Q8

This is the name for the portion of the two maxillary bones and the mandible that contain the alveoli for the teeth.

Alveolar process

These features are found in both maxillary bones and the mandible. They are the depression into which the root of the tooth is anchored.

Alveoli

This feature of the skull is made up of the frontal bone, the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, and the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone. The frontal lobes of the brain are superior to it.

Anterior fossa

Collectively the three interconnected but moveable bones of the middle ear are the ____

Auditory ossicles

The three bones of the middle ear are collectively referred to as the answer to this clue. They include the malleus, incus, and stapes. In nursery school we called them the hammer, anvil and stirrup respectively. Functionally they are important because they amplify the pressure of vibrations of the ear drum associated with sound by about twenty times. There are synovial joints between them and they are suspended in the middle ear by ligaments.

Auditory ossicles

This landmark of the mandible has a superior alveolar portion, which contains the alveoli that secure the teeth, and an inferior portion, or base. The two mental foramina are found in the anterolateral portion of this landmark. The mandibular nerve V3 cranial nerve five emerges onto the face through these foramina. Remember that although the mandible of a human fetus is composed of two bones, they fuse; we therefore consider the mandible a single bone of the face.

Body

The rams of a male is ____ and ____ while the rams of a female is ____ and ____

Broad, flared outward, narrow, tends to be more vertical

This landmark of the mandible extends superiorly from the ramus of the mandible. It includes the head of the mandible, which is functionally important as this is where the mandible articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone. This is known as the temporomandibular joint. This joint includes an articular meniscus and functions primarily as a hinge joint, although the mandible can be moved in protraction and retraction. The neck of the mandible is also part of this landmark, and it serves as the insertion for the lateral pterygoid muscle

Condyloid process

The frontal bone articulates with the parietal bones at the ____

Coronal suture

This landmark is found between the frontal bone and the two parietal bones. It is an example of a synostosis. This structure starts as a fontanel in the fetus. Technically these are fibrous joints or ligamentous unions. The flexibility that comes about because of these structures is important during birth so that passage through the birth canal will be easier, and so theta growth can occur after the child is delivered. The fontanels close for the most part by the time the child is a year old. However, complete ossification of the ligaments separating the bones doesn't begin until the individual is in their late twenties and is not complete until the person is in their fifties!

Coronal suture

This is a landmark of the mandible. It extends superiorly from the anterior portion of the rams. It is functionally important as the pout of attachment of the temporal is muscle, it is important in elevation and retraction of the mandible. Technically, its name translates to mean resembling a crow

Coronoid process

The skull is sometimes divided into two areas for study purposes. One of the regions is the facial region and the other is the answer to this clue.

Cranium

The ____ fills the ethmoidal notch of the frontal bone. It is a landmark of the ethmoid bone, and is a sieve-like structure allowing the olfactory nerves to pass through its foramina

Cribriform plate

This landmark of the ethmoid bone has the foramina through which fibers of the olfactory nerve I cranial nerve one pass into the nasal cavities on either side. This is somewhat unusual, as instead of there being one foramen on each side, there are many foramina, giving this landmark the appearance of a sieve. We find olfactory receptors in the epithelium covering the inferior surface of this landmark. It is found on either side of the crista galli, thereby forming part of the anterior fossa of the cranium. Remember that Dr. J likes to draw the analogy between parts of the ethmoid bone and a sailboat. The crista galli is like the sail of the sailboat, and this landmark is like the deck of the sailboat.

Cribriform plate

The name of this landmark of the ethmoid bone translates to "chicken's comb" the fleshy ridge on the top of a chicken's head. It rises superiorly from the cribriform plate on its left and right sides. It extends superiorly between the frontal lobes of the brain. Functionally it is important because an extension or fold of the dura mater, the flax cerebra, is anchored to it, and this helps stabilize the position of the brain. Dr. J this it is the sail of a sailboat, and the cribriform plate is like the deck of the sailboat.

