Purchasing and Buyer Behavior Final Exam Review: Ch.2
In which country is the concept of guanxi, which involves personal relationships, an important consideration?
China
Which country is the leading movie producer and consumer in the world?
India
The fact that Americans are prone to engage in physical activities and to take an action-oriented approach to problems can be explained through which self-oriented value dichotomy?
active/passive
Which of the following is a cultural factor that affects consumer behavior and marketing strategy?
all of the above; demographics, values, language, nonverbal communications
Which of the following is a key consideration for each geographic market that a firm is contemplating?
all of the above; is the geographic area homogenous or heterogenous with respect to culture? what needs can this product or a version of it fill in this culture? what are the distribution, political, and legal structures for the product? in what ways can we communicate about the product?
Which of the following is enabling the growth of a global culture
all of the above; mass media, work, education, travel
Which of the following is a factor influencing nonverbal communications?
all of the above; things, relationships, space, symbols
Which of the following is considered a symbol that has varying meaning across cultures?
all of these; animals, colors, numbers, music
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding youth and age?
children in all countries have a significant influence on purchases
Which of the following is NOT an example of an environment-oriented value?
competitive/cooperative
Marketers that wish to expand internationally need to understand a culture's widely held beliefs that affirm what is desirable. To do this, marketers should study _____.
cultural values
Norms are derived from _____.
cultural values
_____ are widely held beliefs that affirm what is desirable.
cultural values
Sarah's job at a major manufacturer of consumer package goods is to learn as much as possible about the knowledge, beliefs, art, law, morals, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by humans in a given country in which her company intends to expand. Her job, then, is to understand a country's _____.
culture
_____ is the complex whole that includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by humans as members of society.
culture
Which of the following statements is true regarding culture?
culture is acquired
In the United States, promptness is considered a virtue. Americans are expected to be on time to an event, and they expect others to do so as well. Which aspect of culture best explains this behavior?
culture is acquired, that is, it is learned
Dale has to write a research report about Poland in his International Marketing class. One aspect he must learn about the country is its size, structure, and distribution. What does this represent?
demographics
_____ describe a population in terms of its size, structure, and distribution.
demographics
Which of the following is NOT a factor that creates problems in literal translations and slang expressions?
differences in the direction in which written words are read
_____ refers to the physical location of individuals in terms of geographic region and rural, suburban, and urban location.
distribution
The United States is comprised of a culture that accepts a wide array of personal behaviors and attitudes, foods, dress, and other products and services. Thus, the United States values _____.
diversity
Sam has learned that a country to which his company desires to expand places a high value on cleanliness and admires nature immensely. Which category of cultural values does this represent?
environment-oriented
Charmaine is a member of a junior miss organization that teaches young women how to behave in various social situations. She is learning manners, how to carry herself, and appropriate attire for specific situations. Charmaine is learning _____.
etiquette
_____ represents generally accepted ways of behaving in social situations.
etiquette
In Japan, the exchange of meishi is the most basic of social rituals in a nation where social ritual matters very much. The act of exchanging meishi is weighted with meaning. Once the social minuet is completed, the two know where they stand in relation to each other and their respective statures within the hierarchy of corporate or government bureaucracy. What is "meishi"?
exchange of business cards
Which of the following is NOT a cultural factor that affects consumer behavior and marketing strategy?
exchange rates
What is the basis for virtually all societies?
family unit
Marie has purchased a brand that she has purchased before. However, the first time she used this brand, the product failed and she was dissatisfied. Unfortunately, the second time she purchased this brand, the same thing happened. She's frustrated and wants her money back, but she doesn't feel as though she has any control over this situation. She's decided that she just needs to accept this poor quality and not expect so much from the next product she purchases. Marie can be described as a(n) ______.
fatalist
_____ tend to feel they don't have control over the outcome of events.
fatalists
Which of the following is an example of an other-oriented value?
individual/collective
Jake is in the market for a new car. He's looking at brands such as Mercedes, Lexus, and BMW because he feels they tell other people that he's successful in life. This is an illustration of which value?
individualism
James used his birthday money to buy a skateboard so that he can be out with his friends at the park skateboarding. Which type of materialism does this represent?
instrumental
Which type of materialism is the acquisition of things to enable one to do something?
instrumental
What are the two types of materialism?
instrumental and terminal
Which of the following is most closely related to verbal communications?
language
What is the largest single influence on the movement toward uniformity in the teenage market?
mass media
Ralph is very prompt. If he says he will be there at 10:00 a.m., he will be there exactly at that time. Furthermore, he will not begin another task until he is completely done with the one he is currently working on. Which time perspective does Ralph have?
monochronic
Which time perspective views time almost as a physical object believing that a person does one thing at a time?
monochronic time perspective
_____ are the arbitrary meanings a culture assigns actions, events, and things other than words.
non-verbal communication systems
Nicholas is examining how people in India perceive time, space, symbols, relationships, agreements, things, and etiquette. He is interested in these factors because they influence _____.
non-verbal communications
_____ are the arbitrary meanings a culture assigns actions, events, and things other than words.
nonverbal communication systems
The boundaries that culture sets on behavior are called _____.
