Public speaking test 1

Relational Listening

The active and involved listening we do with people we love and care about.

Rhetoric

The faculty of discovering in the particular case all the available means of persuasion.

Main Points

The key pieces of information or arguments contained within a talk or presentation.

What is the difference between the linear and transactional model of communication?

The linear model, communication is seen as an ongoing, circular process. model has 3 parts The first part of the model is the sender, and this is the person who is speaking. The second part of the model is the channel, which is the apparatus for carrying the message The third part of the model is the receiver, and this is the person who picks up the message. In this model, communication is seen as a one-way process of transmitting a message from one person to another person. The transnational model has a number of interdependent processes and components, including the encoding and decoding processes, the communicator, the message, the channel and noise.

Channel

The means through which the message travels.

General Purpose Statement

The overarching goal of a speech; for instance, to inform, to persuade, to inspire, to celebrate, to mourn, or to entertain.

Communicator

The people in the interaction or speech setting who encode and decode messages simultaneously.

Bias

The predisposition toward a particular viewpoint.

Auditory Association

The process by which the mind sorts the perceived sound into a category so that heard information is recognized. New stimuli is differentiated by comparing and contrasting with previously heard sounds.

Decoding

The process of listening to words and interpreting the words so they are associated with a mental image.

Encoding

The process of taking a mental image, associating the image with words, and then speaking those words.

Listening

The psychological process of interpreting and making sense of the messages we receive.

Epistemology

The study of the origin, nature, methods, and limits of human knowledge.

Message

The words, nonverbal behavior, or other signals transmitted from one person to another.

How does the thesis statement differ from the specific purpose statement?

Thesis - One sentence or statement that succinctly and accurately lets the audience know what the speech will be about and what the speaker plans to accomplish in the speech. Specific Purpose Statement - A sentence of two that describe precisely what the speech is intended to do.

Rhetorical Question

When a speaker asks a question that is not meant to be answered out loud, or a question for which the audience already knows the answer. This is often used as a way to get an audience to think about the topic.

Critical Listening

When we are listening, aiming to gain information with which we will evaluate a speaker, or the product or proposal the speaker is endorsing. This is often employed when we are looking to make choices or find points of disagreement with a speaker

Abstract Word

Words that refer to ideas or concepts that are removed from material reality.

What are the four basic functions of conclusions, and why are these functions important?

prepare the audience for the end of the speech,present any final appeals, summarize and close, end with a clincher Its important because This is your last chance to impress your audience and to make sure that they understand what you have said in your speech

Signposts

"Words and gestures that allow you to move smoothly from one idea to the next throughout your speech, showing relationships between ideas and emphasizing important points.

Topical Speech

- A speech in which main points are developed separately and are generally connected together within the introduction and conclusion.

Statistics

- Is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation of data.

Informational Listening

- Listening to learn information. For instance, this is the kind of listening students employ in classroom settings to gain knowledge about a topic.

Attention Getter

A device or technique used to gain the audience's attention in the introduction or keep the audience's attention during the course of a speech.

Analogy

A figure of speech that essentially compares something that your audience knows and understands with something new and different.

Empathetic (Therapeutic) Listening

A level of relationship listening that aims to help the speaker feel heard and understand, also appreciated. This is also known as therapeutic listening as it is employed most often by counselors, conflict mediators, or religious representatives.

Thesis Statement

A one or two-sentence encapsulation of the main points of a speech, also called the central idea.

Ontology

A part of worldview; refers to an individual's or group's belief system.

Praxeology

A part of worldview; refers to the way an individual or group goes about tasks or solving problems.

Specific Purpose Statement

A sentence of two that describe precisely what the speech is intended to do.

Specific Purpose Statement

A sentence summarizing the main idea, or claim, which the speech will support. It should be stated clearly toward the beginning of the speech.

Audience Analysis

A speaker analyzes an audience for demographics, dispositions and knowledge of the topic.

Problem-Solution Speech

A speech in which problems and solutions are presented alongside one another with a clear link between a problem and its solution.

Spatial Speech

A speech in which the main points are arranged according to their physical and geographic relationships.

Chronological Speech

A speech in which the main points are delivered according to when they happened and could be traced on a calendar or clock.