Crista galli

the ____ of the ____ bone is a sail-shaped process projecting superiorly from the cribriform plate. It anchors a fold of the dura mater in the cranial cavity

Crista galli, ethmoid

The superior concha is a landmark of the ____ bone

Ethmoid

This bone is a single bone of the crania. It is anterior to the sphenoid bone and posterior to the nasal bones. It forms most of the area between the nasal cavity and the orbit of the eye. IT has a number of landmarks associated with it including: the crista galli, cribiform and perpendicular plates, a pair of sinuses and superior and middle conchae.

Ethmoid bone

These features of the ethmoid bone are located lateral and superior to the nasal cavity. There are three other pairs of these in the skull. They are air-filled cavities lined with mucous membranes. Cilia propel mucus into the nasal cavities through small openings in these features. They are functionally important for this reason as well as for reducing the weight of the skull and effecting vocal quality. They are not well-developed at birth but reach their full size by adolescence.

Ethmoid sinuses

The ____, ____, ____, ____, ____ and ____ are the bones of the cranium

Ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, temporal

The ____, ___, ___ and ____ are the single bones of the cranium

Ethmoid, frontal, occipital, sphenoid

The bony protuberance that can be palpated on the midline of the posterior surface of the skull is the ____

External occipital protuberance

This landmark is a raised area on the midline of the occipital bone where the posterior wall meets the base of the skull. It is medial to the two superior nuchal lines. It is at the superior extent of the ligamentum nuchae that connects the cervical vertebrae to the skull. This feature forms part of the origin of the trapezius muscle

External occipital protuberance

This nerve is both motor and sensory. It also has parasympathetic functions controlling the lacrimal gland, as well as the mandibular and sublingual salivary glands. It leaves the cranium by way of the internal auditory meatus and then exits from the skull via the stylomastoid foramen. We observed this nerve on the lateral portion of the face where the two branches bracket the masseter muscle.

Facial nerve VII cranial nerve seven

The ____ and ____ nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus

Facial nerve VII, Vestibulocochlear

The skull is sometimes divided into two areas for study purposes: one is the cranium and the other is the answer to this clue

Facial region

This foramen is part of the occipital bone. Several structures pass through it, and including the medulla oblongata, and the meninges surrounding it, the ascending portions of the spinal accessory nerves XI cranial nerve eleven, andy he two vertebral arteries. The medulla oblongata connects to the spinal cord.

Foramen magnum

The large foramen that provides a passageway for the spinal cord, blood vessels, and spinal root of the eleventh cranial nerve is called the ____. It is part of the ____ bone

Foramen magnum, occipital

The ____ is a foramen in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. The mandibular nerve V3 passes through it

Foramen ovale

This foramen is found in the sphenoid bone in the middle fossa of the cranium. It is the first foramen that the mandibular nerve V3 cranial nerve five passes through as it leaves the cranium

Foramen ovale

This foramen of the sphenoid bone houses the maxillary nerve V2 cranial nerve five as it passes toward the infraorbital foramen of the maxillary bone. This is the first of the three foramina through which it passes.

Foramen rotundum

The only bone that is considered to be both a cranial bone and a facial bone is the ____ bone. It forms the forehead as well as part of the cranium.

Frontal

This bone is unusual in several respects. Firstly, it is two bones in the fetus, while it is considered a single bone in the adult. It forms part of the cranium and part of the face. It is one of the four bones that we study that contains a paranasal sinus. It also has the second foramen through which the ophthalmic nerve V1 cranial nerve 5 passes to reach the facial region.

Frontal bone

These features of the frontal bone are located immediately superior and medial to the orbits of the eye. There are three other pairs of these in the skull. They are air-filled vacuities lined with mucous membranes. Cilia propel mucus into the nasal cavities. They are functionally important for this reason as well as for reducing the weight of the skull and effecting vocal quality. They are not well-developed at birth but reach their full size by adolescence.

