PY 232- EXAM 4

Even in the U.S. where gender roles are more equal than in traditional cultures, what gender differences exist in terms of who does what at home and outside the home at work? What if both parents work?

For developed countries, most of the household work and child-rearing comes from both partners. However, traditional gender roles still exist in developed nations. Women typically pull in more, in terms of the housework and hours spent with the children - this happens even when both parents work. Although on average, men work more hours than women - women usually take on less to take care of the house and the parenting.

What are the 2 main reasons for the secular trend in developed countries?

-better nutrition -medical care

At what age does formal operational begin? What are the characteristics of this stage?

Age 11 is when formal operational begins. At age 15 to 20 is when it completes. -to reason about complex tasks and problems involving multiple variables. Abstract thinking.

CRYSTALLIZATION

Ages 14-18 start to consider how their talents and interests match up with the occupational possibilities available to them.

SPECIFICATION

Ages 18-21 During this stage, occupational choices become more focused. Making this choice usually involves beginning to pursue the education or training required to obtain the desired occupation.

IMPLEMENTATION

Ages 21 to 24 completing the education or training that began in the specification stage and entering the job itself.

STABILIZATION

Ages 25-35 This is the stage in which young adults establish themselves in their careers. The initial period of adjusting to a job comes to an end, and they develop expertise in their work.

Which ethnic group in the U.S. tends to date at later ages?

Asian cultural background

Explain what is meant by a bicultural identity, such as in India.

Bicultural is defined as having one part of your identity rooted in your local culture but also another part of your identity formed by global culture. For instance, India has a growing high-tech global economic market, which is mostly led by young people. Apart from being well-educated, young people within this culture still prefer an arranged marriage.

What gender differences were found in the study in terms of important traits (i.e., value of physical attractiveness and financial status)?

Both sexes favor physical attractiveness, but men prefer it even more than women. Women tend to value financial success and motivation over looks.

What are the ages associated with "emerging adulthood", and the five characteristics of emerging adulthood?

18-25 Identity Explorations- finding identity Instability- many places to live Self-focused- focused on goals Feeling in between- not fully adult- ex. living pay check to pay check Possibilities/optimism- figuring out the future

In a study of over 2,500 emerging adults, what % of them attended religious services at least once a month? What % reported believing in God? Overall, was there a decline or increase in religiosity from adolescence to emerging adulthood?

30% attended religious services at least once a month. 75% reported believing in god. Overall, there is a decline in religiosity from adolescence to emerging adults.

CONSOLIDATION

35 and up continuing to gain expertise and seeking advancement into higher-status positions as expertise grows.

What is the total media use (hours per day) for the average U.S. adolescent?

9

Have rates of teen pregnancy in the U.S. declined or increased in the past 2 decades, especially among African American teens?

Declined, especially among African American teens.

In a study of sexual minorities, if parents were rejecting, what were the consequences, compared to parents who were more accepting?

If parents reject their teens, then those teens are 8 times more likely to attempt suicide, 6 times more likely to be depressed, 3 times more likely to use illicit drugs, and 3 times more likely to have unprotected sex. The chances decrease among parents who are more accepting of their LGBTQ+ teens.

What gender differences are there in terms of the relationship between identity and intimacy?

Intimacy tends to develop sooner than identity for females, whereas identity is earlier than intimacy for males.

Why was the "it gets better" project started?

It is a safe and controlled online medium for LGBTQ+ individuals to connect with other like-minded persons. It helps them better understand their sexuality and themselves.

What 2 factors predict who is more likely to be a single-mom?

Low education and income

Adolescents with courses in what two subjects are most likely to use FOT?

Math and science.

How do adolescents in F.O.T. approach Piaget's pendulum task differently than younger kids?

They test different likelihoods methodically by changing one variable at a time. Once they come to the correct answer, they are also able to defend their solution.

What physical measures indicate that emerging adulthood is the life stage of peak physical functioning?

VO2 max cardiac output

How does becoming a parent in the West affect marital satisfaction?

When a couple decides to have children, it is inevitable that they will become preoccupied with the child's needs. Also, the work around the house along with the job outside of the home can cause fatigue among spouses. As a result, there is a decrease in intimacy and passion between spouses. This decline then causes lower marital satisfaction. Marital satisfaction is maintained if the parents share the responsibilities equally or being "co-parents." But also, marriage has more of a chance of surviving the parental stresses if their relationship was a strong one before children.

List 4 factors that predict marital satisfaction in the U.S. Also, do even happy couples have their ups and downs?

