Quiz 11
How many pairs of cranial nerves are recognized?
12
How many segments are in the spinal cord?
31
Which describes a mixed nerve?
A nerve containing both sensory and motor nerve fibers
What is a preganglionic neuron?
A neuron that extends from the spinal cord or brainstem to a ganglion
What is a monosynaptic reflex?
A reflex that involves two neurons only.
What is a dermatome?
A region of the skin supplied by a particular spinal nerve.
Choose all the components of the patellar reflex.
A sensory neuron with stretch receptors in the quadriceps femoris muscle group. A motor neuron.
Which statement accurately describes the cauda equina?
Axons of motor and sensory neurons that extend in the vertebrate canal just inferior to the conus medullaris.
Producing the complex motor patterns of contraction needed for speech is the function of ------area of the cerebral cortex.
Blank 1: Broca's, Brocas, or motor speech
The cranial nerve that is sensory only and transmits signals related to the sense of smell is called the---- nerve.
Blank 1: Olfactory
Decreased dopamine production in a brain area called the substantia nigra results in the disorder called ----disease.
Blank 1: Parkinson's
Understanding written and spoken language is the function of area of ------the cerebral cortex.
Blank 1: Wernicke's or Wernickes
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers release the neurotransmitter
Blank 1: acetylcholine or ACh
All the basic components of a reflex are collectively known as a reflex .
Blank 1: arc
Impulses that regulate the activities of internal organs such as the heart, stomach, and glands are transmitted along motor fibers of the ----subdivision of the peripheral nervous system.
Blank 1: autonomic
In the most generalized way, nerves can be defined as bundles of
Blank 1: axons or axon
The gray commissure of the spinal cord surrounds the ---- -----which is continuous with the ventricles of the brain and contains CSF.
Blank 1: central Blank 2: canal
The part of the brain that consists of two hemispheres connected by a vermis is the .
Blank 1: cerebellum
is a large mass of tissue located inferior to the occipital lobe and posterior to the pons.
Blank 1: cerebellum
the part of the brain known as the ----integrates information about the position of body parts and sends out signals that coordinate skeletal muscle movements.
Blank 1: cerebellum
The subarachnoid space contains---fluid
Blank 1: cerebrospinal or CSF
The gray ----connects the gray matter on the left side of the spinal cord to that on the right side.
Blank 1: commissure
The dominant and the nondominant hemisphere are not isolated from each other. They are connected by the
Blank 1: corpus Blank 2: callosum
The area of skin served by a particular spinal nerve is called a(n) .
Blank 1: dermatome or dermatomes
The area of the brain called the---- is located between the cerebral hemispheres, superior to the brainstem, and surrounding the third ventricle.
Blank 1: diencephalon
The area of the brain called the----- is located between the cerebral hemispheres, superior to the brainstem, and surrounding the third ventricle.
Blank 1: diencephalon
The neurons of the basal nuclei produce the neurotransmitter
Blank 1: dopamine
is an electrical recording of brain activity.
Blank 1: electroencephalogram or EEG
The dense irregular connective tissue layer enclosing an entire nerve is called the
Blank 1: epineurium
Cranial nerve VII is also called the -----nerve.
Blank 1: facial
The cerebellum contains two hemispheres which are partially separated by a layer of the dura mater called the
Blank 1: falx Blank 2: cerebelli
Within a nerve, nerve fibers are gathered into bundles called .
Blank 1: fascicles or fascicle
The nervous tissue that becomes the spinal cord leaves the cranium through the
Blank 1: foramen Blank 2: magnum
The diencephalon is located between the two cerebral
Blank 1: hemispheres or hemisphere Blank 2: brainstem
The gray matter of the spinal cord has anterior and posterior "butterfly-like wings", which are referred to as anterior and posterior
Blank 1: horns
The gray matter of the spinal cord has anterior and posterior "butterfly-like wings", which are referred to as anterior and posterior .
Blank 1: horns
Maintaining body temperature, blood pressure, and electrolyte balance are examples of some of the functions of the
Blank 1: hypothalamus
The thalamus and the ,---- which lies inferior to the thalamus, are the two major segments of the diencephalon.
Blank 1: hypothalamus
is a conical process that connects the pituitary gland to the diencephalon.
Blank 1: infundibulum or pituitary stalk
Spinal nerves exit the vertebral column through openings called the--- foramina.
Blank 1: intervertebral
The type of memory lasting for days to a lifetime is--- -term memory.
Blank 1: long
nerve contains both sensory and motor nerve fibers.
Blank 1: mixed
In a reflex arc, sensory neurons or interneurons connect with--- neurons which carry information from the CNS to effectors.
Blank 1: motor or efferent
The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain cell bodies of somatic---- neurons that innervate skeletal muscles.
