Public Speaking Review
What is this an example of? Peace is essential for progress, but progress is no less essential for peace. (Liaquat Ali Khan) Nothing great is accomplished without cooperation, compromise, and common cause. (Ban Ki-moon)
alliteration
Sometimes referred to as a false dilemma, the _________ fallacy forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist. For example: The government must either raise taxes or eliminate services for the poor.
either-or
Make sure you pause at the ________ thought units and not in the middle.
end of
Certain speeches must be delivered word for word, according to a meticulously prepared __________.
manuscript
Examples include a Pope's religious proclamation, an engineer's report to a professional meeting, or a President's message to Congress. In such situations, absolute accuracy is essential. Every word of the speech will be analyzed by the press, by colleagues, perhaps by enemies. In the case of the President, a misstated phrase could cause an international incident.
manuscript
What is this an example of? Rich and poor, intelligent and ignorant, wise and foolish, virtuous and vicious, man and woman—it is ever the same, each soul must depend wholly on itself. (Elizabeth Cady Stanton)
parallelism
_______: the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences
parallelism
The biggest mistake made by beginning speakers when using a chart is to include .....
too much information
Persuasive speeches on questions of value are almost always organized _________.
topically.
Most languages have ________, each with a distinctive accent, grammar, and vocabulary. Dialects are usually based on regional or ethnic speech patterns.
dialects
A fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new. is fallacious when it assumes that something old is automatically better than something new. For example: I don't see any reason to abolish the electoral college. It has been around since the adoption of the U.S. Constitution in 1787, and we should keep it as long as the United States continues to exist.
Appeal to tradition
___________ and pronunciation are not identical. Sloppy ________ is the failure to form particular speech sounds crisply and distinctly.
Articulation
Which one is a question of value? Bicycle riding is the ideal form of land transportation I enjoy bicycle riding
Bicycle riding is the ideal form of land transportation
_________ are particularly useful for summarizing large blocks of information.
Charts
________ words are much more likely to claim your listeners' attention
Concrete
_________ words refer to tangible objects—people, places, and things
Concrete
Example of _________ In recent months, bed bugs have made headlines across the country, affecting the rich and the poor, the clean and the dirty, the East Coast, the West Coast, and every place in between. Page 226In New York City, bed bugs have been found in fancy hotels, crowded subways, even the Victoria's Secret store on Lexington Avenue. In Los Angeles, they have infiltrated public housing and posh Beverly Hills neighborhoods alike. In college towns, they are almost everywhere—dorm rooms, apartments, restaurants, movie theaters, bars, even sports arenas. Bed bugs are becoming a pest of epidemic proportions.
Concrete words
A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence. is the most common fallacy in reasoning from specific instances. It occurs when a speaker jumps to a conclusion on the basis of too few cases or on the basis of atypical cases. For example: Throughout American history, military leaders have always made excellent presidents. Look at the examples of George Washington, Andrew Jackson, and Dwight Eisenhower.
Hasty generalization
How does the psychology of persuasion work?
It occurs in a situation where two or more points of view exist. there must be a disagreement, or else there would be no need for persuasion
T or F: You should never add images of any sort to a slide unless they are truly needed.
True
"Humility," "science," "progress," and "philosophy" are _______ words.
abstract
Although ________ words are necessary to express certain kinds of ideas, they are much easier to misinterpret.
abstract
___________ words refer to general concepts, qualities, or attributes.
abstract
Latin for "against the man," __________ refers to the fallacy of attacking the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute. For instance: The head of the commerce commission has a number of interesting economic proposals, but let's not forget that she comes from a very wealthy family.
ad hominem
The most common method of ___________ is repeating the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words.
alliteration
________________ means that no matter how many times a speech has been rehearsed, it still sounds spontaneous.
"Conversational quality"
Example of __________ Bed bugs are highly newsworthy in the United States. They affect people regardless of social strata, demographic group, or region of the country. They are found in a wide range of social locations, some of which one might not expect. No matter where one lives, bed bugs are a growing problem.
Abstract words
People in the United States usually speak at a rate between __________ words per minute, but there is no uniform rate for effective speechmaking.
120 and 150
How long should a video be if used as a visual aid?
30 seconds
What should you do with clutter?
Eliminate it Avoid flabby phrases. Let your ideas emerge sharply and firmly. Above all, watch out for redundant adjectives and adverbs.
__________ (sometimes called an appeal to ethics), then, is used as a means of convincing an audience via the authority or credibility of the persuader, be it a notable or experienced figure in the field or even a popular celebrity.
Ethos
________ (appeal to logic) is a way of persuading an audience with reason, using facts and figures.
Logos
A visual aid is useless if no one can see it. Keep in mind the size of the room in which you will be speaking and make sure your aid is big enough to be seen easily by everyone. As you prepare the aid, check its visibility by moving to a point as far away from it as your most distant listener will be sitting.