Realistic expectations- An example- having the understanding that being direct/assertive is the best way to be heard in a relationship. Your spouse cannot read your thoughts, so if you feel mad about something, express it in a healthy way. Do not expect your spouse to pick up your anger because "if he/she loves me then he/she should know." Shared interests- an example could be bouldering/rock climbing (this is true for me anyway). Shared roles and responsibilities- Example- co-parenting- Both parents equally sharing the housework and the childcare. Shared Power- Not having one parent make all the rules or decisions. Shared decision-making is best for marriage.

What major cross-cultural difference was listed as an important trait for marriage between Western and non-Western (Eastern, Middle Eastern) countries?

Remaining a virgin until marriage

Rates of ______ are higher in emerging adulthood than any other life stage

STI's

Which developed country has the highest teen pregnancy rates? Why?

The United States has the highest teen pregnancy rates because of the unclear message that comes with semi-restrictive culture. Parents don't want their teens having sex but choose to let it slide if they know it's happening and choose not to talk to their teens about safe sex.

In the West today, notions of marriage often include the idea of a "soul mate", and high expectations of intimacy and companionship. During what year of marriage is marital satisfaction at the highest? What is the pattern of marital satisfaction after that?

The first year of marriage. Marital satisfaction starts to decline in the first few years and then another decline after 9 to 10 years.

Have rates of single motherhood increased or decreased compared to 50 years ago? (What % of births are to single moms today?)

The rate for single motherhood is over 40% and is increasing compared to 50 years ago.

Explain what Barbara Whitehead means by "expressive divorce". How does this contribute to divorce rates?

according to Barbara Whitehead, the type of divorce common in the West today, in which people expect marriage to fulfill their emotional needs for love and intimacy, and they seek a divorce if it ceases to do so.

In the 2016 Monitoring the Future study, which substance was most commonly used among adolescents?

alcohol

Explain what is meant by the "self-medicate" reason for substance use

altering moods by using a substance

Over the course of the 20's does leisure time with friends tend to increase or decrease (by late 20's)? Why?

decrease because of adult responsibilities

Has religiosity (church involvement/faith) increased or decreased among adolescents in developed countries over the past several decades?

decreased

What are some effects of early maturation for girls?

depressed mood, negative body image, eating disorders, substance use, delinquency, aggressive behavior, school problems, and conflict with parents

What is Holland's theory of personality types and how can it help with career choice?

describes six personality categories to consider when matching a person with a prospective occupation. this helps a person find the right career

What are benefits of regular exercise in young adulthood that carry into middle adulthood?

endorphins, lower rates of anxiety and depression, and enhances cognitive functioning.

What is the pattern of "delayed sleep syndrome"?

entails a pattern of sleeping far longer on weekends and holidays than on school or work days, which leads to poor academic and job performance as well as excessive sleepiness during school and work days

How does the balance of estradiol and testosterone change for females at puberty?

estradiol production is about eight times as high in females as it was before puberty, but only about twice as high in males

Give an example of a primary sex characteristic, and of a secondary sex char.

ex. of primary - ova production. ex. of sec. - a lowering of the voice to increased production of skin oils and sweat.

What are benefits of religiosity?

favorable adolescent outcomes

Is the divorce rate higher or lower for cohabitation couples in the U.S.? What are possible reasons why?

higher because couples tend to be used to having separate financial lives, so living together does not prepare couples for sharing financial responsibilities, besides the rent and utilities. Other reasons include the couple was not compatible in the first place but married anyway because of the "inertia of cohabitation."

Do parent-child relationships tend to improve when emerging adults leave home? Why?

improve because absence makes the heart grow fonder

Autonomy

independence

companionate love

intimacy and commitment

romantic love

intimacy and passion

consummate love

intimacy, passion, commitment

MARGINALIZATION

involves rejecting one's culture of origin but also feeling rejected by the majority culture. "When I'm with my Indian friends, I feel White, and when I'm with my White friends, I feel Indian. I don't really feel like I belong with either of them."

In developed countries, what happens to the BMR (basal metabolic rate) over the course of adulthood? What are the consequences of this change?

it declines which can cause obesity

ASSIMILATION

leaving behind the ways of one's ethnic group and adopting the values and way of life of the majority culture. "I don't really think of myself as Asian American, just as American."

