Question Set 1, Question Set 2, Question Set 3, Question Set 4, Question Set 5, Question Set 6, Question Set 8

Hematopoietic stem cells have been used clinically for over 30 years. Which of the following antibodies can be used to isolate them?

-CD10 & -CD19

How much time does it take for an embryo to produce stem cells capable of developing into any tissue in the body?

5-7 days

How many Americanscould potentially benefit from stem cell research in the near future?

50%

Which type of cell is in the G0 phase for the lifetime of an individual?

A (Cardiomyocytes) and C (Neurons)

Which of these is a distinctive property of stem cells?

A (Differentiation) and C (Self-renewal)

Which of the following is (are) strength(s) of adult multipoint stem cells?

A (Less ethical controversy) and C (immune privileged)

If you were to repeatedly passage stem cells in culture, what might be the disadvantages observed?

A (Tendency to lose potency) and B (Produce cancer cells in culture)

Select all that apply to stem cells

A (The ability to self-renew) and B (The ability to differentiate)

What is one disadvantage of an xenograft

A (impractical for certain types of tissue) and C (immune incompatibility)

Which of the following best describes an allograft?

A human source that is scarce and has immune incompatibility.

Which best describes a stem cell?

Ability to form other cells types of the body

Which differentiation mechanism can be characterization by Nil Red-O staining?

Adipogenic Differentiation

A successful cell cycle includes:

All of the above (S Phase precedes M phase, responsiveness to checkpoint controls, balanced growth and division)

Which of these is something cells can sense?

All of the above (chemical cues, substrate bound molecules, electric field, mechanical forces, topography)

Which of the following is a type of adult stem cell?

All of the above (hemopoietic stem cell, mesenchymal stem cell, neural stem cell)

Adult stem cells were first discovered 50 years ago. Now, we know that they can be found in the:

All of the above (retina, fat, skin)

What is true about the Extracellular Matrix (ECM)?

All of the above are true (A. The ECM is an interconnected network of macromolecules that make up a large volume of tissues. B. The ECM is composes of proteins called polysaccharides. C. The ECM is synthesized by a cellular component. D. The ECM canexert control over cellular fate processes through binding to a class of receptors called integrins)

Which donor cell type is harvested from a donor of the same species as the recipient?

Allogenic Cell

Regardingstem cells, the term potencyis best defined as

An ability to form more specialized cells

In which phase of mitosis does the spindle microtubules pull apart the daughter chromatids to each pole?

Anaphase

All of the following are types of "proper" connective tissue, except:

Aspartic

Which of the following is correctly matched with its advantage?

Autograft - no immune rejection

What type of donor is receiving its own cells?

Autologous

What is one of the advantages to using adult stem cell in research and medicine?

Autologous source

Which of the following is true?

Biological development starts at a cellular level and progresses linearly to cell and tissue formation, then organ formation and development and finallythe organism structure.

What is a culture vehicle that allows control and standardization over environmental conditions?

Bioreactors

Which of the following is not a source of Adult Stem Cells?

Blastocyst

Which of the following tissues have the highest capacity for regeneration?

Blood

Whatis one of thekey source of mesenchymal stem cells?

Bone Marrow

What are the disadvantagesfor infusion of cell or cell substitutes?

C (Cells may be cleared by immune system) and D (Cells may lose function)

What does tDrepresent in the equation k=ln(2)/ tD

Cell doubling time

What is the most common strategy of tissue engineering?

Cells placed on or within matrices

Which of these is NOT a major step in Tissue Engineering

Combining old cells with new cells

What stage of growth in Mesenchymal Stem cells (MSC) is after proliferation?

Commitment

Which of these is a source of cells in tissue engineering?

D (Stem cells, primary cells, and passaged cells)

Oligopotent stem cells have the ability to:

Differentiate into two or more linages

Choose the false statement

Differentiation is the process whereby stem cells transform into more specialized call type while maintaining their original function.

Which of the following stem cell types is commonly classified as unipotent?

Epithelial Stem Cells

Which of the following is not an advantage of embryonic stem cells?

Ethically acceptable

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of embryonic stem cells?

Exists inside the adult body

What is the first major step of tissue engineering?

Extraction of living cells

Before implantation, the typical steps for tissue engineering are:

Extraction of living cells > cell culturing > seeding onto scaffolds

Which of the following lists the correct steps in Tissue Engineering?

Extraction of living cells, Cell culturing, Seeding onto scaffolds, Implantation, Degradation, Extracellular Matrix, New Healthy Tissue.

What is the correct order of the major steps in Tissue Engineering?

Extraction of living cells, cell culturing, seeding onto scaffolds, implantation, degradation, extracellular matrix, new healthy tissue

What is the correct order of the major steps in tissue engineering?

Extraction of living cells->cell culturing->seeding onto scaffolds->implantation->degradation->extracellular matrix->new healthy tissue

Proteoglycans contain up to 60% carbohydrate by weight.

False

True or False? Oligopotent stem cells have the ability to form cells from a single lineage?