MAKE SURE VISUAL AIDS ARE LARGE ENOUGH
__________ is an implicit comparison between things that are essentially different yet have something in common. Unlike simile, does not contain the words "like" or "as."
Metaphor
What are these examples of? America's cities are the windows through which the world looks at American society. (Henry Cisneros) With globalization, the same sea washes all of humankind. We are all in the same boat. There are no safe islands. (Kofi Annan)
Metaphors
tailor-made for policy speeches that seek immediate action. The sequence has five steps that follow the psychology of persuasion:
Monroes motivated sequence
do all question of fact have to be answered absolutely?
No
What is a cliche?
Over used basic simile "hungry as a bear"
__________ is the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions
Persuasion
_____ is the highness or lowness of a speaker's voice.
Pitch
What college basketball team has won the most games since 2000? Who was the first African American to sit on the U.S. Supreme Court? How far is it from Los Angeles to Cairo? Examples of?
Question of fact
Will the economy be better or worse next year? Who will win the Super Bowl this season? Examples of?
Question of fact
Examples of?? What measures should be taken to protect people's privacy online? Should the electoral college be abolished? What steps should be taken to reduce the erosion of America's coastlines?
Question of policy
______ refers to the speed at which a person talks.
Rate
_________ is the process of drawing a conclusion based on evidence.
Reasoning
What is this an example of? If not now, when? If not us, who? If not together, how? (Gordon Brown) We do not give up. We do not quit. We do not allow fear or division to break our spirit. (Barack Obama)
Repetition
_________ means reiterating the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences.
Repetition
What are these examples of? Walking into my grandparents' home when I was a child was like being wrapped in a giant security blanket. Personal data is flowing like a torrent into NSA servers.
Simile
_______ is an explicit comparison between things that are essentially different yet have something in common. It always contains the words "like" or "as."
Simile
When displaying text on visual aids, follow this general rule: Briefer is better. Succinct phrases containing only essential key words will help listeners grasp your basic point and process the information as you're speaking.
USE A LIMITED AMOUNT OF TEXT
When used effectively, color can dramatically increase the impact of a visual aid. The key words, of course, are "when used effectively." Some colors do not work well together.
USE COLOR EFFECTIVELY
One of the benefits of presentation technology is the ease with which it allows you to include photographs, charts, graphs, and other images, including video. Unfortunately, some speakers are prone to adding images simply because it is easy, rather than because it is essential for communicating their message.
USE IMAGES STRATEGICALLY
________ ______ should be simple, clear, and to the point.
Visual aids
At one time, a powerful voice was essential for an orator. Today, electronic amplification allows even a soft-spoken person to be heard in any setting. But in the classroom you will speak without a microphone. When you do, be sure to adjust your voice to the acoustics of the room, the size of the audience, and the level of background noise. If you speak too loudly, your listeners will think you boorish. If you speak too softly, they will not understand you.
Volume
When arguing from _______, a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for one case is also true for the other: For example: If you're good at tennis, you will probably be good at Ping-Pong. Although playing Ping-Pong is not exactly the same as playing tennis, the two are close enough that the speaker is on firm ground in concluding that being skilled at one increases the odds of being skilled at the other.
analogy
What is this an example of? Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. (John F. Kennedy) Let us never negotiate out of fear. But let us never fear to negotiate. (John F. Kennedy)
antithesis
__________: The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.
antithesis
The fallacy of ______________ is the opposite of appeal to tradition. Appeal to novelty assumes that because something is new, it is therefore superior to something that is older. For example: Our church should adopt the 2011 New International Version of the Bible because it is 400 years newer than the King James Version.
appeal to novelty
Among college students, poor __________ is more common than ignorance of correct pronunciation.
articulation
otta didn't dint don't know dunno have to hafta want to wanna will you wilya Examples of?
articulation
How often have you heard someone say, "It's a great idea—everyone agrees with it"? This is a classic example of the _________ fallacy, which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.
bandwagon
The _____ graph is a particularly good way to show comparisons among two or more items. It also has the advantage of being easy to understand, even by people who have no background in reading graphs.
bar graph
There is a patch of ice on the sidewalk. You slip, fall, and break your arm. You reason as follows: "Because that patch of ice was there, I fell and broke my arm." This is an example of ______________, in which someone tries to establish the relationship between causes and effects.
causal reasoning
Such ________ are fine in everyday conversation, but you should avoid them in speechmaking. Otherwise, you are likely to be "dull as dishwater" and to find your audience "sleeping like a log"!
clichés
In presenting the speech, the _________ speaker uses only a brief set of notes or a speaking outline to jog the memory. The exact wording is chosen at the moment of delivery.
extemporaneous
The ___________ method has several advantages. It gives more precise control over thought and language than does impromptu speaking; it offers greater spontaneity and directness than does speaking from memory or from a full manuscript; and it is adaptable to a wide range of situations. It also encourages the conversational quality audiences look for in speech delivery.
