PY Unit Two

A signal or cue that reinforcement is forthcoming if a behavior occurs is known as

A discriminative stimulus

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of what type of learning?

Associative

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

Which of the following is an example of instinct?

Baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

Cognitive map

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Continuous

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

Edward C. Tolman

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

Extinction

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Fixed Interval

Which statement about B.F. Skinner is correct?

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning. The motivation of a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

Instincts

Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner's work with "little Albert"?

It would be unethical by today's research standards

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observes his sister Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he does not like getting spanked, he chews and swallows the carrots even though he hates them.

Which of the following is an example of a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

Knowing you will get to play mini golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

Latent

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with what word?

Learned

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

Learning

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

Negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned between a

Neutral stimulus and a unconditioned stimulus

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

Observational

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

Operant conditioning

Name the type of reinforcement: the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is preformed

Partial

What type of reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities?

Primary

According to what psychologist _____, classical conditioning is effective because of the ability of a person or animal to predict the relationship between the UCS and the CS

Rescorla

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior after what?

Seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

After a hurricane warning came across the television, young Eli became terrified of the alarm sound that signaled a severe weather warning. Over the next few months he heard it several times when the "required monthly tests" came on the television, and his fear faded away. One day the alarm sounded and Eli jumped up and ran out of the room. This return of a previously extinguished response is called ________.

Spontaneous recovery

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________.

Stimulus discrimination

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

Variable ratio

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarly

Which of the following is an example of a reflex?

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model?

acquisition and extinction