False

Autography stem cells are risk free

False, it is difficult to control stem cell differentiation and growth which might lead to forming tumors.

Which of the following is an example of an adhesive glycoprotein?

Fibronectin

What is the correct order of the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle?

G1, S, G2, M

Which phase represents the gap between synthesisand mitosis?

G2

What landmark study from 1997 launched the field of tissue engineering?

Growth of PEG ear on mouse

Pluripotent cells...

Have the ability to form all three germ layers: endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm

One strength of embryonic stem cells is that they

Have the highest level of pluripotency

Which of the following is true about scaffold porosity and pore size?

High porosity is for the easy diffusion of nutrients, transport, and vascularization

Which is NOTa function of the Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM)?

Influences cell development but not differentiation

All of the following are roles of connective tissue, except:

Initiate nerve impulses

What is Tissue engineering?

Integrating biology and engineering to create tissue or cells ex vivo that betterthe repairing of tissues within the body.

Which cell type undergoes facultative regeneration?

Liver

Which tissue/organ has the highest capacity for self-renewal or regeneration?

Liver

Which is NOT a phase of mitosis?

Meiosis

Which of the following is a group of adult stem cells that can give rise to connective tissue (bone, cartilage, etc.)?

Mesenchymal stem cells

In which phase does a cell separate in the cell cycle?

Mitosis

Which of the following is NOT a need for structural, mechanical, and chemical cues in tissue engineering?

None of the above (guiding cell morphology, migration, and proliferation; regulating cell differentiation; adjusting cellular process to grow functional tissues)

Which of the following is not a cell source in tissue engineering?

None of the above (stem cells, primary cells, passaged cells)

_________ can differentiate into two or more lineages.

Oligopotent cells

What is an advantage of using pluripotent stem cells?

Patient DNA match

Which does NOT describe a tissue engineering scaffold?

Permanent

Ability of stem cells from one tissue to generate the specialized cell type of another tissue:

Plasticity

Which of the following stem cells is able to differentiate into the three primary germ layers?

Pluripotent

Which of the followingstem cellshas the ability to form all three germ layers?

Pluripotent

Which of the following can form most types of cells in the body other than extra-embryonic tissue?

Pluripotent stem cells

How do pluripotent stem cells differ from multipotent stem cells?

Pluripotent stem cells can form most types of cells in the body (except extra-embryonic tissue), while Multipotent stem cells can form multiple cell types.

Which is a synthetic tissue engineered scaffold material

Polylactic acid

What term refers to the measure of the ability of a cell to form more specialized cells?

Potency

What is one advantage to primary cells?

Potentially retain all differentiated function

Which of the following is true about primary cells and cell lines?

Primary cells are difficult to maintain viability, but cell lines are relatively easy to maintain

In which cell cycle phase does the chromatin condense and the nucleus disappear?

Prophase

Which of the following is NOTa function of the ECM (extracellular matrix)?

Provides an important source of energy for the cell

Which of the following is a limitation to adult stem cells?

Rarity

Which of the following would not be considered an advantage of using an autograft for tissue engineering?

Readily available

Which phase does DNA synthesis occur?

S Phase

Which phase of the cell cycle is when cells replicate its DNA and produce an exact copy of its genetic material?

S Phase

Stem cells can be defined by two distinctive properties:

Self-renewal and Differentiation

Which of the following tissue type has the highest regenerative capability?

Skin tissue

Which of the following isnot related to prophase of mitosis?

Spindle microtubules are attached to the centromere of chromosomes

Cells need what three types of cues to grow and form tissue?

Structural, Mechanical, Chemical

The spindles degenerate during what stage?

Telophase

Which is NOT a characteristic of primary cells used in tissue engineering applications?

Tendency to either lose potency or de-differentiate with too many passages

Which is a disadvantage of passaged cells?

Tendency to lose potency with too many passages

Differentiation is a term used to describe what ability of stem cells?

The ability to form other cell types

If a cell source is considered allogenic, what does that imply?

The cells came from another being of the same species

Define the anaphase

The spindle microtubules contract and pull apart the daughter chromatics to end of each pole

What is true about Stem Cells?

They are characterized by their ability to self-renew and their ability to differentiate into more specific progenitor cells when needed. To avoid mutation, they do not proliferate often unlike some somatic cells.

Which of these is not a strength of Embryonic Stem Cells?

They are free of risk of infection by non-human pathogens

What type of stem cell has the ability to form an entire organism?

Totipotent Stem Cells

What is NOT included in the definition of tissue engineering?

Use of body's natural regeneration mechanisms to repair tissues

Transplanting the cells of a human ear onto the back of a mouse is an example of which type of cell?

Xenogenic

Whatare the major steps in tissue engineering (in order)?

i.Extraction of living cells ii.Cell Culturing iii.Seeding onto Scaffolds iv.Implantation v.Degradation vi.Extracellular Matrix vii.New Healthy Tissue

Oligopotent stem cells are defined as

the ability to differentiate into 2 or more lineages