Blank 1: motor or efferent
The intervertebral foramina are openings through which spinal
Blank 1: nerves or nerve Blank 2: cord
We can easily recognize other people when we see them due to the function of association areas located in the ----lobe of the cerebral cortex.
Blank 1: occipital
nerve contains only sensory fibers and transmits visual signals. Type the name of the nerve, not the number.
Blank 1: optic
branch of the autonomic nervous system controls the activities of internal organs during times of rest.
Blank 1: parasympathetic
The association areas for the awareness of one's own body parts and areas that help interpret sensory information are found in the-------lobes of the cerebrum
Blank 1: parietal
The association areas for the awareness of one's own body parts and areas that help interpret sensory information are found in the----lobes of the cerebrum.
Blank 1: parietal
Each nerve fascicles is surrounded by a connective tissue layer called the .
Blank 1: perineurium
The somatic and autonomic nervous systems are subdivisions of the ---nervous system
Blank 1: peripheral or PNS
gland is a cone-shaped projection that "hangs" from the roof of the diencephalon.
Blank 1: pineal
of the brainstem contains fibers relaying impulses between the medulla and the cerebrum, fibers relaying impulses between the cerebrum and the cerebellum, and centers that help regulate the respiratory rhythm.
Blank 1: pons
The axons of sensory neurons associated with the spinal cord enter it through the ---roots.
Blank 1: posterior or dorsal
The areas of the frontal lobe cerebral cortex associated with emotional behavior and the understanding of consequences of behavior are called
Blank 1: prefrontal
The areas of the frontal lobe cerebral cortex associated with emotional behavior and the understanding of consequences of behavior are called---- areas.
Blank 1: prefrontal
A rapid, automatic response to a stimulus is called a(n) .
Blank 1: reflex
helps maintain homeostasis by controlling involuntarily processes and carrying out automatic protective responses (i.e. coughing, sneezing, vomiting).
Blank 1: reflex
The normal reversible state of unconsciousness characterized by limited sensory input and inhibited skeletal muscle activity is commonly known as
Blank 1: sleep or sleeping
The spinal cord consists of 31 segments. Each segment gives rise to a pair of .
Blank 1: spinal Blank 2: nerves or nerve
The more common name for a cerebrovascular accident is a(n)
Blank 1: stroke
Auditory sensory areas and association areas that interpret complex sensory experiences (such as reading) are located in the---lobe of the cerebral cortex.
Blank 1: temporal
All sensory impulses (except smell) are routed through the ,----- which acts as a "gateway" to the sensory cerebral cortex.
Blank 1: thalamus
It typically takes ----neurons for a somatic sensation nerve signal to complete the sensory pathway.
Blank 1: three or 3
The continuous stimulation of smooth muscles of most blood vessels by the sympathetic division is called sympathetic
Blank 1: tone
Bundles of myelinated axons that comprise neural pathways that carry similar information in the central nervous system are called .
Blank 1: tracts
Sensory fibers of the ----nerve conduct impulses from the linings of the pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and viscera of the thorax and the abdomen. Type the name of the nerve, not the roman numeral.
Blank 1: vagus
Sensory fibers of the----- nerve conduct impulses from the linings of the pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and viscera of the thorax and the abdomen. Type the name of the nerve, not the roman numeral.
Blank 1: vagus
A(n) reflex is the result of a painful stimulus that causes contraction of flexor muscles.
Blank 1: withdrawal
reflex is the result of a painful stimulus that causes contraction of flexor muscles.
Blank 1: withdrawal
What are the functions of the oculomotor nerve (CN III)?
Controls muscles that move the eye. Controls muscles that raise the eyelid. Controls muscles of the pupil, to adjust the amount of light entering the eye.
What are normal signs of an aging nervous system?
Decline in the function of the sympathetic nervous system which may result in fainting. Decreased ability to maintain balance which may result in falling. Changes in sleep patterns.
Blank 1: Broca's, Brocas, or motor speech
False
True or false: Both cerebral hemispheres are equally involved in all intellectual functions in most individuals.
False
True or false: In the cerebellum, white matter is superficial to gray matter, which is the reverse of what occurs in the cerebrum.
False
The five lobes of the cerebrum are the insula, the
Frontal Lobe. Emontional control, self awareness, motivation, judgement, problem solving, talking, movement, and initiation, matured, personality. Parietal Lobe. ... Temporal Lobe. ... Occipital Lobe. ... Cerebellum.
Which statement actually describes the dominant hemisphere for language-related functions, as well as complex intellectual functions that require analytical and computational skills?
In most people, it is the left hemisphere.
Which are the functions of the spinal cord?
It conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain. It is a center for many reflexes.
What are the characteristics of the arachnoid mater?
It has web-like attachments to the pia mater. It is found between the dura and pia maters. It lacks blood vessels.
Choose all characteristics of the autonomic nervous system.
It is part of the peripheral nervous system. It functions independently and continuously. It is composed of motor (efferent) pathways.
