Quiz 2-5

Bamboo

The __________ plant is commonly represented in hanging scrolls and other forms of Chinese painting because it is deeply symbolic.

False

True or False: All of the known, important writers from the Heian period of Japanese history were men because of strict adherence to Confucianism.

True

True or False: Ancient Chinese bronze casting processes were complicated and scholars are still not clear about the details.

True

True or False: Archaeologists have found evidence that civilizations in Japan were making pottery earlier than any other culture in the world.

False It's false! Buddhism was brought to Korea from China during the fourth century CE.

True or False: Buddhism was introduced to Koreans by Indian merchants in the fourth century CE.

False

True or False: Celadon ceramics were made in the northwestern region of Korea during the period of 700 to 1200.

False Haniwa are earthenware, not stoneware

True or False: Haniwa are large, hollow stoneware funerary objects that were made in Japan.

The first theory is that they were used as a spiritual barrier to protect the dead and living. To do this they were placed over the burial chamber for the dead ruler or elite. They were originally located in Japan on the top of tombs in the rounded part of the key hole. The haniwa may have also been used in ceremonial rituals. They also represented the status of the deceased.

What are two theories that may explain what haniwafigurines were used for? Where were they located originally?

It tells us that he is able to control an elephant and lead it to safety. Then he is able to rule with great power and lead the people.

What does this miniature painting tell us about the leadership style of Emperor Akbar?

The walls of her tomb

What form did the Tang Dynasty paintings of Princess Yongtai take?

Earthenwares are cooked at low temperatures and are soft and porous to allow for liquids to flow throughout them. Stonewares are are fired at high temperatures and are hard and have more density.

What is one difference between earthenwaresand stonewares?

Provides a platform from which to call the Islamic faithful to prayer

What is the function of the minaret on a Muslim mosque?

The monumental tombs are part of Islamic architecture. The dome on cube shape has antecedents in earlier Islamic mausoleums. Also, the weightless almost floating vision of the white marble was taken from another islamic building, the Alai Darvaza. How do these refer to Islamic spiritual beliefs, rather than just their architecture? There's symbolism to the architectural design that is specific to the religion. See page 38.

There is a lot of religious symbolism in the design of the Taj Mahal. Describe three ways that the Taj Mahal refers to Islamic spiritual beliefs.

False

True or False: A main function of the Buddhist stupa is to serve as a tomb for the Buddha.

False

True or False: Chinese handscrolls are meant to be read from left to right, unrolled just a bit at a time so only a portion of the larger image can be seen at a time.

True This is actually true! In the seventeenth century, much of India was colonized by Britain, mostly as a result of the chartering the East India Company. [Review pages 40-41 in Gardner's.] Today, Hindi is the official language of the central government in India, with English as a provisional official sub-language. Individual state legislatures can adopt any regional language as the official language of that state. The Constitution of India recognizes 23 official languages, spoken in different parts of the country, and two official classical languages, Sanskrit and Tamil.

True or False: In 1835, English was declared as the official language of India.

False

True or False: Indian artists use oil paint and small canvases to produce their miniature paintings.

True

True or False: Rulers during the Mughal Empire were enamored with the narrative painting tradition of Persia and Iran, so they brought over artists from the Middle East to train Indian painters in that art. Eventually, those painters were also instructed to copy illustrations from European sources, including the Bible.

True

True or False: Scrolls from the Heiji period are very rare and only survive today in fragments.

False

True or False: The Bamiyan Buddhas were destroyed by ISIS in 2001.

True

True or False: The Chinese hold calligraphy in higher regard than painting or other forms of two-dimensional art.

The advantages to using underglaze is that it fully bonds to the porcelain but a disadvantage is that there is only a select number of colors that can be used because of the intense heat it must withstand. The advantages to using overglaze is that painters can use a much brighter palette like deep browns and bright reds ad greens. The disadvantage is that they do not have the same durability as the underglaze does.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using an underglaze to decorate a work of porcelain? What are the advantages and disadvantages of using an overglaze?

kondo

What is the term used to refer to the main hall of worship in a Japanese Buddhist temple?

Painted stucco sculptures representing Hindu deities and their attendants

What kind of sculpture decorates the exterior of the gopuras, or gateway towers, at the Great Temple?

A complex of temples and palaces

What was the function of the Angkor Wat complex?

Abstract designs

What was the most common form of decoration on ancient Chinese earthenware?

The motivation behind creating this large Buddhist monument was to honor Kim Tae-song's parents in his previous life. The function of this cave temple is to be their super natural defense mechanism. The Silla rulers embraced Buddhism as not only a religion but also as a protection and they believe this monument to be their protection against outside threats. The Shakyamuni Buddha draws stylistically from the Tang sculpture in China. The round faced figures and drapery is a more simplified version of the sculpture.

What was the motivation behind creating this large Buddhist monument? What was the function of this cave temple? Stylistically, what artistic precedents does this Buddha draw from?

A mausoleum

What was the original function of the Taj Mahal?

Mass graves Treasure Skeletons of members of the royal family

Which of the following are found at the massive burial complex belonging to the first Emperor of Qin? There may be more than one correct answer.

Utilized multiple colors (polychrome) in their pottery Developed bronze casting in Japan Introduced loom weaving in Japan

Which of the following artistic developments were the Yayoi responsible for? There may be more than one correct answer.

Ai Weiwei

Which of the following artists is known for his politically-charged art that often carries messages that attack the Chinese government?

In the Qing Dynasty, women have been represented in Chinese paintings as deities, mothers, and court ladies. They were depicted as paragons of wisdom and virtue. The paintings showed women engaged in duties and activities. Women were also portrayed as beautiful, submissive, obedient, and loyal in the Hans Dynasty. During the Tang women were painted preforming leisure activities and were meant to portray feminine beauty. Lastly, during the Ming Dynasty women were depicted as a non-entity. The underlying goals of male artists was to use the women because of their creative urge. It helped to uphold the idea that painting, just like poetry, should serve a creative, expressive outlook for the artist.