Frontal sinuses

Bones seen in a superior view of the skull: ____, ____ and ____ bones

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital

The ____, ____ and ____ are the bones that form the anterior fossa of the cranium

Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid

The ____, ____ and ____ the single bones of the face

Frontal, mandible, vomer

The four major sinus are: ____, ____, ____, and _____

Frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid

The forehead is formed from the ____ bone, which also forms the superior part of each orbit of the eye

Fronton

This landmark of the sphenoid bone forms the anterior part of the middle fossa of the cranium. It can also be seen on the surface of the skull anterior to the temporal bone.

Greater wing

This feature is the bony portion of the roof of the oral cavity. It is formed anteriorly by the palatine processes of the two maxillary bones and posteriorly by the horizontal plates of the two palatine bones. Functionally it is important because it separates the nasal cavities from the oral cavity. This separation is important to keep food out of the air passages, and it also is essential to form suction, as when drinking with a straw.

Hard palate

The ____ bone is attached to the superior end of the larynx. It is also attached to the base of the tongue. It has the same origin as the mandible and the cartilages of the larynx

Hyoid

This bone does not articulate with any other bones. It is held in place by ligaments to the styloid process of the temporal bone and the thyroid cartilage of the larynx. It also has muscle attachments. In spite of the fact that it is not attached to the skull, it is considered part of the axial skeleton, specifically part of the skull. It has a shape similar to the mandible, suggesting a common origin. Functionally it is important because it is the origin for muscles that move the larynx during the act of swallowing.

Hyoid bone

This foramen has appreciable depth and is found in the occipital bone on the lateral surface of the foramen magnum. It provides a passage for cranial nerve XII twelve

Hypoglossal canal

This cranial nerve is found in the anterior triangle of the neck. It runs with an artery that has a different name, but their names translate to the same meaning. It is a motor nerve.

Hypoglossal nerve XII

This bone is one of the three auditory ossicles. In nursery school we called it the anvil. Functionally it is important because in association with the other ossicles, it helps amplify the pressure of vibrations associated with sound by about twenty times.

Incus

There are two of these bones, one on the lateral wall of each nasal cavity. Functionally they are important, because heir curved surface causes turbulence as air moves into the nasal cavity, helping to warm, moisten, and filter the air before it enters he lower respiratory tract. They also help recover moisture and heat during expiration. This is especially important in cold and dry conditions and may be one of the reasons why at certain times the mucosa covering these structures becomes swollen on one side, and then after a few hours the swelling reduces on that side, while the other side becomes swollen. Another possible advantage of this variation in air flow between the two nasal cavities would be to allow more intense stimulation of the olfactory nerves on the swollen side, by slowing the flow of air. Similar structures are features of the ethmoid bone.

Inferior conchae

The ____, ____, ____, ____, ____ and ____ bones are the paired bones of the face

Inferior conchae, lacrimal, maxillary, nasal, palatine, zygomatic

The ____ provides for passage of the maxillary nerve V2. It is formed by four bones: maxillary, palatine, sphenoid, and zygomatic.

Inferior orbital fissure

This feature is formed by the sphenoid, maxillary, palatine, and zygomatic bones. It provides for passage of the maxillary nerve V2 and is the second foramen through which that nerve passes

Inferior orbital fissure

This foramen is found in the maxillary bone, just inferior to the orbit. It is the third foramen through which the maxillary nerve V2 cranial nerve five passes on its way to the face

Infraorbital foramen

This foramen is located between the temporal and occipital bones. The glossopharyngeal IX cranial nerve nice, Vagus X cranial nerve ten, spinal accessory XI cranial nerve eleven, and internal jugular vein all pass through this foramen

Jugular foramen

This opening has appreciable depth and it holds the lacrimal duct. The duct serves to conduct the fluid from the eye into the nasal cavity. The duct is sometimes called the nasolacrimal duct.