What is the function of the limbic system?
It produces emotions.
What is the effect of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system on heart rate and digestion?
It speeds the heart and inhibits digestion.
What are the functions of the pons?
It transmits signals between the cerebrum and the medulla. It may contribute to the regulation of the breathing rate. It transmits signals between the cerebrum and cerebellum.
Choose all statements that describe long-term memory.
Its formation often involves new synaptic connections. Its formation can involve long-term potentiation. It can last from days to a lifetime.
The anterior branches of spinal nerves ______ contribute to the lumbosacral plexus.
L1-S4
What areas of the body do spinal nerves innervate?
Lower limbs, Trunk, and Upper limbs
What makes up white matter in the cerebrum?
Myelin nerve fibers and neuroglia cells that form pathways to connect brain parts to each other
At an organ or effector that is innervated by both the SNS and PSNS, what is the typical type of response to stimulation by these nervous systems?
One would inhibit the organ and one would activate the organ.
Which of the following statements accurately defines electroencephalogram (EEG).
Recording of brain waves obtained by placing electrodes on the outer surface of the head.
Which statement accurately describes the role of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
Regulates body functions while in restful situations; "resting and digesting" response.
How are cranial nerves named?
Roman numerals indicate the order in which they arise from the brain. They have names that describe their primary function.
Which statement accurately describes rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
Sleep in which dreaming occurs; some areas of the brain are active.
In the spinal cord, white matter is found __________ gray matter. This arrangement is reversed in the brain.
Somatic cranial nerve fibers
Which of the following statements accurately describes the position of the three meninges?
The arachnoid mater is between the pia mater and the dura mater.
What is the posterior median sulcus of the spinal cord?
The longitudinal groove on the dorsal surface of the spinal cord.
What is the anterior median fissure of the spinal cord?
The longitudinal groove on the ventral surface of the spinal cord.
Indicate changes that occur with aging that are linked to changes in nervous system function.
The number of dendritic branches in the cerebral cortex falls. The number of postsynaptic receptors decreases.
Choose all characteristics of the subarachnoid space and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within it.
The subarachnoid space completely surrounds the brain and spinal cord. The CSF protects the central nervous system by absorbing forces that might damage it.
What statement describes sleep patterns in the elderly?
There are more periods of waking during the night.
Which of the following is a role of the basal nuclei?
They regulate voluntary muscle movement.
What is the function of the choroid plexuses?
To regulate the composition of cerebrospinal fluid.
The autonomic nervous system controls sweat glands.
True
True or false: A brain wave is a recording of electrical changes in the brain.
True
True or false: At an effector organ, the opposing effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are due to differences in neurotransmitters used by each system.
True
True or false: The cranial nerves serve parts of the head, neck, and also some structures of the trunk.
True
True or false: The insula is concerned with processing taste sensations and translating sensory information into emotional responses.
True
What are some functions of cerebrospinal fluid?
What are some functions of cerebrospinal fluid?
Which spinal nerves form the cervical plexuses?
Which spinal nerves form the cervical plexuses?
Which nerve innervates muscles that move the eye?
abducens nerve
Cervical nerves emerge from the vertebral column ______ the vertebrae they are named for and the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral exit ______ their corresponding vertebrae.
above; below
Spinal nerve C5 emerges ______ vertebra C5 and spinal nerve L5 emerges ______ vertebra L5.
above; below
What cranial nerve has both cranial and spinal branches?
accessory nerve (XI)
Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors are receptors for which neurotransmitter?
acetylcholine
Sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers both release which neurotransmitter?
acetylcholine
A reflex arc begins with a sensory receptor at the dendritic end of a(n) ______.
afferent neuron
The ______ is responsible for assigning emotions to memories.
amygdala
What is a reflex?
an automatic response to a stimulus
What is a plexus?
an intermingling of nerves
What are the functions of association areas in the cerebral cortex?
analyze and interpret sensory experiences
What is the function of the association areas located in the occipital lobe?
analyzing visual patterns
Motor axons are found in ______ roots of the spinal nerves.
anterior
The ______ horns of the spinal cord contain cell bodies of motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles.
anterior (ventral)
During a crossed extensor reflex, the contralateral extensor muscles ______ in order to help maintain balance.
are stimulated (contract)
Choose the types of activities that are more closely associated with the right hemisphere (in most people).
artistic ability spatial perception musical ability recognition of faces
Which tracts in the spinal cord carry sensory information?
ascending tracts
Within the spinal cord, ______ tracts carry nerve impulses to the brain while ______ tracts carry nerve impulses from the brain to the periphery.
ascending; descending
Areas of the cerebral cortex that are neither primarily sensory nor motor are called---- areas. They help provide memory, reasoning, and emotions, among other things.
association
The division of the PNS that regulates visceral activities and maintains homeostasis is called the ______ nervous system.
autonomic
What innervates internal organs such as the salivary glands, stomach, and intestines?
