PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

Two factors that distinguished spoken language from the written one

(1) the actual situation or context in which the language is used, and (2) the purpose of communication.

We communicate to enhance or maintain our sense of self

Because we communicate, we learn who we are and what we can do.

Ethnocentric bias

Believing that your culture is the benchmark of all others

Communication is learned

Communicating well is a skill, therefore it can be learned. Simply talking is not communicating. It involves, listening, processing thoughts and opinions and then speaking. This could be acquired through practice

Communication is continuous

Communication happens nonstop, even silence communicates something. Even non-verbal behavior represents reactions to your environment and to the people around you.

Communication messages vary in conscious encoding

Communication may occur spontaneously (without much thought), it could also be based on a "learned" script, or it could be constructed based on the understanding of a situation.

Messages

Communication takes place through sending and receiving the messages. Messages are encoded or decoded information in a communication process.

Dimension of culture

Culture Collectivism/Individualism Time Conflict

Communication is relational

In any communication setting, people not only share meanings but also negotiate and enhance their relationships. Communication plays but also negotiates and enhances their relationships. Communication plays a role in developing, maintaining, we must recognize some ethical standards.

Varieties/Five types of spoken language

Interactional Referential Expressive Transactional Phatic

Cultural Context

It is a context that includes beliefs, values, norms, that are shared by a large group of people (Lustig and Koester, 1993 in Verdeber, 1999).

Psychological Context

It is a context that includes the moods and feelings each person brings to the communication.

Physical Context

It is a context that refers to where communication takes place. Temperature lighting, noise level are factors that affect the communication process.

Historical Context

It is a context that the background provided by the previous communication between the participants that influences understanding of the current encounter.

Social Context

It is a context which the relationship that exists between and among participants. We communicate with our friends, family, workmates or strangers.

Noise

It is anything that interferes with communication

Channels

It is both a route traveled by the message and the means of transportation.

Context

It is the setting in which communication occurs. This could be physical, social, historical, cultural or psychological.

We communicate to meet needs

Just as we need food, water and shelter, communication accomplish our need to talk to another human being.

Feedback

Responses to message

We communicate to exchange information

Some information we get through reading, observations, media and through communicating with others.

Communication is purposive

The purpose of the communication may be trival or significant but the way of evaluating if the communication is successful is if it has accomplished its purpose. However, different purposes require different strategies.

Goodwill messages

There are used to show a sense of kindness, friendliness, gratitude, regret, sympathy, appreciation, congratulations, and invitations.

Informative messages

These can be used to share or convey information, usual. repetitive, everyday tasks, directions, codes, processes and procedures in the workplace. The message should be very clear, straight to the point and easy to understand.

Persuasive messages

These occur when a person tries to convince another person or group to take certain specific actions.

Participants

This are the people communicating - the sender and the receiver. As senders, we form message and send them through different means. The receiver processes the message and reacts to them.

External Noises

This are the sights, sounds and other stimuli in the environment that draw people's attention away from what is being said.

Internal Noises

This are the thoughts and feelings that intervene with the communication process. For instance, day dreaming in class.

Sematic Noises

This are unintended meanings aroused by certain symbols that prevent comprehension.

We communicate to develop relationships

Through communication, we develop relationships with other people. We can also deepen and maintain these relationships through communication.

We communicate to fulfill social obligation

We greet people, talk and communicate with them in order to meet our social obligation.

We communicate to influence others

We use communication in encouraging and persuading others towards something like motivating a friend to study for an exam.

Communication has ethical implications

When we communicate we cannot avoid making choices with ethical implications. In communicating, we must recognize some ethical standards.

Stereotypes and Prejudice

a destructive stumbling block to intercultural communication

Public Communication

a speaker sending message to an audience. It could be a direct, face-to-face message delivery of a speaker to an audience, or it could indirect, using radio or television.

Intercultural communication

deals with how people from these cultural/social structures speak to one another and what difficulties or differences they encounter over and above the different languages they speak.

Stereotypes

e broader term commonly used to refer to negative or positive judgements made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership

Verbal Communication

encompasses any form of communication involving words, spoken, written or signed.

Phatic

engaging in small, plain talk. The speaker and listener use minimal amount of language to engage in the conversation.

Cross-cultural communication

generally compares the communications styles and patterns of people from different culture/social structures, such as nation states.

Transactional

getting information or making a deal. It has a specific purpose and is driven by needs and wants rather than sociability. Unlike interactional language, transactional spoken language has its intention to achieve a give and take relationship between the speaker and the listener. Here, a specific query is given a specific answer.

Interactional

having a social function. This makes use of informal type of speech which aims to develop relationships between interlocutors.

Non Verbal Communication

includes body language such as gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, and posture.

Written

language bears a greater volume of responsibility than its spoken counterpart.

Written

language can be detached and objectively looked at. The writer has an opportunity to correct and improve what has been put on paper

Spoken

language cannot be detached from the user of it.

Written

language is able to live forever with the idea it expresses.

Spoken

language is characterized by the insertion into the utterance of words without any meaning, which are called "fill-ups" or empty words (as well, and all, so to say, whatever).

Written

language is more carefully organized and more explanatory Most often, the word choice is more deliberate. The written language is able to live forever with the idea it expresses,

Spoken

language is mostly maintained in the form of a dialogue.

Written

language is mostly maintained in the form of a monologue

Spoken

language is spontaneous but momentary. It vanishes after having fulfilled its purpose, which is to communicate the thought, no matter how trivial or important.

Spoken

language utilizes the human voice and all kinds of gestures which give additional information.

Spoken

language widely uses intensifying words. These are interjections and words with strong emotive meaning, as oaths, swear words and adjectives which have lost their primary meaning.

Ethnocentrism

negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of one's own culture.

Intrapersonal Communication

occurs within the person, this is sometimes referred to as cognitive or personal communication or "Self-talk."

Referential

providing the listener some information referring to objects or abstract concepts. The speaker assumes that the listener has knowledge on the matter at hand. In return, the listener has to know the context before they can understand the reference.

Interpersonal Communication

refers to communication that occurs between two persons who establish a communicative relationship

Prejudice

refers to the irrational suspicion or hatred of a particular group, race religion, or sexual orientation.

Expressive

showing the speaker's judgments or feelings about a person event, or situation.

Reader

someone who reads a particular newspaper, book, or magazine with a particular skill

Spoken

variety of language is used and in which it develops presupposes the presence of an interlocutor

Written

variety presupposes the absence of the interlocutor.