Lacrimal canal

This landmark is found between the occipital bone and the two parietal bones. It is an example of a synostosis. This structure starts as a fontanel in the fetus. Technically these are fibrous joints or ligamentous unions. The flexibility that comes about because of these structures is important during birth so that passage through the birth canal will be easier, and so that growth can occur after the child is delivered. The fontanels close for he most part by the time the child is a year old. However, complete ossification of the ligaments separating the bones doesn't begin until the individual is in their late twenties and is not complete until the person is in heir fifties!

Lambdoidal suture

The angle of a male's mandible is ____ while the angle of a female's mandible is ____

Less than 125*, Greater than 125*

This landmark of the sphenoid bone forms part of the anterior fossa of the cranium as well as part of the orbit. Although some authors describe it as horn-shaped, Dr. J thinks it resembles the cranial end of a manta ray. The projections that form a border with the middle fossa are known as the anterior clinoid process. This process serves as point of attachment for a sheet of dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the posterior portion of the cerebral hemispheres

Lesser wing

This bone is one of the three auditory ossicles. These three bones are located in the middle ear, which is within the temporal bone. When we were in nursery school we called this bone the hammer. The "handle" of this bone attaches to the eardrum. Functionally it is important because in association with the other ossicles, it helps amplify the pressure of vibrations associated with sound by twenty times.

Malleus

The three interconnected but moveable bones of the middle ear are ____, ____ and ____

Malleus, incus, stapes

This is a single bone of the face. It articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone, and irritation of this joint leads to the condition known as TMJ syndrome. It has a number of landmarks associated with it, including: rami, alveoli, coronoid and condyloid processes, mandibular fossa, body, and the mandibular sigmoid notch. It also houses two important foramina, the mandibular and mental foramina. We find that it is actually two bones in the fetus

Mandible

Except for the ____ and the ____, the bones of the adult skull are attached to each other by ____

Mandible, hyoid, sutures

The ____ bone is the only bone that articulates with other bones of skull and moves in the adult

Mandibular

This is the second foramen though which the mandibular nerve V3 cranial nerve five, passes as it moves toward the mental foramen. It is part of the mandible. Dentists usually try to anesthetize this nerve near this foramen when working on teeth in the mandible.

Mandibular foramen

This landmark of the temporal bone is important because this is one articular surface of the temporomandibular joint. This is the surface with which the head of the condyloid process articulates. Although this is technically a hinge joint, it may also be rotated, depressed, elevated, protracted, and retracted. These additional motions are helpful when positioning food on the occlusal surfaces of the teeth. There is a meniscal cartilage associated with this joint. This joint may become problematic for some people resulting in TMJ syndrome

Mandibular fossa

This it the third branch of cranial nerve V. It passes through three foramina on its way to the face. It is a mixed nerve serving the muscles of mastication as well as sensory to the skin of the face, anterior two thirds of the tongue (general senses, not taste), and teeth

Mandibular nerve V3

The ____ is located between the condyloid and coronoid processes of the ____ bone.

Mandibular notch, mandible

This landmark is a concavity on the mandibular rams between the condyloid and coronoid processes

Mandibular sigmoid notch

This landmark is part of the temporal bone. It is the insertion for the sternocleidomastoid muscle. In fact, it is this muscle that causes this landmark to develop. Several other muscles that you will not be responsible for also attach to this landmark. As a group, these muscles are responsible for rotation or extension of the head.

Mastoid process

These two bones are considered part of the face. They form the upper jaw, as well as the anterior two thirds of the hard palate. They also form the lateral walls of the nasal cavities, and a portion of the bony orbit of the eye. They have a number of landmarks including: sinuses, alveoli, and the palatine processes. In addition they have the infraorbital foramina and form part of the inferior orbital fissure. All facial bones except the mandible articulate with these bones.

Maxillae maxillary bones

The facial bone that occupies the space between the orbit and the oral cavity is the ____ bone

Maxillary

This is the second branch of cranial nerve V five. It passes through three foramina on its way to the face. It is a sensory nerve to the skin of the face, oral cavity, and teeth.