autonomic fibers of spinal nerves autonomic motor fibers of cranial nerves
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are divisions of the
autonomic nervous system
What association area function is located in the parietal lobe?
awareness of the form of objects and one's own body parts
The endoneurium directly surrounds a(n) ______.
axon
What is the general name of the areas of gray matter found deep in the white matter of the cerebrum (including caudate and putamen)?
basal nuclei
Which structure(s) facilitate(s) voluntary movement?
basal nuclei
Where is the arachnoid mater in relationship to the other meninges?
between the dura and pia maters
What functions are regulated by the autonomic nervous system?
blood pressure body temperature heart rate breathing rate
he spinal nerves C5-T1 give rise to the ---plexus.
brachial
Which organs are part of the central nervous system?
brain and spinal cord
Cranial nerves originate from the ______. Spinal nerves originate from the ______.
brain; spinal cord
The pons, the midbrain, and the medulla oblongata are collectively known as the .
brainstem
Damage to the phrenic nerve would affect one's ability to ______.
breathe
In a nerve, what is a fascicle?
bundle of nerve fibers (axons)
What are tracts in the nervous system?
bundles of myelinated axons
The ______ center of the medulla oblongata regulates heart rate.
cardiac
As the lumbar and sacral nerves extend inferiorly beyond the end of the spinal cord, they form the ______.
cauda equina
The axons of motor and sensory neurons that extend inferiorly from the spinal cord, but are still contained within the vertebral canal, form the ______.
cauda equina
The spinal cord is part of the __________ nervous system.
central
What is the narrow channel in the spinal cord that contains CSF?
central canal
What is the name of the thin layer of gray matter that forms the outermost layer of the cerebrum?
cerebral cortex
The falx cerebri is the structure that separates the right and left ______.
cerebral hemispheres
What disorder is characterized by a lack of oxygen to brain tissue resulting in the death of tissue and potential loss of function?
cerebrovascular accident
Within the brain, the major area that is the seat of intelligence, personality, and conscious sensation is the
cerebrum
What does the transverse fissure separate?
cerebrum and cerebellum
What is the function of the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata?
changing the rate and depth of breathing
Impulses for the sense of hearing are carried by the ______ branch of CN VIII, while impulses for the sense of equilibrium are carried by the ______ branch.
cochlear; vestibular
An area of gray matter called the gray ______ connects the gray matter on the left side of the spinal cord to that on the right side.
commissure
In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for what functions?
complex intellectual functions language-related functions
What is the function of the primary motor areas?
control skeletal muscle movements
What is the function of the vasomotor center of the medulla oblongata?
controlling blood vessel diameter
What is the function of reticular formation?
controls arousal of the cerebrum
What is the name of the tapering, inferior end of the spinal cord?
conus medullaris
The two cerebral hemispheres are connected by a broad, flat bundle of axons, called the
corpus callosum
What part of the brain connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres, allowing the dominant hemisphere to communicate with the non-dominant hemisphere?
corpus callosum
The ______ nerves are designated by Roman numerals and by names that indicate their primary functions and/or the general distribution of their fibers.
cranial
What is the name of the descending roots of the lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves that extend below the spinal cord but remain in the vertebral canal?
cranial branch spinal branch
What is the name for a nerve that originates in the brain and communicates with other body parts?
cranial nerve
Indicate the cranial nerve number for the glossopharyngeal nerve.
cranial nerve IX
Indicate the cranial nerve number for the facial nerve.
cranial nerve VII
What cranial nerve might be damaged?
cranial nerve VII
The nervous system has twelve pairs of ______.
cranial nerves
The peripheral nervous system includes ______ and ______.
cranial nerves spinal nerves
In a withdrawal reflex, flexor muscles on the affected side of the body contract. Simultaneously, a ______ reflex is initiated which causes the contralateral extensor muscles to contract in order to help maintain balance.
crossed extensor
Because of the ______ of nerve fibers, the right side of the brain communicates with the left side of the body, and vice versa.
crossing over
In the picture indicating functional areas of the cerebral cortex, arrow A is pointing to the ______ and arrow B is pointing to the ______.
cutaneous sensory area; primary motor area
As a person ages, the size of the brain ______.
decreases
In general, the functioning of the nervous system ______ with age.
decreases
Where is the pia mater located?
deep to the arachnoid mater
The hypothalamus is part of which area of the brain?
diencephalon
The thalamus is part of which area of the brain?
diencephalon
2. Sympathetic nervous system stimulation of the bronchioles of the lungs causes the airways to __________.
dilate
5. Sympathetic nervous system stimulation of the iris of the eye causes the pupil to __________.
dilate
Parkinson's disease is characterized by a decrease in the production of ______ by the substantia nigra.
dopamine
What is the neurotransmitter produced by the basal nuclei?
dopamine
What is the outer layer of the meninges called?
dura mater
Identify the three layers of meninges.