Emerging adulthood is a key time for identity development, even though Erikson first placed it in adolescence. What are the 3 elements essential to forming a solid identity, according to Erikson?

love, work, and ideology

Were rates higher for marijuana or cigarettes?

marijuanna

first menstrual period

menarche

Are the majority of people in young adulthood in the U.S. physically active (both strength training and aerobic exercise)? Why or why not?

no because of the busy pace of modern life

Explain Erikson's stage of intimacy vs. isolation.

one must know themselves or their identity in order to form an intimate/emotional relationship without immersing yourself. A real-world example -a person who has self-worth and confidence will most likely feel secure in their relationship (their self-worth is not defined by their relationship but who they are as a person). The inability to form an intimate relationship leads to isolation.

What are benefits of having a strong ethnic identity?

overall well-being, academic achievement, and lower rates of risk behavior

culture that places strong prohibitions on adolescent sexual activity before marriage

restrictive culture

What reasons do emerging adults give for cohabitating?

saving money and moving to the next step in a relationship

bodily changes of puberty not directly related to reproduction

secondary sex characteristics

culture that has prohibitions on premarital adolescent sex, but the prohibitions are not strongly enforced and are easily evaded

semi restrictive culture

Which type of culture is the U.S.— permissive, semi-restrictive or restrictive?

semi-restrictive

a person's tendencies of sexual attraction

sexual orientation

beginning of development of sperm in boys' testicles at puberty

spermarche

How does the balance of estradiol and testosterone change for males at puberty?

testosterone production in males is about 20 times as high by the mid-teens as it was before puberty, but in females it is only about four times as high

In general, is political involvement very high or very low among emerging adults? Explain.

very low because they are skeptical of politicians. However, political activism is high.

What is the "good news" regarding the popularity of violent video games compared to sports and music games?

violent games have become less popular among adolescents because games involving sports and music have become more popular

Does the brain undergo a period of overproduction and then synaptic pruning during adolescence?

yes

Which gender is more likely to use self-disclosure (sharing thoughts) to achieve intimacy? Which gender is more likely to use shared activities to do so?

young women young men

What does research on changes in the 3 qualities over the course of a marriage show? (See the PP slide with the graph of the 3 love types over time)

passion peaks early and then fades, whereas intimacy and commitment rise and then remain steady.

What 3 qualities are included in the Triangular Theory of Love?

passion, intimacy, and commitment.

culture that encourages and expects sexual activity from its adolescents

permissive culture

In what ways do lifestyle choices undermine health during emerging adulthood?

poor nutrition, lack of sleep, and the high stress of trying to juggle school and multiple jobs

What are some effects of early maturation for boys?

positive in some ways and negative in others

production of ova (eggs) and sperm and the development of the sex organs

primary sex characteristics

Within developed countries, what are 2 reasons that people in lower socioeconomic status have higher obesity rates?

-unhealthy foods are cheap -cultural beliefs and values

What suggestions does the text give for good sleep hygiene?

-waking at the same time each day; -getting regular exercise; -limiting caffeine intake; -avoiding excessive alcohol intake; -turning off all technology at night.

Which ethnic group in the U.S. has stronger religiosity?

African Americans

About 1/3 of U.S. emerging adults remain at home through their early 20's. Which ethnic groups is this more common among, and what are two main reasons why they do so?

African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos -economic -family closeness and interdependence in minority cultures

List and define (in terms of commitment and exploration) each of the 4 identity statuses in Marcia's model.

Diffusion- no exploration of belief or values and no commitment to any ideology. Moratorium- Exploring different ideologies but no commitment to ideology. Foreclosure- Not willing to explore different ideologies outside of what a person knows or what their parents instilled in them. Foreclosure persons typically do not want to question their held principles and go with what their family believes. Achievement- These persons both explore other philosophies and also commit to an ideology before emerging adulthood (according to Erikson).

Have most emerging adults had at least one "hook up"?

Most emerging adults had at least one "hook up."

Between 70-90% of people (rates vary by country) marry or enter a long-term relationship during adulthood. In David Buss' study, what ranked as the most important trait in mate selection when averaged across 37 countries?

Mutual attraction or love.

SEPARATION

associating only with members of one's own ethnic group "I am not part of two cultures. I am just Black."

How did John Gottman conduct his research, and with what % accuracy was he able to predict divorce? (Know that "contempt" is the strongest predictor of divorce. described in the text as "criticism in a personal way").

followed couples over many years to identify the predictors of divorce. 93%

BICULTURALISM

one based in the ethnic group of origin and one based in the majority culture. "Being both Mexican and American means having the best of both worlds. You have different strengths you can draw from in different situations."