Maxillary nerve V2 cranial nerve five

These features of the maxillary bones are located inferior to the orbits and superior to the oral cavity. There are three other pairs of these in the skull. They are air-filled cavities lined with mucus into the nasal cavities through small openings in these features. They are functionally important for this reason as well as for reducing the weight of the skull and effecting vocal quality. They are not well-developed at birth but reach their full size by adolescence.

Maxillary sinuses

Anteriorly the ____ bones and posteriorly the ____ bones form the hard palate

Maxillary, Palatine

The two ____ bones and the ____ bone have ____, which contain teeth

Maxillary, mandible, alveolar process

This is the last third foramen through which the mandibular never V3 cranial nerve five passes as it courses away from the brain

Mental foramen

These two landmarks are part of the ethmoid bone, one on the lateral wall of each nasal cavity. We find olfactory receptors in the epithelium covering the medial surfaces of these landmarks. Functionally these landmarks are important, because their curved surface causes turbulence as air moves into the nasal cavity, helping to warm, moisten, and filter the air before it enters the lower respiratory tract. They also help recover moisture and heat during expiration. This is especially important in cold and dry conditions and may be one of the reasons why at certain times the mucosa covering these structures becomes swollen on one side, and then after a few hours the swelling reduces on that side, while the other sir becomes swollen. Another possible advantage of this variation in air flow between the two nasal cavities would be to allow more intense stimulation of the olfactory nerves on the swollen side, by slowing the flow of air. The ethmoid bone has two other pair of similar structures that are superior to this pair

Middle conchae

The ____ consists of parts of the sphenoid and temporal bones

Middle fossa

This feature of the skull is made up of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone and the temporal bone. The temporal lobes of the brain are superior to it.

Middle fossa

These two small bones are considered facial bones. They form the bridge of the nose. They articulate with the maxillary bones laterally, the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone posteriorly, and the frontal bone superiorly. Inferiorly, cartilages that form most of the external nasal skeleton attach to these bones.

Nasal bones

This structure is primarily made up of two bones and a cartilage. The superior bone is the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, which is covered by epithelial tissue that includes olfactory receptors. The inferior bone is the vomer. The remainder is hyaline cartilage which projects anteriorly. This structure separates the two nasal cavities.

Nasal septum

These landmarks of the occipital bone are where many muscles and ligaments of the neck and back attach to the skull. Generally areas that serve as points of attachment for muscles have raised bone due to the stress on the bone and the stimulation that causes bone growth. One of them is also known as the external occipital crest, and this is formed because of the attachment of the ligamentum nuchae that connects the cervical vertebrae to the skull. There is a suerior and inferior pair as well, and they form attachments with the muscles and ligaments that stabilize the articulation of the occipital condyles with the atlas, thereby balancing the mass of the head over the cervical vertebrae. The superior pair is adjacent to the external occipital protuberance, while the inferior pair are approximately 2.5 centimeters inferior to the superior pair.

Nuchal lines

This single bone is part of the cranium. It is found on the posterior side of the skull. It articulates via the lamboidal suture wight he parietal bones. It also articulates wight he sphenoid bone, temporal bones, and the atlas. It has a number of landmarks including: nuchal lines, condyles, and the protuberance. It also contains the foramen magnum, hypoglossal canals, and part of the jugular foramen

Occipital bone

The ____ are found on each side of the foramen magnum, are shaped like the runners of a rocking chair, and articulate with the atlas

Occipital condyles

These landmarks of he occipital bone and they are functionally important because they articulate with the superior articular facets of the atlas C1. This joints functions as a tongue in groove joint allowing flexion and extension of the head, as well as slight side bending of the head. When one shakes their head "no" the two bones move as one piece. Dr J thinks these structures are shaped like the rockers of a rocker chair which facilitates the flexion and extension of the skull relative to the atlas. We find the hypoglossal canal in the lateral base of these landmarks, immediately superior to the articular surface. This foramen is important as it transmits the hypoglossal nerve XII

Occipital condyles

This is the first cranial nerve. It is sensory for the sense of smell and it passes through the many foramina of the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

Olfactory nerve I

This foramen is found in the sphenoid bone. Its name suggests that this is an opening with appreciable depth. It houses the optic nerve II cranial nerve 2. Note that if you pass a wooden applicator stick through this landmark on each side, the sticks crisscross inside the cranium.

