figurative language, limits to one distinct idea, and avoid being vague

What are some specific purpose guidelines?

Listen for main points, evidence and technique

What are some ways to focus your listening?

Global, patchwork and incremental

What are the 3 types of plagiarism?

Objects, processes, events and concepts

What are the 4 types of informative speeches?

Express as full sentence, don't express as question, avoid figurative language and don't be vague

What are the central idea guidelines?

Make ethically sound goals, be fully prepared, be honest, avoid name calling or abusive language and put principles into practice

What are the guidelines for ethical speaking?

Don't overestimate what audience knows, relate subject to audience, don't be too technical, avoid abstractions, personalize ideas, and be creative

What are the guidelines of informative speaking?

Take listening seriously, be active listener, resist distractions, don't be diverted by appearance/delivery, suspend judgment, develop note-taking skills, and focus you listening

What are ways to be a better listener?

Acquire experience, PREPARE, think positively, use power of visualization, know most nervousness is not visible, and don't expect perfection

What are ways to reduce speech anxiety?

Gain attention and interest, reveal topic, establish credibility and goodwill, and preview body

What does a good introduction look like?

Personal appearance, movement, gestures, and eye contact

What is the speaker's physical body based on?

Vocalized pauses

When speaker says "uh," "er", "um" etc.

Connective

Word or phrase connecting ideas

Manuscript

Written out fully and read speech to audience

Ethical decisions

weighing potential course of action against ethical standards