norms
_____ are rules that specify or prohibit certain behaviors in specific situations.
norms
The nearness that others can come to you in various situations without your feeling uncomfortable is known as _____.
personal space
What are the two major ways time varies between cultures?
perspective and interpretation
_____ refers to the degree to which people accept inequality in power, authority, status, and wealth as natural or inherent in society.
power distance
_____ is based on the cost of a standard market basket of products bought in each country.
purchasing power parity (PPP)
Which of the following is an example of a self-oriented value?
religious/secular
Which value has a strong influence on entrepreneurship and economic development as well as new-product acceptance?
risk taking/security
Which value relates to tolerance for ambiguity and uncertainty avoidance?
risk taking/security
Robert is fifteen years old and has recently moved to a new town, and therefore, a new high school. He was trying to get accepted by a group of kids that he wanted to be friends with. When they asked him to attend a party over the weekend, he said he'd have to ask his parents for permission. This group of students laughed at him and called him a "momma's boy" and told him he can't be one of them because they don't ask parents for permission, they just do what they want. This social disapproval of Robert's behavior is an example of a(n) _____.
sanction
Violation of cultural norms results in _____, or penalties ranging from mild social disapproval to banishment from the group.
sanctions
_____ values reflect the objectives and approaches to life that the individual members of society find desirable.
self-oriented
The population of the United States is more than 300 million people. With respect to demographics, this number represents _____.
size
With respect to demographics, which of the following refers to the number of individuals in a society?
size
Using one marketing strategy across various cultures is referred to as _____.
standardization
Which age group is the closest thing to a global culture today?
teenagers
Before a marketer can successfully launch a brand in a foreign country, several nonverbal communication factors need to be understood. One of these factors is time, and international marketers must understand a culture's overall orientation toward time. This is known as a culture's _____.
time perspective
What was the challenge facing FedEx in the Chapter 2 opener?
to increase awareness in Latin America and the Caribbean with a commercial that would work across this region with its differing cultures and languages
Which of the following is NOT an example of an other-oriented value?
tradition/change
Which of the following is an example of an environment-oriented value?
tradition/change
Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing nonverbal communications?
values
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding cross-cultural marketing?
while marketing strategy is heavily influenced by cultural factors, it does not influence aspects of cultures
Which of the following statements regarding the masculine/feminine value is FALSE?
women in South Korea/Japan frequently participate more in sports and exercise than men
Which culture has traditionally valued the wisdom that comes with age?
Asian
Which country has the largest percentage of its citizens older than 60 years of age?
Japan
Which of the following country tends to value individualism over collectivism?
United States
_____ values prescribe a society's relationship to its economic and technological as well as its physical environment.
environment-oriented
Howard Industries is a computer manufacturer located in Laurel, MS. This company is interested in expanding internationally. Which of the following is a cultural factor that affects consumer behavior and marketing strategy that Howard Industries needs to be aware of?
nonverbal communications
Karen's father is an executive for a major international corporation and has been transferred to various countries over the years. With each move, Karen is enrolled in a new school. Even though English is spoken in the schools she attends, there are students from all over the world whose parents have jobs similar to Karen's father. With each new school, Karen spends the first few weeks merely observing the other students to learn which behaviors are appropriate in specific situations because she's learned that at each school the kids behave differently. Karen is attempting to learn that student body's specific _____ regarding behavior.
norms
Which of the following is NOT a broad form of cultural values?
object-oriented
Asian societies (i.e., Japan) value collective activity. That is, consumers look toward others for guidance in purchase decisions and do not respond favorably to promotional appeals focusing on individualism. Which category of cultural values does this represent?
other-oriented
_____ values reflect a society's view of the appropriate relationships between individuals and groups within that society.
other-oriented
A culture that tends to view time as being less discrete and less subject to scheduling, views simultaneous involvement in many activities as natural, allows activities to occur at their own pace rather than according to a predetermined timetable is adhering to a _____ time perspective.
polychronic
Jose is from Brazil and is currently enrolled in an MBA program at a U.S. university. He routinely comes to class 30-60 minutes late and does not turn in assignments by the deadline. One of his professors pulled him aside and asked him why he's always late for class and turns his work in late. Jose was surprised that his professor was bothered by this as this behavior is entirely acceptable in Brazil. In fact, it's expected. Which of the following best describes Jose's time perspective?
polychronic
In Germany, one concern retailers have is ensuring that cash drawers have enough money to make change when consumers make purchases. One company went so far as to use a computerized model that monitored the weight of the cash drawer and signaled a need for replenishment. This is such a concern because consumers typically use cash to make purchases, which differs from other countries, such as the United States, where credit card use is more common. Which cultural value does this illustrate?
postponed gratification/immediate gratification
With respect to demographics, which of the following describes the society in terms of age, income, education, and occupation?
structure
John and his wife love art and travel the world to purchase artwork that is representative of a country's culture. Which type of materialism does this represent?
terminal
Which type of materialism is the acquisition of items for the sake of owning the item itself?
terminal
A culture's overall orientation toward time is known as its _____.
time perspective