1. According to Mary Fong, how have women been represented in Chinese painting, historically? (For example, what types of women were depicted ?) 2. What were the underlying goals of male artists, when painting women? (In other words, why were women represented in the ways that you mentioned above?)

The reason there were a lack of women artists throughout Chinese history is because men and women were segregated and there were rules that dictated their interactions. Also, women were excluded from higher forms of art, such as painting, because artistic creativity was considered gender specific. What belief system does Fong attribute this type of thinking to?

As Mary Fong explains in her article, "Images of Women in Traditional Chinese Painting," there weren't many women artists throughout Chinese history. According to Fong, what explains this lack of women artists in China? Be specific in your explanation.

Similarities we see between the Haniwa warriors and the terracotta warriors is that they were both greatly detailed. The warriors both had armor that mimicked the ones of real soldiers even down to the bolts on the helmet. Differences between the two are that terracotta warriors were made from molds that were mixed and matched to make each one unique. On the other hand, the Haniwa warriors were carved by hand which made each on different from the next. Another difference is that the Haniwa warriors were hollow where as the terracotta warriors were solid. Lastly, the terracotta warriors were made to be life-like and realistic and the Haniwa warriors were thicker at the bottom to have better support and had tiny arms that were were not symmetrical to the body. Terracotta warriors are also hollow - they would have to be in order to be fired in a kiln, like pottery. This answer does not take into consideration the function, patronage, artists, etc.

How might we compare the Haniwa warrior (above) with the terracotta warriors made under the rule of Emperor of Qin in China? What similarities do you see? What are the major differences?

The stepped towers crowning the vaulted second story rooms resemble the pyramidal rooms of David temple mandapas. But the windows of the upper level as well as the arches of the arches of the ground floor piers have the distinctive multi lobed contours of Islamic architecture. It also exemplifies the stylistic crosscurrents that typify much of south asian art and architecture of the second millennium. David temples? Proof read for accuracy and to prevent typos. Be careful not to rely too heavily on the textbook's phrasing. Answer in your own words. Most of this answer is copied directly from the textbook.

Much of the art and architecture in the southern region of Asia is the result of a mixture of artistic styles and visual imagery from different cultures. How is the Lotus Mahal an example of mixing Hindu and Islamic architectural elements?

The scene is from a literary classic written a century before

Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace is a detailed image from a much larger scene painted on a thirteenth century handscroll. Which of the following statements about this work of art are untrue?

The leaders during the Chosen Dynasty built a new south gate, Namdaemun, to their new capital, Seoul, as a symbol of their authority. It has a stone foundation with an arch way in the middle and a bracketed wooden superstructure on top.

The Choson Dynasty (1392-1910) was the last great Korean dynasty. How did rulers in this period use architecture and art to create an image of authority and strength? Describe one example.

Ceremonial objects deposited in the ground

The dotaku served what function in ancient Japan?

True

True or False: The Todaiji Great Buddha Hall is the largest wooden building in the world.

True

True or False: The architectural shape of the Vishvanatha Temple in Khajuraho, India, is intended to mimic the surrounding landscape, symbolizing Shiva's home in the mountains.

True Although these soldiers were produced from the same molds - there were molds for different faces, different arms and legs, different uniforms, etc. - they were made to have an individualized appearance. The artists also modeled the soldiers by hand after they were fired, taking care to make each feature unique.

True or False: The terra cotta army of over 6,000 soldiers was made for the burial mound of the First Emperor of Qin. Each of the soldiers has individualized features, costumes, and weaponry - no two soldiers are alike.

True

True or False: Wen Shu excelled at flower painting and made many paintings on fans. Painting on fans was a trend that was imported into China from Japan.

seals with incised designs

What are the most common art objects found from the Indus Civilization?

It seems as though both painted about rulers or figures of power but the paintings during the Mughal Empire have a lot more detail and kind of tell more of a story. Both empires used their painting to tell stories.

What is one difference between miniatures painted during the Mughal Empire and those made under Rajput rulers?

Both Buddhas are naturalistic in their appearance. This question asks about the Buddha himself, not about what's included - this is about the general style, not the specific artworks because there are many Buddhas made in each style. This answer can be found in the text on pages 17-18.

What is one stylistic difference between the Gandhara and Mathura styles of representing the Buddha? Keep in mind that style refers to what the artworks look like (artist's technique, level of naturalism, materials used, particular pose, etc.).

celadon

What is the name for the famous Korean ceramic wares?

pagoda

What is the name of the building type most commonly associated with Buddhism in China?

hierarchy of scale

What is the term used to describe the artistic device of depicting one figure larger than any others in a scene in order to show significance and importance?

Literati

What is the term used to refer to scholarly artists in China?

tumuli

What is the term used to refer to the enormous earthen burial mounds that were constructed for rulers and members of the royal classes beginning in the third century?

toranas

What is the term used to refer to the gateways that surround a Buddhist stupa?

Simple and iconic wall paintings on the inside

Which of the following characteristics of early Japanese architecture is not also found in Chinese models?

Use vibrant colors always This answer can be found on page 57 in the textbook.

Which of the following is not a major principle of Chinese painting?

A pair of guardian lions Lotus flower

Which of the following objects were more than likely originally attached to the front of the Shakyamuni Buddha from Hebei Province, an early Chinese sculpture of the Buddha (see page 56 in Gardner's)? There may be more than one correct answer!

Buddha giving away his worldly possessions

Which of the following stories about the Buddha is not included in the narrative frieze found at Gandhara, Pakistan?