extemporaneous
Unlike an impromptu speech, which is delivered off-the-cuff, an _________ speech is carefully prepared and practiced in advance.
extemporaneous
A _______ is an error in reasoning. As a speaker, you need to avoid fallacies in your speeches. As a listener, you need to be alert to fallacies in the speeches you hear.
fallacy
The fallacy of __________ is often known by its Latin name, post hoc, ergo propter hoc, which means "after this, therefore because of this." In other words, the fact that one event occurs after another does not mean that the first is the cause of the second. The closeness in time of the two events may be entirely coincidental—as in this case: When a team from the NFC wins the Super Bowl, economic growth during the next year is stronger than when a team from the AFC wins the Super Bowl. Therefore, if we want economic growth, we should root for a team from the NFC to win this year's Super Bowl.
false cause
Audiences often have trouble grasping a complex series of numbers. You can ease their difficulty by using ________ to show statistical trends and patterns.
graphs
A general rule for slides that contain only text is to include no more than a ____________ lines of type.
half-dozen
Speakers can use _________ in much the same way to make their ideas come alive. Three ways to generate imagery are by using concrete words, simile, and metaphor.
imagery
If you want to move people with your speeches, use vivid, animated language. Although there are several ways to do this, two of the most important are __________ and __________.
imagery and rhythm.
An __________ speech is delivered with little or no immediate preparation.
impromptu
Changes in pitch are known as ________. These are what makes the difference between the "Aha!" triumphantly exclaimed by Sherlock Holmes upon discovering a seemingly decisive clue and the "Aha" he mutters when he learns the clue is not decisive after all.
inflections
In ordinary conversation, we instinctively use __________ to convey meaning and emotion.
inflections
When reasoning from analogy, a speaker concludes that what is true in one case is also true in another. An _________ occurs when the two cases being compared are not essentially alike. For example: Employees are like nails. Just as nails must be hit on the head to get them to work, so must employees.
invalid analogy
The most common type of graph is the ??
line graph
Emotional appeal intended to make listeners feel sad, angry, guilty, afraid, happy, proud, sympathetic, reverent, or the like. These are often appropriate reactions when the question is one of value or policy
pathos
Learning how and when to ______ is a major challenge for most beginning speakers.
pause
When you speak to ___________, you act as an advocate. Your job is to get listeners to agree with you and, perhaps, to act on that belief. Your goal may be to defend an idea, to refute an opponent, to sell a program, or to inspire people to action.
persuade
The _____ graph is best suited for illustrating simple distribution patterns.
pie graph
But questions of _________ always go beyond questions of fact or value to decide whether something should or should not be done.
policy
Questions of _________ arise daily in almost everything we do. At home we debate what to do during spring vacation, whether to buy a new laptop, which movie to see on the weekend. At work we discuss whether to ask for a raise, what strategy to use in selling a product, how to improve communication between management and employees
policy
Reasoning from _________ is the opposite of reasoning from specific instances. It moves from the general to the specific.12 When you reason from principle, you progress from a general principle to a specific conclusion. We are all familiar with this kind of reasoning from statements such as the following: All people are mortal. Socrates is a person. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
principle
The hardest part—and it is often very hard—is __________ clutter and forcing yourself to throw away the unnecessary words. W
recognizing
A speaker who uses a __________ introduces an irrelevant issue in order to divert attention from the subject under discussion. For instance: How dare my opponents accuse me of political corruption at a time when we are working to improve the quality of life for all people in the United States.
red herring
Language has a _______ created by the choice and arrangement of words.
rhythm
Speakers, like poets, sometimes seek to exploit the _______ of language to enhance the impact of their words.
rhythm
A speaker who commits the __________ fallacy assumes that taking a first step will lead inevitably to a second step and so on down the slope to disaster—as in the following example: Now that the TSA is allowed to use full body scanners and invasive pat-downs before letting us through security, it's only a matter of time before they strip-search every man, woman, and child who wants to fly on a plane.
slippery slope fallacy
When you reason from _______________, you progress from a number of particular facts to a general conclusion.10 For example: Fact 1: My physical education course last term was easy. Fact 2: My roommate's physical education course was easy. Fact 3: My brother's physical education course was easy. Conclusion: Physical education courses are easy
specific instances
But suppose you ask, "Is it morally justifiable to keep prisoners in solitary confinement for extended periods of time?" Now you are dealing with a question of _______. How you answer will depend not only on your factual knowledge about solitary confinement, but also on your morals.
value
Despite its advantages, however, adding __________ to a speech can cause more harm than good if it is not done carefully and expertly.
video
"uh," "er," or "um." These ______________ can create negative perceptions about a speaker's intelligence and often make a speaker appear deceptive.3
vocalized pauses
What is clutter?
waste or distracting words such as like um as uh so
Sometimes you can use ______________ as a visual aid—by illustrating how a conductor directs an orchestra, by revealing the secrets behind magic tricks, by showing how to perform sign language, and so forth.
your own body