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
The epidural space is located between the ______ and the ______.
dura matter vertebrae
A brain wave is a recording of the ______ activity of the cells of the brain.
electrical
Prefrontal areas of the frontal lobes are associated with what function?
emotional behavior and understanding behavioral consequences
The delicate layer of connective tissue surrounding a nerve axon and its myelin sheath is the ______.
endoneurium
What cells regulate the CSF composition by helping to create a barrier that selectively transfers substances into the CSF?
ependymal cells
Identify the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla when its cells are stimulated by sympathetic fibers.
epinephrine norepinephrine
The vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII carries sensory impulses for the sense of ______ and the cochlear branch carries sensory impulses for the sense of ______.
equilibrium; hearing
Choose the effectors for the motor fibers of the trochlear nerve.
extrinsic eye muscles which move the eyes
What are the effectors for the motor fibers of the abducens nerve?
extrinsic muscle of the eye
Older individuals usually sleep ______ hours per night than they once did and REM sleep ______, both resulting in daytime sleepiness.
fewer; decreases
The primary motor area is found in the
frontal lobe
Indicate the names of the cerebral lobes.
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe
Higher intellectual processes, like concentration, planning, and problem solving, are carried out by association areas of the
frontal lobes
Cranial nerve IX is also called the ______ nerve. Type the name of the nerve, not the roman numeral.
glossopharyngeal
The anterior and posterior horns are part of the ______ of the spinal cord.
gray matter
The basal nuclei consist of ______.
gray matter
The cerebral cortex is a thin layer of
gray matter
The brain shrinks about 10% over a lifetime, with gray matter loss ______ white matter loss.
greater than
The epineurium is a connective tissue sheath that surrounds what structures?
groups of fascicles
What area(s) of the body do cranial nerves innervate?
head, neck, some parts of the trunk
What is the purpose of reflexes?
help maintain homeostasis
The ______ is involved in transferring short-term memories to long-term memories by directing memory information to the appropriate location in the cortex.
hippocampus
Which cranial nerve innervates muscles of the tongue controlling tongue movement during speech, chewing, and swallowing?
hypoglossal nerve
One of the main structures of the diencephalon, that lies inferior to the thalamic nuclei, and forms the lower walls and the floor of the third ventricle, is the .
hypothalamus
What is the function of the cardiac center in the medulla oblongata?
increase or decrease heart rate
Choose the two statements that describe the location of the cerebellum.
inferior to the occipital lobes of the cerebrum posterior to the pons and the medulla oblongata
What is the name of the structure that connects the diencephalon to the pituitary gland?
infundibulum
Typically, if the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system activates an organ, the parasympathetic division ______.
inhibits it
Which lobe is concerned with processing the sense of taste and integration of sensory input from visceral receptors?
insula lobe
The cerebral cortex of the frontal lobe is involved with ______.
intelligence and reasoning
The CNS contains motor neurons, sensory neurons, and interneurons. The majority of neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord are
interneurons
The majority of neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord are ______.
interneurons
What are some characteristics of short-term memory?
involves increased transmission at synapses continues as long as circuit is stimulated
What is the function of Wernicke's area?
language comprehension -understanding written and spoken language
The acquisition of new knowledge is called ______; the persistence of that new knowledge and the ability to access the knowledge at a later time is called ______.
learning; memory
Impulses from olfactory receptors are interpreted in the ______.
limbic system
The ______ consists of parts of the cerebral cortex, diencephalon, and basal nuclei; it is not a distinct structure.
limbic system
What areas of the body do spinal nerves innervate?
lower limbs, upper limbs, and trunk
The anterior branches of spinal nerves L1-S4 are associated with the ______ plexus.
lumbosacral
Which are the functions of the cerebellum?
maintains posture coordinates skeletal muscle contractions integrates signals about body position
Indicate the three large branches of the trigeminal nerve.
mandibular division ophthalmic division maxillary division
Identify the locations for the reticular formation.
medulla oblongata pons midbrain
What are some functions of the cerebrum?
memory and storage intellect and reasoning interpretation of sensory signals initiation of voluntary movements
The retention of knowledge and the ability to access retained knowledge is called ______, and it is a consequence of ______.
memory; learning
The corpora quadrigemina, cerebral peduncles, and red nucleus are parts of the ______ of the brainstem.
midbrain
Because it only uses two neurons, the patellar reflex is an example of a ______.
monosynaptic reflex
Select the effects of parasympathetic stimulation.
more blood to digestive organs constriction of pupil decreased heart rate
A ______ nerve contains only efferent nerve fibers.
motor
What type of axons (nerve fibers) are found in a motor nerve?
motor
The cerebral cortex is divided into three functional areas?
motor sensory association
The autonomic nervous system contains what type of nerve fibers?
motor fibers efferent fibers
The autonomic nervous system consists of ______.