Optic canal

The ____ of the ____ bone allows the optic nerve II to bring information to the brain from photoreceptors in the retina

Optic canal, sphenoid

This cranial nerve is the sensory nerve for vision. It passes through the optical canal to the eye.

Optic nerve II cranial nerve two

This landmark of the frontal bone forms a large portion of the anterior fossa of the skull as well as most of the roof of he orbit of the eye.

Orbital plate

The ____ bones are L-shaped facial bones that form the posterior floor of the nasal cavity and posterior portion of the hard palate

Palatine

There are two of these bones and they are facial bones. They form the posterior third of the hard palate where they articulate with the palatine processes of the maxillary bones. The portion of those bones that forms the hard palate is called the horizontal plate. Each bone also has a perpendicular vertical plate

Palatine bones

The _____ is the portion of the maxillary bone that forms part of the hard palate

Palatine process

This landmark of each of the maxillary bones makes up the majority (about 67 to 75 percent) of the hard palate on each side. Along the midline these two landmarks of the left and right maxillary bones articulate with each other. They articulate posteriorly with the horizontal plate of the palatine bone on each side. The shelf that they form is part of the floor of the nasal cavities.

Palatine process of the maxilla

These two bones are cranial bones. They articulate anteriorly with the frontal bone at the coronal suture, posteriorly with the occipital bone at the lamboidal suture, and inferiorly with the temporal bone at the squamosal suture. They also articulate with each other along the sagittal suture on the superior surface of the skull

Parietal bones

This landmark of the temporal bone is important, as it is the border between the middle fossa and posterior fossa of the cranium. Within this portion of the temporal bone are cavities that form the inner and middle ear. The sharp portion of the ridge is a point of attachment for a membrane that stabilizes the brain. It gets its name front he fact that it is irregular like a rocky wall.

Petrous ridge

This feature of the skull is made up of the temporal bone and occipital bone. The cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata are superior to it.

Posterior fossa

This is a landmark of the sphenoid bone and there is only one on both sides. There is a medial and lateral plate for each of them. They project inferiorly from the greater wing. The medial plate articulates with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bones anteriorly. This landmark is the origin for the pterygoid muscles that close the mandible. It is also associated with the soft palate.

Pterygoid process

The second foramen through which the mandibular nerve V3 passes is on the medial surface of the ____

Ramus of the mandible

We have seen this name used in a number of places in the body. It means a branchlike strucure of some larger structure. This landmark of the mandible is a posterior process that meets the body at the mandibular angle. It is nearly in a sagittal plane. The coronoid and condyloid processes project superiorly from the superior edge of this landmark. The mandibular sigmoid notch is between these two processes. The mandibular foramen is on the medial surface of this landmark, and it transmits the mandibular nerve V3 cranial nerve five into the mandibular canal. Part of the masseter muscle inserts on the lateral surface of this landmark, while the medial pterygoid muscle attaches to the medial surface posteroinferior to the mandibular foramen.

Ramus, rami

This landmark is found between the two parietal bones. It is an example of a synostosis. This structure starts as a fontanel in the fetus. Technically these are fibrous joints or ligamentous unions. The flexibility that comes about because of these structures is important during birth so that passage through the birth canal will be easier, and so that growth can occur after the child is delivered. The fontanels close for the most part by the time the child is a year old. However, complete ossification of the ligaments separating the bones doesn't begin until the individual is in their late twenties, and is not complete until the person is in their fifties

Sagittal suture

The four major sutures of the skull: ____, ____, ____ and ____

Sagittal, Coronal, Squamous, Lambdoidal

The ____ is shaped like a "Turkish saddle" and is part of the sphenoid bone

Sella turcica

The name of this landmark means Turkish saddle. It is called that because it looks like a saddle. It is part of the sphenoid bone and is of importance because this is where the pituitary gland (hypophysis) is found. It is part of the middle fossa of the cranium. A sheet of dura mater attaches to the posterior margin of this landmark. This sheet is called the tentorium cerebelli that separates the cerebellum from the posterior part of the cerebral hemispheres.