Comparative Speech

A speech in which two or more objects, ideas, beliefs, events, places, or things are compared or contrasted with one another.

Descriptive Speech

A speech that provides a detailed, vivid, word picture of a person, animal, place, or object.

Demonstration Speech

A speech that shows listeners how some process is accomplished or how to perform it themselves

Communication Loop

A traditional communication model that has both sender and receiver sharing responsibility for communicating a message, listening, and offering feedback. The sender encodes a message for the receiver to decode. Effectiveness of the communication depends on the two sharing a similar interpretation of the message and feedback (which can be verbal or nonverbal).

Primacy Effect

According to this principle, audiences are likely to remember what they hear or read first.

Recency Effect

According to this principle, audiences are likely to remember what they hear or read last.

Explanatory Speech

Also known as a briefing, the focus of this speech is on reports of current and historical events, customs, transformations, inventions, policies, outcomes, and options.

WIIFM

An acronym that stands for "What's in it for me?" This is the question that listeners ask themselves when they begin to listen to a speech.

Pathos

An appeal to the audience's emotions, trying to trigger sympathy, pity, guilt, or sorrow

Personal Testimony

An individual's story concerning his or her lived experience, which can be used to illustrate the existence of a particular event or phenomenon.

Lay Testimony

Any testimony based on witnesses' opinions or perceptions in a given case.

Beliefs

Are principles and are more durable than attitudes because beliefs are hinged to ideals and not issues.

Demographics

Are the most recent statistical characteristics of a population.

Internal Previews

Short descriptions of what a speaker will do and say during a speech; may be at the beginning and within the body of a speech.

What are the differences between beliefs, attitudes, and values?

Beliefs - Are principles and are more durable than attitudes because beliefs are hinged to ideals and not issues. Value -Is a guiding belief that regulates our attitudes. Attitude - Is a learned disposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a person, an object, an idea, or an event.

Incremental Plagiarism

Plagiarism that occurs when most of the speech is the speaker's original work, but quotes or other information have been used without being cited.

Parity

Similarity of information across sources.

Credibility

Refers to the audience's perception of the speaker's expertise, authenticity, and trustworthiness.

Ethical feedback

Descriptive and explanatory feedback for a speaker. Ethical feedback can be positive praise or constructive criticism.

Oratory

The ability to speak with rhetorical skill and eloquence.

Intrinsic Motivation

Effective listeners will find a reason within themselves to want to hear, understand, interpret, and remember the speaker's message.

Constructive Feedback

Focuses on being specific, applicable, immediate, and intends to help the speaker to improve. The feedback should be phrased as "The story you told about you and your sister in Disneyland really helped me to understand your relationship..." rather than "that was great, Jane."

What is the difference between global and patchwork plagiarism?

Global plagiarism - Is plagiarism that occurs when a speaker uses an entire work that is not his/her own. Patchwork Plagiarism - Is plagiarism that occurs when one patches together bits and pieces from one or more sources and represents the end result as his or her own.

Outline

Hierarchal textual arrangement of all the various elements of a speech.

What are the three types of speeches? For each of the three types of speeches, give two examples of an occasion or situation in which that type of speech might be given.

In an informative speech, the presenter will share information about a particular person, place, object, process, concept, or issue by defining, describing, or explaining. Occasions for which an informative speech would be presented include a report presented to coworkers, a teacher presenting In a persuasive speech, the presenter will attempt to reinforce or change their audiences' beliefs, attitudes, feelings, or values. Several occasions where persuasion is used include a sales pitch to potential customers, a politician's campaign The last general purpose is to commemorate or entertain. These types of speeches often strengthen the bonds between audience members from recalling a shared experience or intend to amuse audiences through humor, stories, or illustrations. Examples of this purpose include a toast, such as a best man's speech at a wedding reception

Sub-Points

Information that is used to support the main points of a speech.

What are the four basic functions of introductions, and why are these functions important?

Introductions must gain the audience's attention and their goodwill, they must state the purpose of the speech and they must preview the main points. 1 & 2, motivate the audience to listen to you, while 3 & 4 help the audience understand you.

Syllogism

Is a deductive form of argument, proceeding from a generalization to a specific application.

Value

Is a guiding belief that regulates our attitudes.

Attitude

Is a learned disposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a person, an object, an idea, or an event.