motor fibers only
What are the functional areas of the cerebral cortex?
motor, association, and sensory areas
The autonomic nervous system is a ______ part of the PNS that functions with ______ control.
motor; unconscious
What are the effectors for the somatic motor fibers of the vagus nerve?
muscles for speech and swallowing (in tongue, pharynx, larynx)
What are the effectors of the motor fibers of the hypoglossal nerve?
muscles that move the tongue
A is a cordlike organ composed of numerous nerve fibers (fascicles) bound together by connective tissue.
nerve
What are the types of cholinergic receptors?
nicotinic and muscarinic
Mr. S is a 54-year-old male being seen by the neurologist. Earlier in the week his wife noticed that the right corner of his mouth was drooping and he was unable to smile on his left side. An MRI showed no lesion in the brain or spinal cord. As a result, the neurologist began to test the integrity of various nerves, and found an injury to one of them. 1. The neurologist should test spinal nerves for the drooping mouth.
no
Was cranial nerve V (five) damaged?
no
What type of sleep is restful, dreamless, and accompanied by reduced blood pressure and respiratory rates?
non-REM
What type of sleep is characterized by a 70-90 minute phase known as "slow-wave" sleep?
non-REM sleep
lobe is the location of the visual cortex.
occipital
In what lobe is the sensory area for vision located?
occipital lobe
The impulses from receptors for vision are received in the ______ lobe and the information for hearing is received in the ______ lobe.
occipital; temporal
Functions of the cerebral hemispheres are divided such that ______.
one hemisphere is usually dominant for certain intellectual functions
Typically, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system innervations at an organ have what type of actions?
opposing actions
Which type of cranial nerve contains only sensory nerve fibers and transmits impulses associated with the sense of vision?
optic nerve
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
parasympathetic sympathetic
The connective tissue layer surrounding groups of axons to form a nerve fascicle is the ______.
perineurium
The cranial nerves and spinal nerves make up the ______ nervous system.
peripheral
What are the sources of sensory impulses carried via the vagus nerve?
pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and viscera of the thorax and the abdomen
A patient is having difficulty breathing. Name a nerve that could be responsible for this difficulty.
phrenic nerve
The layer of the meninges that is directly attached to the surface of the brain and spinal cord is the ---------mater.
pia
Which two glands are found in the diencephalon?
pineal gland the posterior pituitary gland
A complex network of axons of anterior branches of spinal nerves that innervate a particular peripheral body part is called a ______.
plexus
Indicate the components of the brainstem.
pons, midbrain, medulla oblongata
The ______ branch of a spinal nerve innervates the muscles and skin of the back.
posterior
Where is the cerebellum located?
posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata
Dreaming and increased brain and muscle activity occur during ______ sleep.
rapid eye movement
Which of the following are parts of the midbrain?
red nucleus cerebral peduncles corpora quadrigemina
Which are the functions of the hypothalamus?
regulates hunger and thirst stimulates the pituitary gland regulates sleep cycles
Choose all that are functions of the hypothalamus.
regulates sleep-wake cycle controls body temperature regulates heart rate controls hunger and thirst regulates the movement of food through the digestive tract
What factor explains the differences in effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on a particular effector organ?
release of different neurotransmitters
The simple neural pathway that mediates a reflex is called a(n) ______.
relex arc
One of the nuclei of the medulla oblongata, called the ______ center, regulates the rate and depth of breathing.
respiratory
What network of nerve fibers in the brainstem are responsible for filtering incoming signals and for stimulating the cerebral cortex into a state of wakefulness?
reticular formation
In most individuals, nonverbal functions and visual experiences are more closely associated with the ______ cerebral hemisphere.
right
Because of the crossing over of nerve tracts, the------side of the brain communicates with the------side of the body, and vice versa.
right left
Where is the reticular formation found?
scattered throughout the brainstem
What information is transmitted on the vestibulocochlear nerves (CN VIII)?
sense of hearing sense of equilibrium
A ______ nerve contains only afferent nerve fibers.
sensory
The thalamus is a relay station for ______ signals.
sensory
Because sensory fibers of the peripheral nervous system cross over on their way to the cerebrum, centers in the right hemisphere interpret impulses originating from the left side of the body, and vice versa. However, two of the sensory areas receive impulses from both sides of the body. Choose these two sensory areas from the following list.
sensory areas associated with hearing sensory areas associated with vision
The autonomic nervous system maintains homeostasis and controls visceral activities by regulating the actions of ______.
several glands cardiac muscles smooth muscles
The type of memory lasting for seconds to minutes is----term memory.
short
Which term refers to a temporary state of unconsciousness from which one can awaken when stimulated?
sleep
Indicate the effectors for the autonomic motor fibers of the vagus nerve?
smooth muscle of viscera of thorax and abdomen
Motor impulses that control skeletal muscles are handled by the ______ nervous system.
somatic
Which subdivision of the peripheral nervous system contains the nerve fibers that connect the central nervous system to the skin and skeletal muscles?
somatic
What are the two subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system?
somatic autonomic
The thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spinal nerves are associated with (named for) the vertebra ______ the nerve's point of emergence from the vertebral column.
superior to
What is the term for the continuous stimulation of smooth muscles in blood vessels by the autonomic nervous system?
sympathetic tone
The ______ division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates the adrenal gland to release two hormones, one being ______.
sympathetic; epinephrine
Where is Wernicke's area?
temporal lobe In the temporal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere.