Sella turcica

The greater wing and lesser wing are landmarks of the ____ bone

Sphenoid

The pterygoid process is a landmark of the ____ bone

Sphenoid

This single bone is considered a cranial bone. It articulates with every other cranial bone. It also articulates with the zygomatic, vomer, maxillary, and palatine bones. It has many important landmarks, including: the greater and lesser wings, the sinuses, the sella turcica, and the pterygoid processes. It also has a number of significant foramina, including: rotundum, oval, the optic canal, and the superior orbital fissure, as well as others.

Sphenoid bone

These features of the sphenoid bone are located inferior and anterior to the sella turcica. There are three other pairs of these in the skull. They are air-filled cavities lined with mucus into the nasal cavities through small openings in these features. They are functionally important for this reason as well as for reducing the weight of the skull and effecting vocal quality. They are not well-developed at birth but reach their full size of adolescence

Sphenoid sinus

pst of this landmark is found between the temporal bone and the parietal bone on each side of the skull. It is an example of a synostosis. This structure starts as a fontanel in the fetus. Technically these are fibrous joints or ligamentous unions. The flexibility that comes about because of these structures is important during birth so that passage through the birth canal will be easier, and so that growth can occur after the child is delivered. The fontanels close for the most part by the time the child is a year old. However, complete ossification of the ligaments separating the bones doesn't begin until the individual is in their late twenties and is not complete until the person is in their fifties

Squamosal suture

This bone is one of the three auditory ossicles. In nursery school we called it the stirrup. The base of this bone contacts the oval window, a hole in the medial wall of the middle ear. Functionally it is important because in association with the other ossicles it helps amplify the pressure of vibrations associated with sound by about twenty times.

Stapes

This landmark is part of the temporal bone and is anteromedial to the mastoid process. As is the case with many processes, it forms where muscles attach to the bone. It is the origin of the styloglossus, stylohyoid and stylomandibular ligaments

Styloid process

The origin of the stylohyoid muscle is the base of the ____. This is a landmark of the ____ bone

Styloid process, temporal

This foramen provides for passage of the cranial nerve VII out of the skull and onto the face. It is found in the temporal bone.

Styloidmastoid foramen

These landmarks are part of the ethmoid bone, one on the lateral wall of each nasal cavity. We find olfactory receptors in the epithelium covering the medial surfaces on these landmarks. Functionally these landmarks are important, because their curved surface causes turbulence as air moves into the nasal cavity, helping to warm, moisten and filter the air before it enters the lower respiratory tract. They also help recover moisture and heat during expiration. This is especially important in cold and dry conditions and may be one of the reasons why at certain times the mucosa covering these structures becomes swollen on one side, and then after a few hours the swelling reduces on that side, while the other side becomes swollen. Another possible advantage is in air flow between the two nasal cavities would be to allow more intense stimulation of the olfactory nerves on the swollen side, by slowing the flow of air. The ethmoid bone has two other pairs of similar structure

Superior conchae

The ____ extends laterally from the external occipital protuberance, and one inch inferior to it is the ____. They form due to the attachment of some of the muscles that control the position of the head and neck

Superior nuchal line, inferior nuchal line

This feature is part of the sphenoid bone. It provides for passage of four cranial nerves, the lowest number of which is III

Superior orbital fissure

This foramen is in the frontal bone and it is the second foramen through which the ophthalmic nerve V1 passes as it travels to the face

Supraorbital foramen notch

The ophthalmic nerve V1 passes onto the face by going through the ____ of the ____ bone

Supraorbital foramen, frontal

The ____, ____, ____ and ____ are the foramina of the face (superior to inferior - one of these is deep)

Supraorbital, infraorbital, mandibular, mental

These landmarks occur where two bones are fused together. This type of joint when found in the skull is referred to as this name. The bones fuse during middle age. Functionally they are important because they help protect the brain.

