Quiz #2

According to research, helplessness appears to be a trait that is "learned" and can be "unlearned." a. True b. False

A

According to the "disease cluster view" of personality, which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Alphas are slow and solid, wary in new situations. b. Betas are the group that is the most prone to disease. c. Gammas have the fewest health problems. d. According to this view, health problems cannot be predicted by personality type.

A

In a study of undergraduate students conducted by Martin Seligman and his colleagues, explanatory style was used to correctly predict which students would get sick one year later. a. True b. False

A

Researchers believe that humans may have "weak links" that determine where stress-related illness is most likely to strike an individual. a. True b. False

A

When a person feels a lack of control, the levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin drop. a. True b. False

A

Which of the following characteristics is NOT part of the "toxic core" of Type A behavior? a. hyperaggressiveness b. anger c. cynicism d. excessive self-involvement

A

Which of the following is NOT a PSYCHOLOGICAL determinant of self-esteem? a. physical appearance b. perceived intelligence c. social confidence d. how we regard ourselves

A

Which statement is NOT true about a cancer-prone personality? a. it has always been as strong as that between personality and heart disease. b. it has never been as strong as that bewteen pesonality and heart disease. c. the exact effect of personality on cancer is difficult to assess. d. researchers do not believe that stress along causes cancer.

A

A Type D personality is described as: a. Outgoing and confident b. Socially inhibited with negative feelings c. Overly nice and stoic d. Calm and composed

B

According to the text, which is NOT true about what researchers have found on personality and mortality? a. one trait and two personality types did predict early death. b. two traits and one personality types did predict early death. c. mental vulnerability was shown to be an independent risk factor for premature mortality. d. studies on mortality risks are controversial.

B

Physical limitations such as being hard of hearing or stuttering do not normally cause an impact on self-esteem. a. True b. False

B

Since self-esteem is largely based on influences that are beyond our control, we cannot "gain" self-esteem for ourselves. a. True b. False

B

The strongest predictors of self-efficacy are past performance, vicarious experience, and: a. intended outcome b. encouragement from others c. positive health habits d. optimistic explanatory style

B

Which of the following is NOT TRUE of optimists? a. As a group, optimists live longer. b. As a group, optimists have Type A personalities. c. As a group, optimists have stronger immune systems. d. As a group, optimists persevere and keep going when others might quit.

B

Which of the following is NOT a personality trait associated with "hardiness"? a. commitment b. caring c. challenge d. control

B

Which of the following studies did NOT support the connection between Type A behavior and coronary heart disease? a. Western Collaborative Group Study b. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) c. Friedman and Rosenman studies d. None of the above studies showed a link between Type A behavior and coronary heart disease.

B

According to your text, which of the following health problems is NOT MENTIONED to be associated with pessimistic thinking and explanatory style? a. heart disease b. cancer c. diabetes d. flus and the common cold

C

Based on the work of Julian Rotter, this theory involves a continuum of control from internal to external. a. self-efficacy b. hardiness c. locus of control d. explanatory style

C

Which of the following is NOT indicative of the thought patterns of a person with a pessimistic explanatory style? a. belief that the problem is global b. internalization of the problem such that everything is "my fault" c. disappointment when things don't work out as planned d. belief that the problem is never-ending

C

Which statement is NOT true about neuroticism? a. it is the tendency to experience negative feelings such as sadness, fear, anger, guilt, embarrassment, and disgust. b. it is an important link to health because it is related to how well we manage stress. c. it has not been linked to anxiety and severe depression. d. well-designed studies have consistently suppported the conclusion that neuroticism does reduce longevity.

C

According to the text, which is true relating to the theories about excessive self-involvement and the potential link to heart disease? a. researchers consider excessive self-involvement a killer. b. Self-involved people tend to have extreme cardiovascular reactions when subjected to stress. c. Self-involved people tend to be "hot reactors." d. All of the above.

D

According to your text, self-efficacy has been positively related to all of the following health behaviors EXCEPT: a. adherence to physician's orders b. consistency in using contraceptives c. weight loss and nutrition d. use of asthmatic inhalers

D

One's personal sense of control can be increased by: a. learning new coping skills b. building a stronger social support system c. gaining information d. all of the above

D

There is evidence that a "self-healing" personality may exist. This personality is characterized by: a. enthusiasm b. security c. curiosity d. All of the above are characteristics of the "self-healing" personality.

D

Which of the following circumstances is likely to contribute to learned helplessness? a. past experiences where a person felt out of control b. childhood experiences with authoritarian parents c. routine, uncontrollable negative physical events, such as in chronic illness d. All of the above may contribute to learned helplessness.

D