Which of the following structures is part of the diencephalon?
thalamus
Within the brain, what is the name of the set of structures that work together to produce emotions and to guide behaviors associated with survival?
the limbic system
What structure functions to conduct nerve impulses between the peripheral body and the brain and also acts as a reflex center?
the spinal cord
Which of the following are considered parts of the limbic system?
the thalamus the hypothalamus the basal nuclei
Blank 1: infundibulum or pituitary stalk
third ventricle
How many neurons are typically found in an ascending pathway between the receptor and the brain?
three
What is the function of Broca's area in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum?
to produce the motor patterns of contractions needed for speech
Which direction does a sensory nerve conduct impulses?
towards the brain and spinal cord
The cerebrum is separated from the cerebellum by the
transverse fissure
The ______ nerve branches into the ophthalmic division, maxillary division, and mandibular division.
trigeminal
When a physician moves a finger in front of a patient's face, asking them to follow its movement with their eyes, they are testing the function of the ______ nerve.
trochlear
What is the function of an association area located in the temporal lobe?
understanding speech
The smooth muscles of what structures relax in response to stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system. The same muscles contract in response to parasympathetic stimulation.
urinary bladder intestines bronchioles
The region of the medulla oblongata called the ______ center regulates the degree of constriction/dilation of blood vessels.
vasomotor
The cerebellum of the brain consists of two hemispheres connected by a ______.
vermis
Where is the spinal cord located?
vertebral canal
Deep to the cerebral cortex is
white matter
What makes up the bulk of the cerebrum and provides connections between different parts of the brain?
white matter
What type of reflex is initiated when the body encounters something painful on the skin that results in the contraction of flexor muscles to pull away from the painful stimulus?
withdrawal reflex
What is the corpus callosum?
A bundle of axons that connects the cerebral hemispheres.
A 57-year-old male fell off a ladder while painting the outside of his house, hitting his head on the sidewalk below. Upon arrival at the hospital, he was conscious but confused and disoriented. A CT scan of the brain indicated a small subdural hematoma (bleed and clot). One hour later the patient's level of consciousness was significantly decreased and a second CAT scan showed the hematoma had increased dramatically in size. 1. Between what structures was the hematoma located?
Between the dura mater and arachnoid mater
The subarachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal are all filled with
Blank 1: cerebrospinal or CSF fluid
The brainstem is comprised by the midbrain, the
Blank 1: pons Blank 2: medulla Blank 3: oblongata
Where can cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) be found?
Central canal of spinal cord Ventricles of brain Subarachnoid space
What is the name of the specialized capillaries that secrete cerebrospinal fluid?
Choroid plexuses
What is the correct order of meninges from superficial to deep?
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Which of the following is an action of the sympathetic nervous system?
Increased secretion of sweat
Where is the dura mater located?
It is the outermost meninx.
A lumbar puncture is typically done below which vertebra?
L3
Over a lifetime, the brain shrinks due to the loss of what areas?
Larger loss in gray matter than white matter
If the hematoma was pressing on the right frontal lobe, what symptoms might the patient present with?
Loss of motor function on the left side of the body Correct
In which lobes of the cerebrum is the visual cortex located?
Occipital lobes
Which of the following is the correct naming sequence for the first and second neuron in an autonomic pathway?
Preganglionic neuron / postganglionic neuron
What functional region of the cerebral cortex is located in the frontal lobe?
Primary motor cortex
Which part of the peripheral nervous system would send impulses to the skeletal muscles in the arm?
Somatic motor spinal nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System The divisions of the autonomic nervous system use pathways comprised of two neurons in sequence. These pathways differ between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Additionally, the sympathetic division and parasympathetic division are structurally separated. 1. Which division of the autonomic nervous system orginates in the thoracolumbar regions of the spinal cord?
Sympathetic nervous system
Why might a neurologist recommend removing the hematoma by drilling a small hole into the skull?
The brain is enclosed within the cranial cavity and continued bleeding will cause increased intracranial pressure resulting in brain damage. Correct
Which statement accurately describes postganglionic fibers?
They extend from an autonomic ganglion to a target cell.
What is the function of the ependymal cells in the choroid plexuses?
To help regulate the CSF composition.
The autonomic nervous system controls the heart rate and breathing rate.
