Questions for Chapter 5
__________ are so well-learned that they require no space in working memory and, therefore, permit us to focus on other information while performing them.
Automatic processes
A group of 2-year-olds watches through a window while a live adult hides an object in an adjoining room. Another group watches the same event on a video screen. Which of the following is likely to occur?
Children in the direct viewing condition will retrieve the toy easily, while those in the video condition will have difficulty.
__________ control(s) attention by inhibiting impulses and flexibly directing thought and behavior, coordinating information in working memory, and planning.
Executive function
The Vygotskian concept of zone of proximal development refers to __________.
a range of tasks that the child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners
In the violation-of-expectation method, researchers show babies __________.
an expected event and an unexpected event
According to cognitive-developmental theory, a scheme is __________.
an organized way of making sense of experience
During times of rapid cognitive change, children __________
are in a state of disequilibrium
When children are not changing much cognitively, they __________ more than they __________.
assimilate; accommodate
The __________ is the conscious, reflective part of our mental system.
central executive
A __________ is a means of building schemes in which infants try to repeat chance motor behaviors again and again.
circular reaction
At all ages, __________ develops ahead of __________.
comprehension; production
In the __________ view, researchers analyze each cognitive attainment to see how it results from a complex system of prior accomplishments and the child's current goal.
dynamic systems
Researchers using the violation-of-expectation method may use __________ by exposing babies to a physical event until their looking declines.
habituation
With age, babies __________ in an effort to gain control over producing particular sounds.
increasingly babble in long strings
Derrick speaks to his son using short sentences with high-pitched, exaggerated expression and clear gestures to support verbal meaning. Derrick uses __________.
infant-directed speech
In the short-term memory store, __________.
information is stored briefly so we can actively "work on" it to reach our goals
According to Vygotsky, children master activities through __________.
joint activities with more mature members of their society
On Monday, 20-month-old Raoul watches his brother Carlos stir his applesauce with a spoon. On Thursday, Raoul tries to use a spoon to stir his applesauce. Raoul is using a(n) __________ to imitate Carlos's behavior.
mental representation
Nine-month-old Avery can retrieve his ball when his mother hides it under a blanket. Avery has begun to master __________.
object permanence
Apart from direct contact with the environment, schemes also change through __________.
organization
Research consistently shows that infants and young children exposed to __________ child care score lower on measures of __________ skills during the preschool, elementary, and secondary school years
poor-quality; cognitive, language, academic, and social
Through the secondary circular reaction, babies __________.
repeat interesting events in the surrounding environment that are caused by their own actions
In the information-processing system, information first enters the __________.
sensory register
Efforts to teach language to nonhuman primates __________.
show that the ability to master a grammatically complex language system is unique to humans
Babies' earliest categories are based on __________.
similar overall appearance
The extent to which parents __________ contributes strongly to early language progress.
talk to infants and toddlers
A young child makes an underextension error when she applies a new word __________.
too narrowly