Sutures

____ occur where two bones are fused together. Another name for this kind of joint is ____

Sutures, synarthroses

The lacrimal canal holds this structure. It serves to conduct the fluid from the eye into the nasal cavity. It is sometimes called the nasolacrimal duct.

Tear ducts

The mastoid process is a landmark of the ____ bone

Temporal

There are two of these bones, and they are bones of the cranium. They are positioned inferior to the parietal bone and articulate with the parietal bone at the squamosal suture. Anteriorly, they articulate with the zygoma, posteriorly with the occipital bone, and inferiorly with the mandible. They form most of the middle fossa of the cranium. There are a number of landmarks of these bones, including: the petrous ridge, the mastoid, zygomatic, and styloid processes, and the mandibular fossa. They also contain the stylomastoid foramen, the internal auditory meatus, and external auditory meatus, and they form part of the jugular foramen.

Temporal bones

This landmark of the zygomatic bone is another example of a structure that is named for the bone with which it articulates rather than the bone of which it is a part. It forms the anterior portion of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. The masseter muscle, which is the prime elevator (closer) of the mandible, attaches to the inferior margin of this landmark.

Temporal process

The ____ and ____ bones are the bones that form the posterior fossa of the cranium

Temporal, occipital

The ____ articulates with the sphenoid bone and forms the inferior portion of the bony nasal septum

Vomer

This is a single bone of the face. It is of functional importance because it forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum. It starts as a large portion of that septum posteriorly and then narrows to a point at its anterior end, often being called plow shaped. Dr. J thinks wedge-shaped might be a better visualization

Vomer

The bony portion of the nasal septum is formed by the ____ and the ____ of the ____ bone.

Vomer, perpendicular plate, ethmoid

The ____ bone is a facial bone that is both inferior and lateral to the orbit. We called it the cheekbone in nursery school

Zygomatic

This structure is made up to two processes from two bones, the zygomatic process of the temporal bone posteriorly and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone anteriorly. Dr J likes to draw the analogy to a drawbridge, with part coming from each end of the bridge. The masseter muscle originates on the inferior margin of this structure. The tendon of the temporal muscle passes deep to it. It is sometimes fractured in automobile crashes or from a blow to the side of the face.

Zygomatic arch

There are two of these facial bones. In nursery school we called it the cheekbone. They articulate posteromedially with the sphenoid bone, posterolaterally with the temporal bone, superiorly with the frontal bone and anteriorly with the maxillary bones. This bone is a portion of the bony orbit of the eye. The temporal process is the only landmark of this bone that we will study.

Zygomatic bone

As is often the case, this landmark of the temporal bone is named for the bone with which it articulates rather than the bone of which it is a part. It forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch and projects anteriorly to where it articulates with the temporal process of the zygomatic bone. This projection is from the squamous portion of the temporal bone. The masseter mucle, which is the prime elevator closer of the mandible, attaches to the inferior margin of this landmark

Zygomatic process

The lateral wall of the bony orbit consists of two bones: anteriorly, the ____ bones and posteriorly, the ____ bone

Zygomatic, greater wing of sphenoid

The palate of a male is ____ and ____ while the palate of a female is ____ and ____

broad, tends to be U-shaped, narrow, tends to be shaped like a parabola

The three nerves and one vessel that pass through the jugular foramen: ____, ____, and ____ nerves, and the ____

glossopharyngeal IX, vagus X, spinal accessory XI, internal jugular vein

The margins of male orbits are ____ and have ____ while the margins of female orbits have ____

rounded, blunt edges, sharp edges