Paradigm

Is a pattern that describes distinct concepts or thoughts in any scientific discipline or other epistemological context.

Ethos

Is a three-step process. It involves receiving sound in the ear, perceiving sound in the brain, and processing the information offered by the sound to associate and distinguish it

Diversity

Is an appreciation for differences among individuals and groups. Ethical Feedback

Direct Quote

Is any sentence that conveys the primary source's idea word-for-word.

Paraphrase

Is any sentence that shares learned information in the speaker's own words.

Global plagiarism

Is plagiarism that occurs when a speaker uses an entire work that is not his/her own.

Patchwork Plagiarism

Is plagiarism that occurs when one patches together bits and pieces from one or more sources and represents the end result as his or her own.

Ethics

Is the process of determining what is good or bad, right or wrong in a moral dilemma.

Social Awareness

Is the recognition of important issues that affect societies.

Plagiarism

Is when one passes off another's work as his/her own or neglects to cite a source for his/her information.

Appreciative Listening

Listening for entertainment or pleasure purposes. This is the type of listening we might employ listening to music, watching television, or viewing a movie.

Inference

Making an inference is the act or process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true.

Physiological Noise

Message interference that results from bodily discomfort.

Psychological Noise

Message interference that results from disturbed or excited mental states.

Physical Noise

Message interference that results when the noise level (as measured in decibels) makes it difficult to hear a message.

Thesis

One sentence or statement that succinctly and accurately lets the audience know what the speech will be about and what the speaker plans to accomplish in the speech.

What is the difference between paraphrasing and directly quoting a source?

Paraphrase - Is any sentence that shares learned information in the speaker's own words. Direct Quote - Is any sentence that conveys the primary source's idea word-for-word.

Transitional Statements

Phrases or sentences that lead from one distinct-but connected idea to another.

Nonverbal Communication

Physical behaviors that communicate the message or the feedback from the listener. These include leaning in, nodding one's head, maintaining eye contact, crossing arms in front of the body, and offering sounds of agreement or dissent.

Define and give an original example of each of the elements of the communication process.

encoding-Encoding refers to the process of taking an idea or mental image, associating that image with words, and then speaking those words in order to convey a message. Ex:if you wanted to explain to your aunt the directions to your new apartment, you would picture in your mind the landscape, streets and buildings, and then you would select the best words that describe the route so your aunt could find you. decoding- is the reverse process of listening to words, thinking about them, and turning those words into mental images. EX: If your aunt were trying to find her way to your apartment, she would listen to your words, associate these words with streets and landmarks that she knows, and then she would form a mental map of the way to get to you a message-The message involves those verbal and nonverbal behaviors, enacted by communicators, that are interpreted with meaning by others EX: eye behavior, gesters a channel of communication-The channel is very simply the means through which the message travels. EX: Iphone Noise refers to anything that interferes with message transmission or reception (i.e., getting the image from your head into others' heads first type of noise is physiological noise, and this refers to bodily processes and states that interfere with a message. EX: For instance, if a speaker has a headache or the flu, or if audience members are hot or they're hungry, these conditions may interfere with message accuracy. The second type of noise is psychological noise. Psychological noise refers to mental states or emotional states that impede message transmission or reception. EX: For example, if someone has just broken up with a significant other, or if they're worried about their grandmother who is in the hospital, The third type of noise is actual physical noise, and this would be simply the actual sound level in a room. Loud music playing at a party, a number of voices of people talking excitedly, The last type of noise is cultural noise. Cultural noise refers to message interference that results from differences in peoples' worldviews. Worldview is the overall framework through which an individual sees, thinks about, and interprets the world and interacts with it. There are five core components to our worldview. 1. Epistemology is the way that we acquire knowledge and/or what counts as knowledge. Think about the process of conducting research 2.Ontology refers to our belief system, how we see the nature of reality or what we see as true or false. 3 Axiology represents our value system, or what we see as right or wrong, good or bad, and fair or unfair. 4 Cosmology signifies the way that we see our relationship to the universe and to other people. Cosmology dictates our view of power relationships and may involve our religious or spiritual beliefs. 5 Praxeology denotes our preferred method of completing everyday tasks or our approach to solving problems. context in which the speech or interaction takes place.