True
The neural centers and pathways that coordinate muscular movements are located in the ______.
brain
What part of the nervous system is responsible for sensation and perception, issuing motor commands, personality, and regulating visceral activity?
brain
Ventricles are cavities found in the ______ and are filled with ______.
brain; cerebrospinal fluid
The subarachnoid space contains----fluid
cerebrospinal
Wastes produced by brain cells travel through ______ to get to the blood.
cerebrospinal fluid
The cerebral hemispheres are the two parts of the ______.
cerebrum
The largest part of the adult brain is the
cerebrum
What is the largest part of the adult brain?
cerebrum
Structures called the ______ secrete cerebrospinal fluid.
choroid plexuses
What structures are described as cauliflower-like masses of capillaries that project into the cavities of the ventricles?
choroid plexuses
What is the name of the broad, flat bundle of axons that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
corpus callosum
3. Sympathetic nervous system stimulation of the structures of the digestive system causes a(n) _________ in digestive system activity.
decrease
What connective tissue layer surrounds an axon?
endoneurium
The space between the dura mater and the vertebrae is called the ------space.
epidural
The space between the dura mater and the vertebrae is called the---- space.
epidural
2. The part of the ANS that controls the "fight or flight" response is the parasympathetic division.
false
The Autonomic Nervous System The organs of our body, such as the heart, stomach, and intestines, are regulated by a division of the nervous system called the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS is part of the peripheral nervous system and it controls many organs and muscles within the body. In most situations, we are unaware of the workings of the ANS because it functions in an involuntary, reflexive manner. 1. The autonomic nervous system controls skeletal muscle.
false
Which tract carries sensory information about touch, pressure, and body movement to the cerebrum?
fasciculus cuneatus
The very deep grooves of the brain, such as those separating the cerebral hemispheres or separating the cerebrum from the cerebellum, are called
fissures
What structure is formed when the dura mater extends down into the longitudinal fissure and separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres?
flax cerebri
Cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed into the blood of the dural sinuses via structures called arachnoid
granulations
Cerebrospinal fluid differs from blood and other extracellular fluids by having a ______ concentration of sodium and a ______ concentration of potassium
greater; lower
The cerebral cortex is a thin layer of
grey matter
The general name for ridges or convolutions on the surface of the cerebrum is
gyri
The cerebrum is divided into two
hemispheres
The metencephalon and myelencephalon arise from what primary embryonic vesicle?
hindbrain
What part of the brain is associated with memory consolidation?
hippocampus
1. Sympathetic nervous system stimulation of the heart causes the heart rate to __________.
increase
4. Sympathetic nervous system stimulation of sweat glands causes a(n) _________ in the secretion of sweat.
increase
Mrs. L is a 71-year-old female being seen in the office four days after her stroke. She is experiencing weakness in her right hand, right arm, and right leg. The MRI shows a lesion in the brain assumed to be due to a loss of oxygen to the area. 1. Is the lesion seen in the MRI on the right or left side of the brain?
left
Meningitis is an inflammation of the ______ and can result in ______
meninges; brain damage
Inflammation of the meninges is called
meningitis
What are some parts of the brainstem?
midbrain and pons
The hindbrain (rhombencephalon) gives rise to what two secondary embryonic vesicles?
myelencephalon metencephalon
Was the brachial plexus damaged?
no
A seven-year-old T-ball player was inadvertently hit in the forehead with a baseball bat because he was standing too close to the batter. His parents took him to the emergency room for evaluation. The emergency room physician noted that the child complained of a headache, light sensitivity, and blurred vision. The child is exhibiting the latter two symptoms because the impact to the forehead __________.
propelled the brain backward causing damage to the occipital lobe
The function of the arachnoid granulations is to ______.
reabsorb CSF into the blood of the dural sinuses
What are the gyri of the cerebrum?
ridges of tissue
What are sulci?
shallow grooves
What are the characteristics of the choroid plexuses?
specialized capillaries covered by a layer of ependymal cells project into the cavities of ventricles
Which reflex is monosynaptic?
stretch reflex
The ______ space is the space called between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.
subarachnoid
The needle used to do a lumbar puncture is inserted into the ______ space.
subarachnoid
A severe blow to the head may cause rupture of dural blood vessels leading to an accumulation of blood beneath the dura mater. This condition is called a(n) ______ hematoma.
subdural
Accumulation of blood in the ______ space that may result from a severe blow to the head can compress tissues and can cause functional losses and even death.
subdural
Shallow grooves found all over the surface of the cerebrum are called
sulci
What are some functions of cerebrospinal fluid?
to maintain ionic concentration in CNS to transport waste to the blood
1. The autonomic nervous system has two divisions.
true
What does the longitudinal fissure separate?
two cerebral hemispheres
Cavities within the brain containing cerebrospinal fluid are called
ventricles
In the brain, what are fissures?
very deep grooves
